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Hair Cell Regeneration
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Book Synopsis Hair Cell Regeneration by : Mark E. Warchol
Download or read book Hair Cell Regeneration written by Mark E. Warchol and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-04-27 with total page 242 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume provides a detailed update on progress in the field of hair cell regeneration. This topic is of considerable interest to academicians, clinicians, and commercial entities, including students of auditory and vestibular neuroscience, audiologists, otologists, and industry, all of whom may have interest in hair cell regeneration as a potential future therapy for hearing and balance dysfunction. In 2008, Springer published a SHAR volume on this subject (Hair Cell Regeneration, Repair, and Protection, Editors Richard Salvi and Richard Fay). Since that time, there has been considerable advancement in this field.This book provides a historical perspective on the field, but the emphasis is on more "prospective" views of the various facets of regeneration research, in the hope that the volume will stimulate new projects and approaches, focusing on the limitations of current knowledge and describing promising strategies for future work. The book will include the following key features of hair cell regeneration: • Cellular and molecular control hair cell regeneration in non-mammalian species (in particular zebrafish and chickens) • Our current understanding of the capacity for hair cell replacement in mammals (rodents and humans). • Signals controlling pro-regenerative behaviors in supporting cells, the hair cell progenitors. • New techniques that have been applied to study the genetic and epigenetic regulation of hair cell regeneration in mammals and non-mammals. • Contributions of stem cells toward building new tools to explore how hair cell regeneration is controlled and toward developing cells and tissue for therapeutic transplantation. • Studies that have applied gene and drug therapy to promote regeneration in mammals.
Book Synopsis Hair Cell Regeneration, Repair, and Protection by : Richard J. Salvi
Download or read book Hair Cell Regeneration, Repair, and Protection written by Richard J. Salvi and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2008-03-15 with total page 323 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Not male pattern baldness, but the loss of sensory hair, is a very serious topic. Sensory hair cells convert sound and motion into our sense of hearing, movement, and head position. In mammals, the loss of hair cells is irreversible. Or is it? Hair cells in other vertebrates are capable of regenerating and recovering partial or complete function. This book provides a comprehensive survey of the regeneration of sensory hair cells.
Book Synopsis Sensory Hair Cell Death and Regeneration by : Michael E. Smith
Download or read book Sensory Hair Cell Death and Regeneration written by Michael E. Smith and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2016-12-13 with total page 268 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sensory hair cells are the specialized mechanosensory receptors found in vertebrate auditory, vestibular, and lateral line organs that transduce vibratory and acoustic stimuli into the sensations of hearing and balance. Hair cells can be damaged due to such factors as aging, ototoxic chemicals, acoustic trauma, infection, or genetic factors. Loss of these hair cells lead to deficits in hearing and balance, and in mammals, such deficits are permanent. In contrast, non-mammalian vertebrates exhibit the capability to regenerate missing hair cells. Researchers have been examining the process of hair cell death and regeneration in animal models in an attempt to find ways of either preventing hair cell loss or stimulating the production of new hair cells in mammals, with the ultimate goal of finding new therapeutics for human sensorineural hearing and balance deficits. This has led to a wide array of research on sensory hair cells- such as understanding the factors that cause hair cell loss and finding agents that protect them from damage, elucidating the cell signaling pathways activated during hair cell death, examining the genes and cellular pathways that are regulated during the process of hair cell death and regeneration, and characterizing the functional sensory loss and recovery following acoustic or ototoxic insults to the inner ear. This research has involved cell and developmental biologists, physiologists, geneticists, bioinformaticians, and otolaryngologists. In this Research Topic, we have collated reviews of the past progress of hair cell death and regeneration studies and original research articles advancing sensory hair cell death and regeneration research into the future.
Book Synopsis Hair Cells: Regeneration, Repair and Death by : Jacob Evans
Download or read book Hair Cells: Regeneration, Repair and Death written by Jacob Evans and published by States Academic Press. This book was released on 2021-11-16 with total page 246 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The sensory receptors which belong to the vestibular and auditory systems of vertebrates are termed as hair cells. They are present within the ears. These cells are able to detect movement around them through mechanotransduction. In mammals, hair cells are located in the cochlea of the inner ear. These cells can be categorized into two types, the inner and outer hair cells. They are functionally and anatomically different from each other. The inner hair cells are responsible for converting the sound vibrations in the fluids of the cochlea into electrical signals which are then conveyed to the brain. They are unable to regenerate. Therefore, any injury or damage to them is permanent and can lead to a decrease in hearing sensitivity. This book covers in detail some existent theories and innovative concepts revolving around the regeneration, repair and death of hair cells. Its aim is to present researches that have transformed this discipline and aided its advancement. This book will help the readers in keeping pace with the rapid changes in this field.
Book Synopsis Hair Cell Regeneration, Repair, and Protection by : Richard J. Salvi
Download or read book Hair Cell Regeneration, Repair, and Protection written by Richard J. Salvi and published by Springer. This book was released on 2008-11-01 with total page 316 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Not male pattern baldness, but the loss of sensory hair, is a very serious topic. Sensory hair cells convert sound and motion into our sense of hearing, movement, and head position. In mammals, the loss of hair cells is irreversible. Or is it? Hair cells in other vertebrates are capable of regenerating and recovering partial or complete function. This book provides a comprehensive survey of the regeneration of sensory hair cells.
Book Synopsis Hair Cell Regeneration & Hearing Loss Fact Sheet by :
Download or read book Hair Cell Regeneration & Hearing Loss Fact Sheet written by and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Hearing Loss: Mechanisms, Prevention and Cure by : Huawei Li
Download or read book Hearing Loss: Mechanisms, Prevention and Cure written by Huawei Li and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-03-26 with total page 180 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book systematically discusses the pathogenesis, prevention, and the current and potential clinical treatment of hearing loss, as well as the latest advances in hearing research. Hearing loss is a prevalent sensory disorder, which according to a 2015 World Health Organization (WHO) report affected 9% of the global population in 2015. As populations continue to age, more and more people are suffering from the condition, with 60% of those aged between 65 and 75 affected. Hearing loss seriously affects patients’ ability to work ability and quality of life, and as such deafness has become an increasingly urgent social problem around the globe. Sensorineural hearing loss is mainly caused by damage to the hair cells (HCs), and the subsequent loss of spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs). Damage to the HCs in the inner ear can result from exposure to loud noises and environmental and chemical toxins as well as genetic disorders, aging, and certain medications. This book provides ENT specialists and researchers, as well as individuals affected a comprehensive introduction to the field of hearing loss.
Book Synopsis Stem Cells and the Future of Regenerative Medicine by : Institute of Medicine
Download or read book Stem Cells and the Future of Regenerative Medicine written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2002-01-25 with total page 112 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recent scientific breakthroughs, celebrity patient advocates, and conflicting religious beliefs have come together to bring the state of stem cell researchâ€"specifically embryonic stem cell researchâ€"into the political crosshairs. President Bush's watershed policy statement allows federal funding for embryonic stem cell research but only on a limited number of stem cell lines. Millions of Americans could be affected by the continuing political debate among policymakers and the public. Stem Cells and the Future of Regenerative Medicine provides a deeper exploration of the biological, ethical, and funding questions prompted by the therapeutic potential of undifferentiated human cells. In terms accessible to lay readers, the book summarizes what we know about adult and embryonic stem cells and discusses how to go about the transition from mouse studies to research that has therapeutic implications for people. Perhaps most important, Stem Cells and the Future of Regenerative Medicine also provides an overview of the moral and ethical problems that arise from the use of embryonic stem cells. This timely book compares the impact of public and private research funding and discusses approaches to appropriate research oversight. Based on the insights of leading scientists, ethicists, and other authorities, the book offers authoritative recommendations regarding the use of existing stem cell lines versus new lines in research, the important role of the federal government in this field of research, and other fundamental issues.
Book Synopsis Embryonic Stem Cell Protocols by : Kursad Turksen
Download or read book Embryonic Stem Cell Protocols written by Kursad Turksen and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2008-02-04 with total page 504 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Now in two volumes, this completely updated and expanded edition of Embryonic Stem Cells: Methods and Protocols provides a diverse collection of readily reproducible cellular and molecular protocols for the manipulation of nonhuman embryonic stem cells. Volume one, Embryonic Stem Cell Protocols: Isolation and Characterization, Second Edition, provides a diverse collection of readily reproducible cellular and molecular protocols for the isolation, maintenance, and characterization of embryonic stem cells. The second volume, Embryonic Stem Cell Protocols: Differentiation Models, Second Edition, covers state-of-the-art methods for deriving many types of differentiating cells from ES cells. Together, the two volumes illuminate for both novices and experts our current understanding of the biology of embryonic stem cells and their utility in normal tissue homeostasis and regenerative medicine applications.
Book Synopsis New Therapies to Prevent or Cure Auditory Disorders by : Sylvie Pucheu
Download or read book New Therapies to Prevent or Cure Auditory Disorders written by Sylvie Pucheu and published by Springer. This book was released on 2020-05-08 with total page 186 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Hearing loss is the most common form of sensory impairment in humans, affecting 360 million persons worldwide. In parallel, tinnitus disorder, the perception of a phantom sound often described as a ringing or buzzing, affects around 10–15% of the general population and interferes with daily life. Hyperacusis, defined as a hypersensitivity to moderate-intensity sounds often co-occurs with tinnitus suggesting a common mechanism of dysfunction for these two perceptual disorders. Whereas some drug candidates are in the process of being developed, nowadays no effective treatment exists to cure hearing loss and tinnitus. The topic of this book was selected with the goal of emphasizing mechanisms that induce hearing loss and tinnitus which lead the selection of promising targets for hearing disorder treatment. Hair cells (HC) are the sensory cells of the inner ear required for both auditory and vestibular functions in all vertebrates. HC are progressively lost during ageing and they are in addition sensitive to physical and acoustic traumas, infectious diseases and chemicals present in commonly used treatments such as anticancer, antimalarial or antibiotics. As adult mammals--including humans--cannot regenerate dead HC, all the possible injury could result in irreversible and permanent hearing loss. It has been shown, however, that a limited capacity to regenerate HC exists in mouse at an early stage of development. The regenerative capacity of HC then appears simply “repressed” in adult mammals, and one could expect it will be possible to re-activate it with an appropriate therapeutic approach which is still to be defined. Immune-mediated inner ear disease has been introduced and accepted as one SNHL pathophysiology; it responds to immunosuppressive therapy and is one of the few reversible forms of bilateral SNHL. Macrophages are always present in the spiral ligament of the lateral wall and are activated in response to various types of stimuli, including noise exposure, ischemia, mitochondrial damage, and surgical stress. Recent studies have also revealed another type of immune cell, called perivascular melanocyte-like macrophages (PVM/Ms), in the stria vascularis. The book will include a review of inflammatory/immune cells in the cochlear lateral wall, the pathways involved in cochlear damage and their potential as therapeutic targets. The final chapter provides an overview of current animal model of tinnitus and hyperacusis. Nowadays no effective treatment exists to cure tinnitus and hyperacusis. One major obstacle to arises from the fact that tinnitus is a subjective phenomenon, the only possible diagnosis relies on self-reports of the subjects. The main constraint of the use of animal models is the subjective character of tinnitus. This chapter describe the advancement in animal models which play an important role in revealing the underlying mechanisms and treatment for tinnitus and hyperacusis.
Book Synopsis Cochlear Hair Cell Regeneration from Neonatal Mouse Supporting Cells by : Naomi F. Bramhall
Download or read book Cochlear Hair Cell Regeneration from Neonatal Mouse Supporting Cells written by Naomi F. Bramhall and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 91 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Unlike lower vertebrates, capable of spontaneous hair cell regeneration, mammals experience permanent sensorineural hearing loss following hair cell damage. Although low levels of hair cell regeneration have been demonstrated in the immature mammalian vestibular system, the cochlea has been thought to lack any spontaneous regenerative potential. Inhibition of the Notch pathway can stimulate hair cell generation in neonatal mammals, but the specific source of these new hair cells has been unclear. Here, using in vitro lineage tracing with the supporting cell markers Sox2 and Lgr5, we show that Lgr5-positive inner pillar and 3rd Deiter's cells in gentamicin-damaged organs of Corti from neonatal mice give rise to new hair cells following treatment with a Notch inhibitor. These new hair cells are generated primarily through direct transdifferentiation of supporting cells, although a small number show evidence of proliferation. Inner pillar cells show the greatest transdifferentation capability, giving rise to immature outer hair cells, and transdifferentiating in response to damage even in the absence of Notch inhibition. In vivo pharmacologic inhibition of Notch and in vivo lineage tracing with Sox2 during genetic Notch inhibition provide generally consistent results, although additional new hair cells develop in the inner hair cell region. These data suggest a spontaneous capacity for hair cell regeneration in the neonatal mammalian cochlea. In addition, the data identify Lgr5-positive supporting cells as potential hair cell progenitors, making them an attractive target for future hair cell regeneration treatments.
Book Synopsis Magnesium in the Central Nervous System by : Robert Vink
Download or read book Magnesium in the Central Nervous System written by Robert Vink and published by University of Adelaide Press. This book was released on 2011 with total page 354 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The brain is the most complex organ in our body. Indeed, it is perhaps the most complex structure we have ever encountered in nature. Both structurally and functionally, there are many peculiarities that differentiate the brain from all other organs. The brain is our connection to the world around us and by governing nervous system and higher function, any disturbance induces severe neurological and psychiatric disorders that can have a devastating effect on quality of life. Our understanding of the physiology and biochemistry of the brain has improved dramatically in the last two decades. In particular, the critical role of cations, including magnesium, has become evident, even if incompletely understood at a mechanistic level. The exact role and regulation of magnesium, in particular, remains elusive, largely because intracellular levels are so difficult to routinely quantify. Nonetheless, the importance of magnesium to normal central nervous system activity is self-evident given the complicated homeostatic mechanisms that maintain the concentration of this cation within strict limits essential for normal physiology and metabolism. There is also considerable accumulating evidence to suggest alterations to some brain functions in both normal and pathological conditions may be linked to alterations in local magnesium concentration. This book, containing chapters written by some of the foremost experts in the field of magnesium research, brings together the latest in experimental and clinical magnesium research as it relates to the central nervous system. It offers a complete and updated view of magnesiums involvement in central nervous system function and in so doing, brings together two main pillars of contemporary neuroscience research, namely providing an explanation for the molecular mechanisms involved in brain function, and emphasizing the connections between the molecular changes and behavior. It is the untiring efforts of those magnesium researchers who have dedicated their lives to unraveling the mysteries of magnesiums role in biological systems that has inspired the collation of this volume of work.
Book Synopsis Immunological Tolerance by : Paul J. Fairchild
Download or read book Immunological Tolerance written by Paul J. Fairchild and published by Boom Koninklijke Uitgevers. This book was released on 2007 with total page 982 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Immunological Tolerance: Methods and Protocols is a comprehensive guide to the techniques currently used for culturing and characterising the cell types responsible for imposing self-tolerance and the experimental models employed to study their function both in vitro and in vivo. This guide is aimed at AIDS researchers, immunologists, transplant surgeons/specialists, and biotechnologists.
Download or read book GM3 Signaling written by Cheorl-Ho Kim and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-07-10 with total page 135 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book reviews recent progress in understanding of the signaling and biochemistry of GM3 ganglioside in eukaryotic cells. GM3 is the simplest of the gangliosides and the precursor of other gangliosides. It is expressed in the outer leaflet of plasma cell membranes and has roles in the recognition, interaction, binding, adhesion, and motility of cells. In addition, GM3 has been documented to have functional roles in cell migration, proliferation, senescence, and apoptosis. The full range of topics of interest are addressed in the book. The early chapters discuss the synthesis of GM3, its molecular localization in cells, and its basic function as an interacting molecule. The ways in which GM3 exerts its effects via various growth factor receptors are fully explored. Current knowledge of the part played by GM3 in health and disease is discussed in depth. For example, its roles in preventing inflammation, inhibiting tumor angiogenesis and tumor growth, and suppressing arthritis are highlighted, and attention drawn to the significance of GM3 as a driver of impaired wound healing in diabetics. The book will be of interest to all who want a comprehensive update on research in this field.
Book Synopsis The Oxford Handbook of Auditory Science: The Auditory Brain by : David R. Moore
Download or read book The Oxford Handbook of Auditory Science: The Auditory Brain written by David R. Moore and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2010-01-21 with total page 592 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Volume 1: The Ear (edited by Paul Fuchs) Volume 2: The Auditory Brain (edited by Alan Palmer and Adrian Rees) Volume 3: Hearing (edited by Chris Plack) Auditory science is one of the fastest growing areas of biomedical research. There are now around 10,000 researchers in auditory science, and ten times that number working in allied professions. This growth is attributable to several major developments: Research on the inner ear has shown that elaborate systems of mechanical, transduction and neural processes serve to improve sensitivity, sharpen frequency tuning, and modulate response of the ear to sound. Most recently, the molecular machinery underlying these phenomena has been explored and described in detail. The development, maintenance, and repair of the ear are also subjects of contemporary interest at the molecular level, as is the genetics of hearing disorders due to cochlear malfunctions.
Book Synopsis Hair Cell Regeneration in the Crista of the Mouse Vestibular System by : Amber D. Slowik
Download or read book Hair Cell Regeneration in the Crista of the Mouse Vestibular System written by Amber D. Slowik and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 190 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The sensory modalities of hearing and balance are mediated by the six sensory organs of the inner ear that are each comprised of the same two main cell types, support cells and mechanosensory hair cells. Loss of the sensory hair cells from these organs causes permanent hearing loss and/or balance disorders, as there is currently no therapeutic treatment for hair cell loss. In developing organs, hair cells can be generated through the transdifferentiation of support cells caused by inhibition of the Notch signaling pathway, which is normally required to determine and maintain the precise ratio of hair cells and support cells through lateral inhibition. Although the efficacy of this method declines as the organs mature and Notch signaling is downregulated, previous research has shown that the Notch downstream effector, Hes5, is present in the adult cristae, suggesting that Notch signaling may be active and that the cristae of the adult mouse may retain some regenerative ability. In this dissertation, I tested this hypothesis and showed that Notch signaling is active in the peripheral region of the adult cristae and, using hair cell counts and lineage tracing, that supernumerary hair cells can be generated through inhibition of Notch signaling in vitro. Further, through an analysis of the spatial distribution of hair cell birth in the developing cristae, I showed that there is a correlation between the regions that maintain regenerative competence in the adult and the last regions to exit the cell cycle. In addition, to aid future regenerative studies, I identified a new support cell marker that can be used to lineage trace support cells and have used this marker to characterize spontaneous hair cell regeneration in the adult cristae in vivo. I also created standard protocols for lesioning hair cells in vivo in two common mouse strains using the known ototoxin 3,3'--Iminodipropionitrile (IDPN) and for quantifiably assaying vestibular behavior in mice with varying degrees of hair cell lesion. Together, this work establishes the previously uncharacterized mouse cristae as an additional model for studying the mechanisms of hair cell regeneration and provides some of the tools necessary for future studies. Supplemental Movie 1.1 The inner ear contains six distinct sensory organs: The cochlea, utricle, saccule, posterior cristae, horizontal cristae, and anterior cristae. These organs be seen in an intact E15.5 inner ear labeled for the sensory regions with Sox2 (white) and in a color coded model of the position of the Sox2-labeled sensory organs created by 3-dimensionally rendering tracings of the Sox2 regions in the individual confocal slices. Supplemental Movie 2.1 Cristae are highly three-dimensional, composed of two saddle-shaped hemicristae separated by the eminentia cruciatum. Sox9 (red) labels support cells as well as non-sensory cells in the eminentia cruciatum and throughout the ampulla and semicircular canals. Gfi1 (white) labels all hair cells in the sensory epithelium. Hes5-GFP is expressed in a subset of support cells in the Calretinin-negative peripheral zone. Note that while the overall structure of the sensory epithelium was preserved, the normally dome-like Sox9+ ampulla flattened onto the sensory epithelium. Dimensions in [unknown scientific symbol]m (w x h x d) - 544.9 x 272.5 x 75.5. Supplemental Movie 2.2 An example of a lineage traced transitional cell from the mTmG mouse (see Figure7B-B"). The GFP+ cell expressed Gfi1, but had an elongated body similar to a support cell. The nucleus was lifting off of the basement membrane and the apical part of the cell had an unusual appearance unlike a normal hair cell or support cell. There was also another GFP+ support cell that spans the sensory epithelium as well as several non-sensory cells in view. Dimensions in [unknown scientific symbol]m (w x h x d) - 36.4 x 61.2 x 6.9. Supplemental Movie 2.3 An example of a lineage traced transitional cell from the mTmG mouse (see Fig. 7CC"). The GFP+ cell expresses Gfi1 and overall has a normal appearance for a hair cell, except for a thin foot-like projection that extends to the basement membrane. Also in view are two support cells, one of which is directly next to the hair cell. Dimensions in [unknown scientific symbol]m (w x h x d) - 43.3 x 52.6 x 13.0. Supplemental Movie 2.4 An example of a lineage traced hair cell with a kinocilium from the mTmG mouse (see Fig. 7D-D"). The GFP+ cell expressed Gfi1 (red) and had a flask shape with a rounded bottom and a thin neck. A long kinocilium extended up from the apical surface. Nuclei are labeled with Hoechst 33342 (white) and had prominent nucleoli at this fluorescent intensity. Also in view were a couple of GFP+ support cells and a non-sensory cell. Dimensions in [unknown scientific symbol]m (w x h x d) - 28.7 x 64.2 x 13.5.
Book Synopsis Distinct Mechanisms Underlie Regeneration of Mechanosensory Hair Cells in Zebrafish by : Eric D. Thomas
Download or read book Distinct Mechanisms Underlie Regeneration of Mechanosensory Hair Cells in Zebrafish written by Eric D. Thomas and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 82 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The mechanosensory hair cells of the inner ear mediate hearing and balance. Widespread loss of these hair cells results in severe hearing and balance deficits. Humans and other mammals are unable to regrow lost hair cells, but there are a number of other organisms, such as fish, frogs, and birds, that can. A more thorough understanding of how this hair cell regeneration occurs, at the genetic, molecular, and cellular levels, could one day allow us to target those same processes in humans and induce endogenous hair cell regeneration as a therapy for hearing and balance disorders. The zebrafish is one such organism that serves as an excellent model for hair cell regeneration. Zebrafish not only have an inner ear, but also a sensory system called the lateral line, which is comprised of clusters of hair cells arranged along the surface of the body. Lateral line hair cells are analogous to inner ear hair cells, but mediate the fish’s response to changing water flow. Previous studies have demonstrated that lateral line hair cells regenerate rapidly and completely following hair cell death, and that the surrounding support cells serve as progenitors for new hair cells. However, little is known about how progenitor function in the lateral line is regulated, and the work presented in this thesis seeks to rectify that. In Chapter 1 I provide an introduction to hair cell regeneration, with a particular focus on hair cell regeneration in the zebrafish lateral line and the inner ear. In Chapter 2, I identify genetically-distinct populations of lateral line support cells and demonstrate that they differ in their capacities to serve as hair cell progenitors. Furthermore, I show that these progenitor populations are independently regulated and that they also serve to maintain the progenitor pool within the lateral line. In Chapter 3, I develop tools to study regeneration of zebrafish inner ear hair cells and demonstrate that regeneration in the cristae occurs via transdifferentiation. Finally, in Chapter 4 I summarize my work and outline future experiments that will further elucidate our understanding of the mechanisms underlying hair cell regeneration.
