From the Ptolemies to the Romans

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Author :
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 113950522X
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (395 download)

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Book Synopsis From the Ptolemies to the Romans by : Andrew Monson

Download or read book From the Ptolemies to the Romans written by Andrew Monson and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2012-02-02 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book gives a structured account of Egypt's transition from Ptolemaic to Roman rule by identifying key relationships between ecology, land tenure, taxation, administration and politics. It introduces theoretical perspectives from the social sciences and subjects them to empirical scrutiny using data from Greek and Demotic papyri as well as comparative evidence. Although building on recent scholarship, it offers some provocative arguments that challenge prevailing views. For example, patterns of land ownership are linked to population density and are seen as one aspect of continuity between the Ptolemaic and Roman period. Fiscal reform, by contrast, emerges as a significant mechanism of change not only in the agrarian economy but also in the administrative system and the whole social structure. Anyone seeking to understand the impact of Roman rule in the Hellenistic east must consider the well-attested processes in Egypt that this book seeks to explain.

The Ancient Egyptian Economy

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Author :
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1107113369
Total Pages : 405 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (71 download)

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Book Synopsis The Ancient Egyptian Economy by : Brian Muhs

Download or read book The Ancient Egyptian Economy written by Brian Muhs and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2016-08-02 with total page 405 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The first economic history of ancient Egypt employing a New Institutional Economics approach and covering the entire pharaonic period, 3000-30 BCE.

From the Ptolemies to the Romans

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Author :
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1107014417
Total Pages : 365 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (7 download)

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Book Synopsis From the Ptolemies to the Romans by : Andrew Monson

Download or read book From the Ptolemies to the Romans written by Andrew Monson and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2012-02-02 with total page 365 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Compares how two different political regimes shaped the structure and performance of the agrarian economy in Egypt.

Empires of the Sea

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Author :
Publisher : BRILL
ISBN 13 : 9004407677
Total Pages : 371 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (44 download)

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Book Synopsis Empires of the Sea by :

Download or read book Empires of the Sea written by and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2019-10-07 with total page 371 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Empires of the Sea brings together studies of maritime empires from the Bronze Age to the Eighteenth Century. The volume aims to establish maritime empires as a category for the (comparative) study of premodern empires, and from a partly ‘non-western’ perspective. The book includes contributions on Mycenaean sea power, Classical Athens, the ancient Thebans, Ptolemaic Egypt, The Genoese Empire, power networks of the Vikings, the medieval Danish Empire, the Baltic empire of Ancien Régime Sweden, the early modern Indian Ocean, the Melaka Empire, the (non-European aspects of the) Portuguese Empire and Dutch East India Company, and the Pirates of Caribbean.

A Companion to Greco-Roman and Late Antique Egypt

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Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118428404
Total Pages : 882 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (184 download)

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Book Synopsis A Companion to Greco-Roman and Late Antique Egypt by : Katelijn Vandorpe

Download or read book A Companion to Greco-Roman and Late Antique Egypt written by Katelijn Vandorpe and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2019-03-19 with total page 882 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An authoritative and multidisciplinary Companion to Egypt during the Greco‐Roman and Late Antique period With contributions from noted authorities in the field, A Companion to Greco-Roman and Late Antique Egypt offers a comprehensive resource that covers almost 1000 years of Egyptian history, starting with the liberation of Egypt from Persian rule by Alexander the Great in 332 BC and ending in AD 642, when Arab rule started in the Nile country. The Companion takes a largely sociological perspective and includes a section on life portraits at the end of each part. The theme of identity in a multicultural environment and a chapter on the quality of life of Egypt's inhabitants clearly illustrate this objective. The authors put the emphasis on the changes that occurred in the Greco-Roman and Late Antique periods, as illustrated by such topics as: Traditional religious life challenged; Governing a country with a past: between tradition and innovation; and Creative minds in theory and praxis. This important resource: Discusses how Egypt became part of a globalizing world in Hellenistic, Roman and Byzantine times Explores notable innovations by the Ptolemies and Romans Puts the focus on the longue durée development Offers a thematic and multidisciplinary approach to the subject, bringing together scholars of different disciplines Contains life portraits in which various aspects and themes of people’s daily life in Egypt are discussed Written for academics and students of the Greco-Roman and Late Antique Egypt period, this Companion offers a guide that is useful for students in the areas of Hellenistic, Roman, Byzantine and New Testament studies.

Roman Egypt

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Author :
Publisher : Createspace Independent Publishing Platform
ISBN 13 : 9781720603764
Total Pages : 46 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (37 download)

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Book Synopsis Roman Egypt by : Charles River Charles River Editors

Download or read book Roman Egypt written by Charles River Charles River Editors and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2018-06 with total page 46 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: *Includes pictures *Includes ancient accounts *Includes online resources and a bibliography for further reading Among all the periods in ancient Egyptian history, the Ptolemaic Kingdom and its most famous ruler, Cleopatra, may be the most well-known today. Although Alexander never lived to rule over Egypt, one of his generals, Ptolemy I, did, and it was he who established the last great pharaonic dynasty in Egypt, known as the Ptolemaic Dynasty. The Ptolemies gave ancient Egypt an injection of vitality that had not been seen in the Nile Valley for centuries, preserving many aspects of native Egyptian culture while adding their own layer of Hellenic culture. The end of the Ptolemies also happened to coincide with the most famous period of Roman history. In the latter 1st century BCE, men like Julius Caesar, Mark Antony, and Octavian participated in two civil wars that would spell the end of the Roman Republic and determine who would become the Roman emperor. In the middle of it all was history's most famous woman, Cleopatra, who famously seduced both Caesar and Antony and thereby positioned herself as one of the most influential people in a world of powerful men. Cleopatra was a legendary figure even to contemporary Romans and the ancient world, and she was a controversial figure who was equally reviled and praised through the years, depicted both as a benevolent ruler and an evil seductress (occasionally at the same time). Over 2,000 years after her death, everything about Cleopatra continues to fascinate people around the world, from her lineage as a Ptolemaic pharaoh, her physical features, the manner in which she seduced Caesar, her departure during the Battle of Actium, and her famous suicide. And despite being one of the most famous figures in history, there is still much mystery surrounding her and the end of the Ptolemies, leading historians and archaeologists scouring Alexandria, Egypt for clues about her life and Egypt's transition to Roman rule. As for Roman Egypt, the period from 30 B.C. until the Roman Empire was split into two halves in the 4th century CE. It is scarcely mentioned, yet, it was a time when Egypt, if no longer a great power in its own right, was a pivotal province in the Roman Empire. It could also be argued it was a power without which the Roman Empire would not have survived. Its wealth, especially its fertility, was the key for any Roman emperor hoping to feed and entertain Rome's ever-demanding masses and was particularly vital to Augustus as he established himself as the first emperor of Egypt. The institution of imperial, as opposed to senatorial, provinces proved crucial in the consolidation of imperial power. Moreover, how Egypt in this period was administered and exploited provides invaluable information as to how Rome manipulated and controlled large populations for its benefit in the rest of its empire. Tactics used again and again throughout the Roman world were honed in this, the most valuable of Rome's provinces. Egypt's key role in imperial politics was crucial, but so was its role in the rise of Christianity. For many years, the belief that Christianity had spread from Jerusalem to engulf the Roman Empire has been largely unchallenged, but more recent scholarship suggests the codification of Christian doctrine and success of missionaries from Alexandria and not Jerusalem, were instrumental in Christianity becoming the state religion of the empire. Given the importance of Christianity to both European and world history, this issue is of a real significance. Roman Egypt: The History and Legacy of Ancient Egypt as a Province of Rome chronicles the tumultuous history of Egypt at the end of the 1st century BCE, and its role as a Roman province. Along with pictures depicting important people, places, and events, you will learn about Roman Egypt like never before.

The Last Pharaohs

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Author :
Publisher : Princeton University Press
ISBN 13 : 0691156387
Total Pages : 282 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (911 download)

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Book Synopsis The Last Pharaohs by : J. G. Manning

Download or read book The Last Pharaohs written by J. G. Manning and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2012-10-07 with total page 282 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Presents a history of Ptolemaic Egypt as a state, covering such topics as economic conditions, order and law, and politics.

A History of the Ptolemaic Empire

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Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 113511983X
Total Pages : 410 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (351 download)

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Book Synopsis A History of the Ptolemaic Empire by : Günther Hölbl

Download or read book A History of the Ptolemaic Empire written by Günther Hölbl and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2013-02-01 with total page 410 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This compelling narrative provides the only comprehensive guide in English to the rise and decline of Ptolemaic rule in Egypt over three centuries - from the death of Alexander in 323 BC to the tragic deaths of Antony and Cleopatra in 30 BC. The skilful integration of material from a vast array of sources allows the reader to trace the political and religious development of one of the most powerful empires of the ancient eastern Mediterranean. It shows how the success of the Ptolemies was due in part to their adoption of many features of the Egyptian Pharaohs who preceded them - their deification and funding of cults and temples throughout Egypt.

The Fall of Egypt and the Rise of Rome

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Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780300275520
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (755 download)

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Book Synopsis The Fall of Egypt and the Rise of Rome by : Guy de la Bedoyere

Download or read book The Fall of Egypt and the Rise of Rome written by Guy de la Bedoyere and published by . This book was released on 2024-09-24 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A compelling history of the Ptolemies, the decline of Egypt, and the rising power of the Roman Empire The Ptolemaic era, Egypt's last and one of its longest dynasties, was in many ways a gilded age. Its early rulers restored and even expanded Egyptian power. Over a span of 300 years the period was witness to intellectual enlightenment, imaginative state-building, and some of the most memorable characters in ancient history, including Alexander the Great and Cleopatra VII. But these Macedonian Greek pharaohs embarked on ruinous warfare, faced rebellion, and descended into murderous family feuds. Increasingly reliant on the dizzying rise of Roman power, Ptolemaic Egypt was finally annexed by Augustus in 30 BCE. How did such an ancient civilization come to this? Exploring the lives of the Ptolemaic pharaohs, de la Bédoyère reveals the jealousy, greed, and murderous ambition in their Egypt and the legendary city of Alexandria, their capital. This is a lively, accessible account of Ancient Egypt's last days--and of the new power rising in its place.

Roman Egypt

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Author :
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1108957129
Total Pages : 742 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (89 download)

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Book Synopsis Roman Egypt by : Roger S. Bagnall

Download or read book Roman Egypt written by Roger S. Bagnall and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2021-09-09 with total page 742 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Egypt played a crucial role in the Roman Empire for seven centuries. It was wealthy and occupied a strategic position between the Mediterranean and Indian Ocean worlds, while its uniquely fertile lands helped to feed the imperial capitals at Rome and then Constantinople. The cultural and religious landscape of Egypt today owes much to developments during the Roman period, including in particular the forms taken by Egyptian Christianity. Moreover, we have an abundance of sources for its history during this time, especially because of the recovery of vast numbers of written texts giving an almost uniquely detailed picture of its society, economy, government, and culture. This book, the work of six historians and archaeologists from Egypt, the US, and the UK, provides students and a general audience with a readable new history of the period and includes many illustrations of art, archaeological sites, and documents, and quotations from primary sources.

Comparing the Ptolemaic and Seleucid Empires

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Author :
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1108479251
Total Pages : 409 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (84 download)

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Book Synopsis Comparing the Ptolemaic and Seleucid Empires by : Christelle Fischer-Bovet

Download or read book Comparing the Ptolemaic and Seleucid Empires written by Christelle Fischer-Bovet and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2021-09-30 with total page 409 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: First comparative analysis of the role of local elites and populations in the formation of the two main Hellenistic empires.

Geography of Claudius Ptolemy

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Author :
Publisher : Cosimo Classics
ISBN 13 : 9781605204383
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (43 download)

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Book Synopsis Geography of Claudius Ptolemy by : Claudius Ptolemy

Download or read book Geography of Claudius Ptolemy written by Claudius Ptolemy and published by Cosimo Classics. This book was released on 2011 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Geography of Claudius Ptolemy, originally titled Geographia and written in the second century, is a depiction of the geography of the Roman Empire at the time. Though inaccurate due to Ptolemy's varying methods of measurement and use of outdated data, Geography of Claudius Ptolemy is nonetheless an excellent example of ancient geographical study and scientific method. This edition contains more than 40 maps and illustrations, reproduced based on Ptolemy's original manuscript. It remains a fascinating read for students of scientific history and Greek influence. CLAUDIUS PTOLEMY (A.D. 90- A.D. 168) was a poet, mathematician, astronomer, astrologer, and geographer who wrote in Greek, though he was a Roman citizen. He is most well-known for three scientific treatises he wrote on astronomy, astrology, and geography, respectively titled Almagest, Apotelesmatika, and Geographia. His work influenced early Islamic and European studies, which in turn influenced much of the modern world. Ptolemy died in Alexandria as a member of Greek society.

Memphis Under the Ptolemies

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Author :
Publisher : Princeton University Press
ISBN 13 : 1400843057
Total Pages : 342 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (8 download)

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Book Synopsis Memphis Under the Ptolemies by : Dorothy J. Thompson

Download or read book Memphis Under the Ptolemies written by Dorothy J. Thompson and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2021-07-13 with total page 342 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Drawing on archaeological findings and an unusual combination of Greek and Egyptian evidence, Dorothy Thompson examines the economic life and multicultural society of the ancient Egyptian city of Memphis in the era between Alexander and Augustus. Now thoroughly revised and updated, this masterful account is essential reading for anyone interested in ancient Egypt or the Hellenistic world. The relationship of the native population with the Greek-speaking immigrants is illustrated in Thompson's analysis of the position of Memphite priests within the Ptolemaic state. Egyptians continued to control mummification and the cult of the dead; the undertakers of the Memphite necropolis were barely touched by things Greek. The cult of the living Apis bull also remained primarily Egyptian; yet on death the bull, deified as Osorapis, became Sarapis for the Greeks. Within this god's sacred enclosure, the Sarapieion, is found a strange amalgam of Greek and Egyptian cultures.

The Ptolemaic Kingdom of Ancient Egypt

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Author :
Publisher : Createspace Independent Publishing Platform
ISBN 13 : 9781979310086
Total Pages : 50 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (1 download)

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Book Synopsis The Ptolemaic Kingdom of Ancient Egypt by : Charles River Charles River Editors

Download or read book The Ptolemaic Kingdom of Ancient Egypt written by Charles River Charles River Editors and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2017-11-03 with total page 50 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: *Includes pictures *Includes ancient accounts *Includes online resources and a bibliography for further reading Among all the periods in ancient Egyptian history, the Ptolemaic Kingdom and its most famous ruler, Cleopatra, may be the most well-known today. By the 4th century BCE, it appeared as though ancient Egypt was in its final death throes. It had long ceased to be an influential kingdom in the Near East and Mediterranean regions, and it had been ruled over by a succession of foreign peoples including Libyans, Nubians, Assyrians, and Persians. But just when Egypt seemed was doomed to pass forever into obscurity, it was reinvigorated by outsiders, most notably Alexander the Great. While in the process of campaigning to destroy the Achaemenid Persian Empire and conquer the world in 331 BCE, he made a pit stop in Egypt that forever changed the course of Egyptian history. Although his understanding of ancient Egyptian chronology and religion was minimal, Alexander was intrigued by ancient pharaonic culture, knowing, as the 5th century BCE Greek historian Herodotus once wrote, "Egypt is the gift of the Nile." As a result, Alexander endeavored to incorporate the land of the pharaohs into Hellenic Civilization. Although Alexander never lived to rule over Egypt, one of his generals, Ptolemy I, did, and it was he who established the last great pharaonic dynasty in Egypt, known as the Ptolemaic Dynasty. The Ptolemies gave ancient Egypt an injection of vitality that had not been seen in the Nile Valley for centuries, preserving many aspects of native Egyptian culture while adding their own layer of Hellenic culture. The first few Ptolemaic rulers proved as able as any of their Egyptian predecessors as they worked to make Egypt a first-rate power in the world once again. Unfortunately, these able rulers were followed by a succession of corrupt and greedy kings, more concerned with personal wealth and power than the stability and greatness of their kingdom. Eventually, Ptolemaic Egypt collapsed due to weak rulers, internal social problems, and the rising power of Rome, but before the Ptolemaic Dynasty was extinguished, it proved to be one of the most impressive royal houses in ancient Egyptian history. The end of the Ptolemies also happened to coincide with the most famous period of Roman history. In the latter 1st century BCE, men like Julius Caesar, Mark Antony, and Octavian participated in two civil wars that would spell the end of the Roman Republic and determine who would become the Roman emperor. In the middle of it all was history's most famous woman, Cleopatra, who famously seduced both Caesar and Antony and thereby positioned herself as one of the most influential people in a world of powerful men. Cleopatra was a legendary figure even to contemporary Romans and the ancient world, and she was a controversial figure who was equally reviled and praised through the years, depicted both as a benevolent ruler and an evil seductress (occasionally at the same time). Over 2,000 years after her death, everything about Cleopatra continues to fascinate people around the world, from her lineage as a Ptolemaic pharaoh, her physical features, the manner in which she seduced Caesar, her departure during the Battle of Actium, and her famous suicide. And despite being one of the most famous figures in history, there is still much mystery surrounding her and the end of the Ptolemies, leading historians and archaeologists scouring Alexandria, Egypt for clues about her life and Egypt's transition to Roman rule. The Ptolemaic Kingdom of Ancient Egypt: The History and Legacy of the Ptolemy Dynasty and the End of the Egyptian Empire chronicles the tumultuous history of Egypt late in the second millennium BCE. Along with pictures depicting important people, places, and events, you will learn about the New Kingdom like never before.

Army and Society in Ptolemaic Egypt

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Author :
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1107007755
Total Pages : 475 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (7 download)

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Book Synopsis Army and Society in Ptolemaic Egypt by : Christelle Fischer-Bovet

Download or read book Army and Society in Ptolemaic Egypt written by Christelle Fischer-Bovet and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2014-04-10 with total page 475 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book examines how the army developed as an engine of socio-economic and cultural integration in Egypt under Greco-Macedonian rule.

The Ptolemaic Kingdom of Ancient Egypt

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Author :
Publisher : Createspace Independent Publishing Platform
ISBN 13 : 9781979310093
Total Pages : 96 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (1 download)

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Book Synopsis The Ptolemaic Kingdom of Ancient Egypt by : Charles River Charles River Editors

Download or read book The Ptolemaic Kingdom of Ancient Egypt written by Charles River Charles River Editors and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2017-11-03 with total page 96 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: *Includes pictures *Includes ancient accounts *Includes online resources and a bibliography for further reading Among all the periods in ancient Egyptian history, the Ptolemaic Kingdom and its most famous ruler, Cleopatra, may be the most well-known today. By the 4th century BCE, it appeared as though ancient Egypt was in its final death throes. It had long ceased to be an influential kingdom in the Near East and Mediterranean regions, and it had been ruled over by a succession of foreign peoples including Libyans, Nubians, Assyrians, and Persians. But just when Egypt seemed was doomed to pass forever into obscurity, it was reinvigorated by outsiders, most notably Alexander the Great. While in the process of campaigning to destroy the Achaemenid Persian Empire and conquer the world in 331 BCE, he made a pit stop in Egypt that forever changed the course of Egyptian history. Although his understanding of ancient Egyptian chronology and religion was minimal, Alexander was intrigued by ancient pharaonic culture, knowing, as the 5th century BCE Greek historian Herodotus once wrote, "Egypt is the gift of the Nile." As a result, Alexander endeavored to incorporate the land of the pharaohs into Hellenic Civilization. Although Alexander never lived to rule over Egypt, one of his generals, Ptolemy I, did, and it was he who established the last great pharaonic dynasty in Egypt, known as the Ptolemaic Dynasty. The Ptolemies gave ancient Egypt an injection of vitality that had not been seen in the Nile Valley for centuries, preserving many aspects of native Egyptian culture while adding their own layer of Hellenic culture. The first few Ptolemaic rulers proved as able as any of their Egyptian predecessors as they worked to make Egypt a first-rate power in the world once again. Unfortunately, these able rulers were followed by a succession of corrupt and greedy kings, more concerned with personal wealth and power than the stability and greatness of their kingdom. Eventually, Ptolemaic Egypt collapsed due to weak rulers, internal social problems, and the rising power of Rome, but before the Ptolemaic Dynasty was extinguished, it proved to be one of the most impressive royal houses in ancient Egyptian history. The end of the Ptolemies also happened to coincide with the most famous period of Roman history. In the latter 1st century BCE, men like Julius Caesar, Mark Antony, and Octavian participated in two civil wars that would spell the end of the Roman Republic and determine who would become the Roman emperor. In the middle of it all was history's most famous woman, Cleopatra, who famously seduced both Caesar and Antony and thereby positioned herself as one of the most influential people in a world of powerful men. Cleopatra was a legendary figure even to contemporary Romans and the ancient world, and she was a controversial figure who was equally reviled and praised through the years, depicted both as a benevolent ruler and an evil seductress (occasionally at the same time). Over 2,000 years after her death, everything about Cleopatra continues to fascinate people around the world, from her lineage as a Ptolemaic pharaoh, her physical features, the manner in which she seduced Caesar, her departure during the Battle of Actium, and her famous suicide. And despite being one of the most famous figures in history, there is still much mystery surrounding her and the end of the Ptolemies, leading historians and archaeologists scouring Alexandria, Egypt for clues about her life and Egypt's transition to Roman rule. The Ptolemaic Kingdom of Ancient Egypt: The History and Legacy of the Ptolemy Dynasty and the End of the Egyptian Empire chronicles the tumultuous history of Egypt late in the second millennium BCE. Along with pictures depicting important people, places, and events, you will learn about the New Kingdom like never before.

Rome and the Near Eastern Kingdoms and Principalities, 44-31 BC

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Author :
Publisher : BRILL
ISBN 13 : 900444176X
Total Pages : 321 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (44 download)

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Book Synopsis Rome and the Near Eastern Kingdoms and Principalities, 44-31 BC by : Hendrikus A.M. van Wijlick

Download or read book Rome and the Near Eastern Kingdoms and Principalities, 44-31 BC written by Hendrikus A.M. van Wijlick and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2020-12-15 with total page 321 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The study presents a critical examination of the political relations between Rome and Near Eastern kingdoms and principalities during the age of civil war from Caesar’s death in 44 until the Battle of Actium in 31 BC.