Human Body Size And The Laws Of Scaling

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Human Body Size and the Laws of Scaling

Author : Thomas T. Samaras
Publisher : Nova Publishers
ISBN 13 : 9781600214080
Total Pages : 398 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (14 download)

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Book Synopsis Human Body Size and the Laws of Scaling by : Thomas T. Samaras

Download or read book Human Body Size and the Laws of Scaling written by Thomas T. Samaras and published by Nova Publishers. This book was released on 2007 with total page 398 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Several books have been published on scaling in biology and its ramifications in the animal kingdom. However, none has specifically examined the multifaceted effects of how changes in human height create disproportionately larger changes in weight, surface area, strength and other physiological parameters. Yet, the impact of these non-linear effects on individual humans as well as our world's environment is enormous. Since increasing human body size has widespread ramifications, this book presents findings on the human species and its ecological niche. its community and how the species interacts with its environment. Thus, a few chapters provide an ecological overview of how increasing human body size relates to human evolution, fitness, health, survival and the environment. This book provides a unique purview of the laws of scaling on human performance, health, longevity and the environment. Numerous examples from various research disciplines are used to illustrate the impact of increasing body size on many aspects of human enterprises, including work output, athletics and intellectual performance.

Human Body Size and the Laws of Scaling

Author : Thomas T. Samaras
Publisher : Nova Science Publishers
ISBN 13 : 9781624170744
Total Pages : 393 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (77 download)

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Book Synopsis Human Body Size and the Laws of Scaling by : Thomas T. Samaras

Download or read book Human Body Size and the Laws of Scaling written by Thomas T. Samaras and published by Nova Science Publishers. This book was released on 2007 with total page 393 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Scale

Author : Geoffrey West
Publisher : Penguin
ISBN 13 : 014311090X
Total Pages : 498 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (431 download)

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Book Synopsis Scale by : Geoffrey West

Download or read book Scale written by Geoffrey West and published by Penguin. This book was released on 2018-05-15 with total page 498 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "This is science writing as wonder and as inspiration." —The Wall Street Journal Wall Street Journal From one of the most influential scientists of our time, a dazzling exploration of the hidden laws that govern the life cycle of everything from plants and animals to the cities we live in. Visionary physicist Geoffrey West is a pioneer in the field of complexity science, the science of emergent systems and networks. The term “complexity” can be misleading, however, because what makes West’s discoveries so beautiful is that he has found an underlying simplicity that unites the seemingly complex and diverse phenomena of living systems, including our bodies, our cities and our businesses. Fascinated by aging and mortality, West applied the rigor of a physicist to the biological question of why we live as long as we do and no longer. The result was astonishing, and changed science: West found that despite the riotous diversity in mammals, they are all, to a large degree, scaled versions of each other. If you know the size of a mammal, you can use scaling laws to learn everything from how much food it eats per day, what its heart-rate is, how long it will take to mature, its lifespan, and so on. Furthermore, the efficiency of the mammal’s circulatory systems scales up precisely based on weight: if you compare a mouse, a human and an elephant on a logarithmic graph, you find with every doubling of average weight, a species gets 25% more efficient—and lives 25% longer. Fundamentally, he has proven, the issue has to do with the fractal geometry of the networks that supply energy and remove waste from the organism’s body. West’s work has been game-changing for biologists, but then he made the even bolder move of exploring his work’s applicability. Cities, too, are constellations of networks and laws of scalability relate with eerie precision to them. Recently, West has applied his revolutionary work to the business world. This investigation has led to powerful insights into why some companies thrive while others fail. The implications of these discoveries are far-reaching, and are just beginning to be explored. Scale is a thrilling scientific adventure story about the elemental natural laws that bind us together in simple but profound ways. Through the brilliant mind of Geoffrey West, we can envision how cities, companies and biological life alike are dancing to the same simple, powerful tune.

Scaling in Biology

Author : James H. Brown
Publisher : Oxford University Press, USA
ISBN 13 : 0195131428
Total Pages : 368 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (951 download)

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Book Synopsis Scaling in Biology by : James H. Brown

Download or read book Scaling in Biology written by James H. Brown and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2000 with total page 368 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Scaling relationships have been a persistent theme in biology at least since the time of Leonardo da Vinci and Galileo. While there have been many excellent empirical and theoretical investigations, there has been little attempt to synthesize this diverse but interrelated area of biology. In an effort to fill this void, Scaling in Biology, the first general treatment of scaling in biology in over 15 years, covers a broad spectrum of the most relevant topics in a series of chapters written by experts in the field. Some of those topics discussed include allometry and fractal structure, branching of vascular systems of mammals and plants, biomechanical and life history of plants, invertebrates and vertebrates, and species-area patterns of biological diversity.

Scaling

Author : Knut Schmidt-Nielsen
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780521319874
Total Pages : 260 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (198 download)

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Book Synopsis Scaling by : Knut Schmidt-Nielsen

Download or read book Scaling written by Knut Schmidt-Nielsen and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 1984-07-27 with total page 260 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is about the importance of animal size. We tend to think of animal function in chemical terms and talk of water, salts, proteins, enzymes, oxygen, energy, and so on. We should not forget, however, that physical laws are equally important, for they determine rates of diffusion and heat transfer, transfer of force and momentum, the strength of structures, the dynamics of locomotion, and other aspects of the functioning of animal bodies. Physical laws provide possibilities and opportunities for an organism, yet they also impose constraints, setting limits to what is physically possible. This book aims to give an understanding of these rules because of their profound implications when we deal with animals of widely different size and scale. The reader will find that the book raises many questions. Remarkable and puzzling information makes it read a little like a detective story, but the last chapter, instead of giving the final solution, neither answers all questions nor provides one great unifying principle.

Scaling of Structural Strength

Author : Zdenek P. Bazant
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0080461352
Total Pages : 336 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (84 download)

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Book Synopsis Scaling of Structural Strength by : Zdenek P. Bazant

Download or read book Scaling of Structural Strength written by Zdenek P. Bazant and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2005-06-28 with total page 336 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is concerned with a leading-edge topic of great interest and importance, exemplifying the relationship between experimental research, material modeling, structural analysis and design. It focuses on the effect of structure size on structural strength and failure behaviour. Bazant's theory has found wide application to all quasibrittle materials, including rocks, ice, modern fiber composites and tough ceramics. The topic of energetic scaling, considered controversial until recently, is finally getting the attention it deserves, mainly as a result of Bazant's pioneering work. In this new edition an extra section of data and new appendices covering twelve new application developments are included. The first book to show the 'size effect' theory of structure size on strength Presents the principles and applications of Bazant's pioneering work on structural strength Revised edition with new material on topics including asymptotic matching, flexural strength of fiber-composite laminates, polymeric foam fractures and the design of reinforced concrete beams

The Fire of Life

Author : Max Kleiber
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 488 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis The Fire of Life by : Max Kleiber

Download or read book The Fire of Life written by Max Kleiber and published by . This book was released on 1975 with total page 488 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A study of the evolution of bioenergetics, this book examines total starvation and the physical aspects of metabolism, as well as the metabolism of the starving animal. It discusses food as fuel and looks at food and population.

Drinking Water and Health, Volume 8

Author : National Research Council
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309037751
Total Pages : 507 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (9 download)

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Book Synopsis Drinking Water and Health, Volume 8 by : National Research Council

Download or read book Drinking Water and Health, Volume 8 written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1987-02-01 with total page 507 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Pharmacokinetics, the study of the movement of chemicals within the body, is a vital tool in assessing the risk of exposure to environmental chemicals. This bookâ€"a collection of papers authored by experts in academia, industry, and governmentâ€"reviews the progress of the risk-assessment process and discusses the role of pharmacokinetic principles in evaluating risk. In addition, the authors discuss software packages used to analyze data and to build models simulating biological phenomena. A summary chapter provides a view of trends in pharmacokinetic modeling and notes some prospective fields of study.

Body Size: The Structure and Function of Aquatic Ecosystems

Author : Alan G. Hildrew
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1139464175
Total Pages : 335 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (394 download)

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Book Synopsis Body Size: The Structure and Function of Aquatic Ecosystems by : Alan G. Hildrew

Download or read book Body Size: The Structure and Function of Aquatic Ecosystems written by Alan G. Hildrew and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2007-07-12 with total page 335 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ecologists have long struggled to predict features of ecological systems, such as the numbers and diversity of organisms. The wide range of body sizes in ecological communities, from tiny microbes to large animals and plants, is emerging as the key to prediction. Based on the relationship between body size and features such as biological rates, the physics of water and the amount of habitat available, we may be able to understand patterns of abundance and diversity, biogeography, interactions in food webs and the impact of fishing, adding up to a potential 'periodic table' for ecology. Remarkable progress on the unravelling, describing and modelling of aquatic food webs, revealing the fundamental role of body size, makes a book emphasising marine and freshwater ecosystems particularly apt. In this 2007 book, the importance of body size is examined at a range of scales that will be of interest to professional ecologists, from students to senior researchers.

Shape and Structure, from Engineering to Nature

Author : Adrian Bejan
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780521793889
Total Pages : 370 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (938 download)

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Book Synopsis Shape and Structure, from Engineering to Nature by : Adrian Bejan

Download or read book Shape and Structure, from Engineering to Nature written by Adrian Bejan and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2000-10-16 with total page 370 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Seemingly universal geometric forms unite the flow systems of engineering and nature. For example, tree-shaped flows can be seen in computers, lungs, dendritic crystals, urban street patterns, and communication links. In this groundbreaking book, Adrian Bejan considers the design and optimization of engineered systems and discovers a deterministic principle of the generation of geometric form in natural systems. Shape and structure spring from the struggle for better performance in both engineering and nature. This idea is the basis of the new constructal theory: the objective and constraints principle used in engineering is the same mechanism from which the geometry in natural flow systems emerges. From heat exchangers to river channels, the book draws many parallels between the engineered and the natural world. Among the topics covered are mechanical structure, thermal structure, heat trees, ducts and rivers, turbulent structure, and structure in transportation and economics. The numerous illustrations, examples, and homework problems in every chapter make this an ideal text for engineering design courses. Its provocative ideas will also appeal to a broad range of readers in engineering, natural sciences, economics, and business.

Plant Allometry

Author : Karl J. Niklas
Publisher : University of Chicago Press
ISBN 13 : 9780226580807
Total Pages : 424 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (88 download)

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Book Synopsis Plant Allometry by : Karl J. Niklas

Download or read book Plant Allometry written by Karl J. Niklas and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 1994-10-15 with total page 424 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Allometry, the study of the growth rate of an organism's parts in relation to the whole, has produced exciting results in research on animals. Now distinguished plant biologist Karl J. Niklas has written the first book to apply allometry to studies of the evolution, morphology, physiology, and reproduction of plants. Niklas covers a broad spectrum of plant life, from unicellular algae to towering trees, including fossil as well as extant taxa. He examines the relation between organic size and variations in plant form, metabolism, reproduction, and evolution, and draws on the zoological literature to develop allometric techniques for the peculiar problems of plant height, the relation between body mass and body length, and size-correlated variations in rates of growth. For readers unfamiliar with the basics of allometry, an appendix explains basic statistical methods. For botanists interested in an original, quantitative approach to plant evolution and function, and for zoologists who want to learn more about the value of allometric techniques for studying evolution, Plant Allometry makes a major contribution to the study of plant life.

Biomechatronics

Author : Marko B. Popovic
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0128130415
Total Pages : 668 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (281 download)

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Book Synopsis Biomechatronics by : Marko B. Popovic

Download or read book Biomechatronics written by Marko B. Popovic and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2019-04-04 with total page 668 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Biomechatronics is rapidly becoming one of the most influential and innovative research directions defining the 21st century. Biomechatronics will provide a complete and up-to-date account of this advanced subject at the university textbook level. Each chapter in this book will be co-authored by top industry experts in the corresponding subfield, and will be led by Professor Marko B. Popovic, researcher and educator at the forefront of advances in the biomechatronics field. Beginning with an introduction to the field and its historical background, this book will delve into the most groundbreaking and recent developments in biomechatronics, such as artificial organs and tissues, prosthetic limbs, orthotic systems, wearable systems for physical augmentation, physical therapy and rehabilitation, robotic surgery, and natural and synthetic sensors. The only biomechatronics textbook written especially for students at a university level Ideal for undergraduate and graduate students and researchers in the biomechatronics, biomechanics, robotics, and biomedical engineering fields Provides an overview of state-of-the-art science and technology of modern day biomechatronics, introduced by the leading experts in this fascinating field

How Animals Work

Author : Knut Schmidt-Nielsen
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780521096928
Total Pages : 128 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (969 download)

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Book Synopsis How Animals Work by : Knut Schmidt-Nielsen

Download or read book How Animals Work written by Knut Schmidt-Nielsen and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 1972-06-30 with total page 128 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A study of comparative physiology that explains the ways in which specific bodily systems function in different species.

Mathematics of Complexity and Dynamical Systems

Author : Robert A. Meyers
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1461418054
Total Pages : 1885 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (614 download)

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Book Synopsis Mathematics of Complexity and Dynamical Systems by : Robert A. Meyers

Download or read book Mathematics of Complexity and Dynamical Systems written by Robert A. Meyers and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-10-05 with total page 1885 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mathematics of Complexity and Dynamical Systems is an authoritative reference to the basic tools and concepts of complexity, systems theory, and dynamical systems from the perspective of pure and applied mathematics. Complex systems are systems that comprise many interacting parts with the ability to generate a new quality of collective behavior through self-organization, e.g. the spontaneous formation of temporal, spatial or functional structures. These systems are often characterized by extreme sensitivity to initial conditions as well as emergent behavior that are not readily predictable or even completely deterministic. The more than 100 entries in this wide-ranging, single source work provide a comprehensive explication of the theory and applications of mathematical complexity, covering ergodic theory, fractals and multifractals, dynamical systems, perturbation theory, solitons, systems and control theory, and related topics. Mathematics of Complexity and Dynamical Systems is an essential reference for all those interested in mathematical complexity, from undergraduate and graduate students up through professional researchers.

Unifying Ecology Across Scales: Progress, Challenges and Opportunities

Author : Mary I. O’Connor
Publisher : Frontiers Media SA
ISBN 13 : 2889662926
Total Pages : 254 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (896 download)

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Book Synopsis Unifying Ecology Across Scales: Progress, Challenges and Opportunities by : Mary I. O’Connor

Download or read book Unifying Ecology Across Scales: Progress, Challenges and Opportunities written by Mary I. O’Connor and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2020-12-29 with total page 254 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact.

Comparative Developmental Physiology

Author : Stephen J. Warburton
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0190290676
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (92 download)

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Book Synopsis Comparative Developmental Physiology by : Stephen J. Warburton

Download or read book Comparative Developmental Physiology written by Stephen J. Warburton and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2006-03-02 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Comparative developmental physiology is a growing discipline examining a diversity of organisms as they transform from single cells to mature, reproductive individuals. This collection of original, innovative essays emerged from a Roundtable on Comparative Developmental Physiology held in Glen Rose, Texas in the summer of 2002. This meeting brought together investigators studying the physiology of developing animals in an effort to identify the field's potential contributions to biology. The participants honed in on common emerging themes and future goals, which are reflected in the chapters within. The nascent community of comparative developmental physiologists was challenged to amplify the power of data collection and tool development by focusing on a few select model organisms, while still employing the power of the broader, more traditional comparative approach. Evolution has provided comparative developmental physiologists with remarkable biological diversity, which they have used to investigate a broad range of questions critical for understanding how life works. This goes beyond the basic nuts and bolts of cellular mechanisms to the functional whole, from the mechanistic level to behavior within and between organisms. The union of developmental biology with the breadth of comparative physiology holds much promise for a deeper understanding of evolutionary processes.

Basic Finite Element Method as Applied to Injury Biomechanics

Author : King-Hay Yang
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0128098325
Total Pages : 748 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (28 download)

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Book Synopsis Basic Finite Element Method as Applied to Injury Biomechanics by : King-Hay Yang

Download or read book Basic Finite Element Method as Applied to Injury Biomechanics written by King-Hay Yang and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2017-09-22 with total page 748 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Basic Finite Element Method as Applied to Injury Biomechanics provides a unique introduction to finite element methods. Unlike other books on the topic, this comprehensive reference teaches readers to develop a finite element model from the beginning, including all the appropriate theories that are needed throughout the model development process. In addition, the book focuses on how to apply material properties and loading conditions to the model, how to arrange the information in the order of head, neck, upper torso and upper extremity, lower torso and pelvis and lower extremity. The book covers scaling from one body size to the other, parametric modeling and joint positioning, and is an ideal text for teaching, further reading and for its unique application to injury biomechanics. With over 25 years of experience of developing finite element models, the author's experience with tissue level injury threshold instead of external loading conditions provides a guide to the "do’s and dont's" of using finite element method to study injury biomechanics. Covers the fundamentals and applications of the finite element method in injury biomechanics Teaches readers model development through a hands-on approach that is ideal for students and researchers Includes different modeling schemes used to model different parts of the body, including related constitutive laws and associated material properties