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Fluorides
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Book Synopsis Fluorides in the Environment by : Leonard H. Weinstein
Download or read book Fluorides in the Environment written by Leonard H. Weinstein and published by CABI. This book was released on 2004 with total page 320 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fluoride pollution is a problem in all industrialized countries. The topic of fluorides in medicine and agriculture, and fluoridation of public water supplies is one that has attracted much controversy. This book aims to review the research findings, and provide a comprehensive reference on the effects of fluorides on plants and animals. It also includes information on conducting field surveys, establishing air quality criteria and standards, and the problems associated with fluoride analysis in air, water, soil and vegetation.
Book Synopsis Advanced Inorganic Fluorides: Synthesis, Characterization and Applications by : T. Nakajima
Download or read book Advanced Inorganic Fluorides: Synthesis, Characterization and Applications written by T. Nakajima and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2000-05-12 with total page 715 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book summarizes recent progresses in inorganic fluorine chemistry. Highlights include new aspects of inorganic fluorine chemistry, such as new synthetic methods, structures of new fluorides and oxide fluorides, their physical and chemical properties, fluoride catalysts, surface modifications of inorganic materials by fluorination process, new energy conversion materials and industrial applications. Fluorine has quite unique properties (highest electronegativity; very small polarizability). In fact, fluorine is so reactive that it forms fluorides with all elements except with the lightest noble gases helium, neon and argon. Originally, due to its high reactivity, fluoride chemistry faced many technical difficulties and remained undeveloped for many years. Now, however, a large number of fluorine-containing materials are currently produced for practical uses on an industrial scale and their applications are rapidly extending to many fields. Syntheses and structure analyses of thermodynamically unstable high-oxidation-state fluorides have greatly contributed to inorganic chemistry in this decade. Fluoride catalysts and surface modifications using fluorine are developing a new field of fluorine chemistry and will enable new syntheses of various compounds. The research on inorganic fluorides is now contributing to many chemical energy conversion processes such as lithium batteries. Furthermore, new theoretical approaches to determining the electronic structures of fluorine compounds are also progressing. On the industrial front, the use of inorganic fluorine compounds is constantly increasing, for example, in semi-conductor industry. "Advanced Inorganic Fluorides: Synthesis, Characterization and Applications" focuses on these new features in inorganic fluorine chemistry and its industrial applications. The authors are outstanding experts in their fields, and the contents of the book should prove to be of valuable assistance to all chemists, graduates, students and researchers in the field of fluorine chemistry.
Book Synopsis Fluoride in Drinking Water by : National Research Council
Download or read book Fluoride in Drinking Water written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2007-01-22 with total page 531 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Most people associate fluoride with the practice of intentionally adding fluoride to public drinking water supplies for the prevention of tooth decay. However, fluoride can also enter public water systems from natural sources, including runoff from the weathering of fluoride-containing rocks and soils and leaching from soil into groundwater. Fluoride pollution from various industrial emissions can also contaminate water supplies. In a few areas of the United States fluoride concentrations in water are much higher than normal, mostly from natural sources. Fluoride is one of the drinking water contaminants regulated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) because it can occur at these toxic levels. In 1986, the EPA established a maximum allowable concentration for fluoride in drinking water of 4 milligrams per liter, a guideline designed to prevent the public from being exposed to harmful levels of fluoride. Fluoride in Drinking Water reviews research on various health effects from exposure to fluoride, including studies conducted in the last 10 years.
Book Synopsis Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride by : Institute of Medicine
Download or read book Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1999-10-17 with total page 449 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since 1941, Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) has been recognized as the most authoritative source of information on nutrient levels for healthy people. Since publication of the 10th edition in 1989, there has been rising awareness of the impact of nutrition on chronic disease. In light of new research findings and a growing public focus on nutrition and health, the expert panel responsible for formulation RDAs reviewed and expanded its approachâ€"the result: Dietary Reference Intakes. This new series of references greatly extends the scope and application of previous nutrient guidelines. For each nutrient the book presents what is known about how the nutrient functions in the human body, what the best method is to determine its requirements, which factors (caffeine or exercise, for example) may affect how it works, and how the nutrient may be related to chronic disease. The first volume of Dietary Reference Intakes includes calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, vitamin D, and fluoride. The second book in the series presents information about thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B6, folate, vitamin B12, pantothenic acid, biotin, and choline. Based on analysis of nutrient metabolism in humans and data on intakes in the U.S. population, the committee recommends intakes for each age groupâ€"from the first days of life through childhood, sexual maturity, midlife, and the later years. Recommendations for pregnancy and lactation also are made, and the book identifies when intake of a nutrient may be too much. Representing a new paradigm for the nutrition community, Dietary Reference Intakes encompasses: Estimated Average Requirements (EARs). These are used to set Recommended Dietary Allowances. Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs). Intakes that meet the RDA are likely to meet the nutrient requirement of nearly all individuals in a life-stage and gender group. Adequate Intakes (AIs). These are used instead of RDAs when an EAR cannot be calculated. Both the RDA and the AI may be used as goals for individual intake. Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (ULs). Intakes below the UL are unlikely to pose risks of adverse health effects in healthy people. This new framework encompasses both essential nutrients and other food components thought to pay a role in health, such as dietary fiber. It incorporates functional endpoints and examines the relationship between dose and response in determining adequacy and the hazards of excess intake for each nutrient.
Book Synopsis Fluorine Chemistry V4 by : J.H. Simons
Download or read book Fluorine Chemistry V4 written by J.H. Simons and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2012-12-02 with total page 815 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fluorine Chemistry, Volume IV provides an extensive survey and discussion on the physiological properties of fluoride ion and substances capable of producing it in aqueous solution. This book elaborates the detrimental effects of excessive fluoride ingestion, through the beneficial effects of optimal amounts, to recognized detrimental effects, such as dental caries accompanied by suboptimal fluoride intake. Fluoride metabolism is discussed in detail, including the capacity for storage of fluoride by the bones and rates of excretion of fluoride from the body. This text also covers the relation of fluoride ion to the health of teeth and bones. This publication is a good source for chemists and clinicians intending to acquire knowledge of the biological effects of fluoride.
Download or read book Graphite Fluorides written by N. Watanabe and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2013-10-22 with total page 276 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume reviews the preparation, structures, physicochemical properties and applications of graphite fluorides, mainly based on the results obtained by the authors. Their interest in graphite fluorides stemmed from research on the ``anode effect'', in electrolytic production of fluorine gas in KF.2HF melt using carbon electrodes. The formation of a thin graphite fluoride film on carbon anodes made it difficult to continue the electrolysis of KF.2HF at a high current density. To elucidate this phenomenon studies on graphite fluoride were initiated. In the course of these systematic studies, the use of graphite fluoride in high-energy batteries became successful: a new graphite fluoride (C2F)n was found; and another fluorineographite intercalation compound with ionic bonding, CxF, was synthesized. During this research it was established that CxF is closely associated with the ``anode effect''. The book will be of interest to all those involved in the study and research of graphite fluorides, particularly fluorine chemists, electrochemists, and fluorine and battery companies.
Book Synopsis Toxicological Profile for Fluorides, Hydrogen Fluoride, and Fluorine by :
Download or read book Toxicological Profile for Fluorides, Hydrogen Fluoride, and Fluorine written by and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 280 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Pharmacology of Fluorides by : Ernst W. Alther
Download or read book Pharmacology of Fluorides written by Ernst W. Alther and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-11-21 with total page 627 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: One might well ask why another volume dealing with biological aspects of compounds of fluorine should be offered to the scientific community, already burdened with a literature too massive to be comfortably ingested. Prior toW orld War II this question simply did not arise: there was not sufficient interest or literature in the field to warrant anything beyond the classical monograph pub 1 lished by KAJ RoHOLM in 1937 • RoHOLM's work was directed chiefly toward a better understanding of the effects of fluorides on the general health of workers in the cyrolite industry. However, with the demonstration that water-borne fluoride was a causative agent of both mottled enamel and increased resistance to dental caries, the ground work was laid in the 1930's and early 1940's for a greatly increased interest in the biological effects of fluorides in human beings. During this time and earlier for that matter, work also had been going steadily ahead in the less spectacular area of effects produced in poultry and livestock when fluorine-containing rock phosphate was incorporated in the ration, and when pasture land was contami nated with fluorides released during the large-scale conversion of rock phosphate to fertilizer and phosphoric acid. These latter aspects of the problem had led to the development of a respectable literature in plant physiology, dealing with the effects of fluoride on vegetation.
Book Synopsis Toxicological Profile for Fluorides, Hydrogen Fluoride, and Fluorine (Update) by : Carolyn A. Tylenda
Download or read book Toxicological Profile for Fluorides, Hydrogen Fluoride, and Fluorine (Update) written by Carolyn A. Tylenda and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on 2011-05 with total page 404 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This toxicological profile succinctly characterizes the toxicologic and adverse health effects information for fluorides, hydrogen fluoride, and fluorine. Fluorides are often added to drinking water supplies and a variety of dental compounds. Some fluoride compounds are also used in the production of glass and enamel and in the steel industry. Fluorine gas is used primarily to make chemical compounds used in separating isotopes of uranium for use in nuclear reactors and nuclear weapons. Hydrogen fluoride is used in the manufacture of fluorocarbons, which are used as refrigerants, solvents, and aerosols. This profile includes: (A) The examination, summary, and interpretation of available toxicologic information and epidemiologic evaluations on fluorides, hydrogen fluoride, and fluorine to ascertain the levels of significant human exposure for the substance and the associated acute, subacute, and chronic health effects; (B) A determination of whether adequate information on the health effects of fluorides, hydrogen fluoride, and fluorine is available or in the process of development to determine levels of exposure that present a significant risk to human health of acute, subacute, and chronic health effects; and (C) Where appropriate, identification of toxicologic testing needed to identify the types or levels of exposure that may present significant risk of adverse health effects in humans. Tables and figures. This is a print on demand edition of a hard to find publication.
Book Synopsis Draft Toxicological Profile for Fluorine, Hydrogen Fluoride, and Fluorides by :
Download or read book Draft Toxicological Profile for Fluorine, Hydrogen Fluoride, and Fluorides written by and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 360 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Pharmacology of Fluorides by : Frank A. Smith
Download or read book Pharmacology of Fluorides written by Frank A. Smith and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-11-27 with total page 467 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume is the completion of work initially planned several years ago as a compilation of selected aspects of the biological effects of fluorides. The first portion appeared in Volume XXII (1966) of this Handbuch, under the title "Pharmacology of Fluorides, Part 1. " Inasmuch as the present volume is an integral part of the original project, justification for offering it to the scientific community remains the same as that originally set forth. This may be recapitulated as follows. The tremendous increase in the annual production of fluorides over the amounts produced thirty years ago, together with the increased diversity of their uses has correspondingly increased the hazard associated with these materials. That is to say, the possibilities of encountering their characteristic toxic effects under the conditions of their use has increased because the variety, amounts and ways of usage have increased. Their inherent toxicity, of course has not changed, but the increased hazard has led to a vast increase in the amount and scope of research reported. It is the purpose of these volumes to review selected aspects of this literature. Rochester, N. Y. , February 1970 FRANK A. SMITH Acknowledgements Even the casual reader of this volume will soon realize that contributing authors, as well as those contributing to its predecessor, Volume XX/I, have made good use of tables of data, figures and pertinent quotations from previously published work.
Author :U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Publisher :DIANE Publishing ISBN 13 :0756707498 Total Pages :273 pages Book Rating :4.7/5 (567 download)
Book Synopsis Toxicological Profile for Fluorides, Hydrogen Fluoride and Fluorine (F) by : U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES
Download or read book Toxicological Profile for Fluorides, Hydrogen Fluoride and Fluorine (F) written by U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on 2001 with total page 273 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Provides info. about fluorine, hydrogen fluoride, & fluorides, & the human health effects of exposure. These chemicals have been found in many sites identified by the EPA for long-term Federal cleanup activities. Includes a Public Health Statement which explains toxicologic properties of fluorine, hydrogen fluoride, & fluorides in a nontechnical, Q&A format, & a review of the general health effects observed following exposure; a description of health effects; how the chemical can affect children; & info. on their chemical & physical properties, production, use & disposal, potential for human exposure, analytical methods, & regulations & advisories.
Book Synopsis Continuing Evaluation Of The Use Of Fluorides by : Erling Johansen
Download or read book Continuing Evaluation Of The Use Of Fluorides written by Erling Johansen and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2019-03-04 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This work addresses a variety of topics that are of interest in their own right and because they bear on the evaluation of the safety of fluoridation. The latter is important because the demonstration of "no effect" from the use of fluorides is very difficult and the available data need to be periodically reexamined to reduce the theoretical amount
Book Synopsis A Study of the Fluorides and Double Fluorides of Aluminum by : Martin Tosterud
Download or read book A Study of the Fluorides and Double Fluorides of Aluminum written by Martin Tosterud and published by . This book was released on 1924 with total page 162 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Fluorides—Advances in Research and Application: 2013 Edition by :
Download or read book Fluorides—Advances in Research and Application: 2013 Edition written by and published by ScholarlyEditions. This book was released on 2013-06-21 with total page 195 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fluorides—Advances in Research and Application: 2013 Edition is a ScholarlyBrief™ that delivers timely, authoritative, comprehensive, and specialized information about Sulfur Hexafluoride in a concise format. The editors have built Fluorides—Advances in Research and Application: 2013 Edition on the vast information databases of ScholarlyNews.™ You can expect the information about Sulfur Hexafluoride in this book to be deeper than what you can access anywhere else, as well as consistently reliable, authoritative, informed, and relevant. The content of Fluorides—Advances in Research and Application: 2013 Edition has been produced by the world’s leading scientists, engineers, analysts, research institutions, and companies. All of the content is from peer-reviewed sources, and all of it is written, assembled, and edited by the editors at ScholarlyEditions™ and available exclusively from us. You now have a source you can cite with authority, confidence, and credibility. More information is available at http://www.ScholarlyEditions.com/.
Book Synopsis Phosphate Fluorides Toxic Torts by : Gary Pittman
Download or read book Phosphate Fluorides Toxic Torts written by Gary Pittman and published by Lulu.com. This book was released on 2011-05-01 with total page 150 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Gary Pittman and his co-workers were systematically exposed to toxic substances while working for Occidental Chemical Corporation's north Florida phosphoric acid plants and mines. "Phosphate - Fluorides - Toxic Torts" is a personal narrative by Pittman describing his seven-year battle with Occidental while suffering with chemical poisoning, and the obstacles he had to overcome in the pursuit of compensation. Occidental Chemical Corporation was no stranger to Toxic Tort litigation. They were the company named in the 1979 landmark case, "United States v. Occidental," about the "Love Canal" public health disaster in the late 1970s. In 1995, the "Love Canal" case was still in the courts when Pittman, a co-worker, and attorney, Dorothy Clay Sims took on the mammoth Occidental machine with their legions of law firms. Did Pittman win? Yes and no. When you have your health, you can always make more money, but when you are poisoned and debilitated, there's not enough money in the world to buy back your health.
Book Synopsis Fluorides and Dental Fluorosis by : Howard M. Myers
Download or read book Fluorides and Dental Fluorosis written by Howard M. Myers and published by S. Karger AG (Switzerland). This book was released on 1978 with total page 92 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
