Faulkner And Hurston

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Struggles Over the Word

Author : Timothy Paul Caron
Publisher : Mercer University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780865546691
Total Pages : 182 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (466 download)

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Book Synopsis Struggles Over the Word by : Timothy Paul Caron

Download or read book Struggles Over the Word written by Timothy Paul Caron and published by Mercer University Press. This book was released on 2000 with total page 182 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This literary critical study counters the usual tendency to segregate Southern literature from African American literary studies. Noting that William Faulkner and Flannery O'Connor are classified as Southern writers, whereas Zora Neale Hurston and Richard Wright are considered black authors, Timothy P. Caron argues for an integrated study of the South's literary culture. He shows that the interaction of Southern religion and race binds these four writers together. Caron broadens our understanding of Southern literature to include both white and African American voices. Analyzing O'Connor's Wise Blood, Faulkner's Light in August, Hurston's Moses, Man of the Mountain, and Wright's Uncle Tom's Children, Caron shows that these writers share an intertwined concern for issues of race and religion. These two significant components of Southern culture form the intertextual network that binds together such seemingly disparate texts. These authors not only interact among themselves in acknowledged and unacknowledged ways, but also with the South's discursive practices. Most particularly, Caron sees common struggles over the Word, as he investigates how these writers use the Bible in their understandings of race and religion in the American South. While all four authors argue for the centrality of the Bible in both the black and white Southern experience, each offers a different view of how this iconic text has shaped Southern culture and its literature.

Faulkner and Hurston

Author : Christopher Rieger
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780997926217
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (262 download)

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Book Synopsis Faulkner and Hurston by : Christopher Rieger

Download or read book Faulkner and Hurston written by Christopher Rieger and published by . This book was released on 2017-05-30 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Top conference papers from the 2014 Faulkner and Hurston Conference at Southeast Missouri State University

The Nation's Region

Author : Leigh Anne Duck
Publisher : University of Georgia Press
ISBN 13 : 0820334189
Total Pages : 356 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (23 download)

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Book Synopsis The Nation's Region by : Leigh Anne Duck

Download or read book The Nation's Region written by Leigh Anne Duck and published by University of Georgia Press. This book was released on 2009 with total page 356 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How could liberalism and apartheid coexist for decades in our country, as they did during the first half of the twentieth century? This study looks at works by such writers as Thomas Dixon, Erskine Caldwell, Zora Neale Hurston, William Faulkner, and Ralph Ellison to show how representations of time in southern narrative first accommodated but finally elucidated the relationship between these two political philosophies. Although racial segregation was codified by U.S. law, says Leigh Anne Duck, nationalist discourse downplayed its significance everywhere but in the South, where apartheid was conceded as an immutable aspect of an anachronistic culture. As the nation modernized, the South served as a repository of the country's romantic notions: the region was represented as a close-knit, custom-bound place through which the nation could temper its ambivalence about the upheavals of progress. The Great Depression changed this. Amid economic anxiety and the international rise of fascism, writes Duck, "the trope of the backward South began to comprise an image of what the United States could become." As she moves from the Depression to the nascent years of the civil rights movement to the early cold war era, Duck explains how experimental writers in each of these periods challenged ideas of a monolithically archaic South through innovative representations of time. She situates their narratives amid broad concern regarding national modernization and governance, as manifest in cultural and political debates, sociological studies, and popular film. Although southern modernists' modes and methods varied along this trajectory, their purpose remained focused: to explore the mutually constitutive relationships between social forms considered "southern" and "national."

A Familiar Strangeness

Author : Stuart Burrows
Publisher : University of Georgia Press
ISBN 13 : 0820337412
Total Pages : 302 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (23 download)

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Book Synopsis A Familiar Strangeness by : Stuart Burrows

Download or read book A Familiar Strangeness written by Stuart Burrows and published by University of Georgia Press. This book was released on 2010-05-31 with total page 302 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Literary critics have traditionally suggested that the invention of photography led to the rise of the realist novel, which is believed to imitate the detail and accuracy of the photographic image. Instead, says Stuart Burrows, photography's influence on American fiction had less to do with any formal similarity between the two media than with the capacity of photography to render American identity and history homogeneous and reproducible. The camera, according to Burrows, provoked a representational crisis, one broadly modernist in character. Since the photograph is not only a copy of its subject but a physical product of it, the camera can be seen as actually challenging mimetic or realistic theories of representation, which depend on a recognizable gap between original and reproduction. Burrows argues for the centrality of photography to a set of writers commonly thought of as hostile to the camera-including Nathaniel Hawthorne, Henry James, William Faulkner, and Zora Neale Hurston. The photographic metaphors and allusions to the medium that appear throughout these writers' work demonstrate the ways in which one representational form actually influences another--by changing how artists conceive of identity, history, and art itself. A Familiar Strangeness thus challenges the notion of an absolute break between nineteenth-century realism and twentieth-century modernism, a break that typically centers precisely on the two movements' supposedly differing relation to the camera. Just as modernist fiction interrupts and questions the link between visuality and knowledge, so American realist fiction can be understood as making the world less knowable precisely by making it more visible.

Faulkner's Geographies

Author : Jay Watson
Publisher : Univ. Press of Mississippi
ISBN 13 : 1496802284
Total Pages : 290 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (968 download)

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Book Synopsis Faulkner's Geographies by : Jay Watson

Download or read book Faulkner's Geographies written by Jay Watson and published by Univ. Press of Mississippi. This book was released on 2015-06-25 with total page 290 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The recent spatial turn in social theory and cultural studies opens up exciting new possibilities for the study of William Faulkner's literature. The fictional domains of Yoknapatawpha County and Jefferson, Mississippi, are not simply imagined communities but imaginative geographies of remarkable complexity and detail, as evidenced by the maps Faulkner created of his “apocryphal” county. Exploring the diverse functions of space in Faulkner's artistic vision, the eleven essays in Faulkner's Geographies delve deep into Yoknapatawpha but also reach beyond it to uncover unsuspected connections and flows linking local, regional, national, hemispheric, and global geographies in Faulkner's writings. Individual contributions examine the influence of the plantation as a land-use regime on Faulkner's imagination of north Mississippi's geography; the emergence of “micro-Souths” as a product of modern migratory patterns in the urban North of Faulkner's fiction; the enlistment of the author's work in the geopolitics of the cultural Cold War during the 1950s; the historical and literary affiliations between Faulkner's Deep South and Greater Mexico; the local and idiosyncratic as alternatives to region and nation; the unique intersection of regional and metropolitan geographies that Faulkner encountered as a novice writer immersed in the literary culture of New Orleans; the uses of feminist geography to trace the interplay of gender, space, and movement; and the circulation of Caribbean and “Black South” spaces and itineraries through Faulkner's masterpiece, Absalom, Absalom! By bringing new attention to the function of space, place, mapping, and movement in his literature, Faulkner's Geographies seeks to redraw the very boundaries of Faulkner studies.

Faulkner and Slavery

Author : Jay Watson
Publisher : Univ. Press of Mississippi
ISBN 13 : 1496834410
Total Pages : 254 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (968 download)

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Book Synopsis Faulkner and Slavery by : Jay Watson

Download or read book Faulkner and Slavery written by Jay Watson and published by Univ. Press of Mississippi. This book was released on 2021-05-28 with total page 254 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Contributions by Tim Armstrong, Edward A. Chappell, W. Ralph Eubanks, Amy A. Foley, Michael Gorra, Sherita L. Johnson, Andrew B. Leiter, John T. Matthews, Julie Beth Napolin, Erin Penner, Stephanie Rountree, Julia Stern, Jay Watson, and Randall Wilhelm In 1930, the same year he moved into Rowan Oak, a slave-built former plantation home in his hometown of Oxford, Mississippi, William Faulkner published his first work of fiction that gave serious attention to the experience and perspective of an enslaved individual. For the next two decades, Faulkner repeatedly returned to the theme of slavery and to the figures of enslaved people in his fiction, probing the racial, economic, and political contours of his region, nation, and hemisphere in work such as The Sound and the Fury; Light in August; Absalom, Absalom!; and Go Down, Moses. Faulkner and Slavery is the first collection to address the myriad legacies of African chattel slavery in the writings and personal history of one of the twentieth century’s most incisive authors on US slavery and the long ordeal of race in the Americas. Contributors to the volume examine the constitutive links among slavery, capitalism, and modernity across Faulkner’s oeuvre. They study how the history of slavery at the University of Mississippi informs writings like Absalom, Absalom! and trace how slavery’s topologies of the rectilinear grid or square run up against the more reparative geography of the oval in Faulkner’s narratives. Contributors explore how the legacies of slavery literally sound and resound across centuries of history, and across multiple novels and stories in Faulkner’s fictional county of Yoknapatawpha, and they reveal how the author’s remodeling work on his own residence brought him into an uncomfortable engagement with the spatial and architectural legacies of chattel slavery in north Mississippi. Faulkner and Slavery offers a timely intervention not only in the critical study of the writer’s work but in ongoing national and global conversations about the afterlives of slavery and the necessary work of antiracism.

The Leisure Ethic

Author : William A. Gleason
Publisher : Stanford University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780804734349
Total Pages : 476 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (343 download)

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Book Synopsis The Leisure Ethic by : William A. Gleason

Download or read book The Leisure Ethic written by William A. Gleason and published by Stanford University Press. This book was released on 1999 with total page 476 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This literary and cultural history of the rise of modern leisure shows how American writers from Henry David Thoreau to Zora Neale Hurston both responded to and helped shape19th- and early-20th-century ideas of work and play.

Reading Testimony, Witnessing Trauma

Author : Eden Wales Freedman
Publisher : Univ. Press of Mississippi
ISBN 13 : 1496827376
Total Pages : 234 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (968 download)

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Book Synopsis Reading Testimony, Witnessing Trauma by : Eden Wales Freedman

Download or read book Reading Testimony, Witnessing Trauma written by Eden Wales Freedman and published by Univ. Press of Mississippi. This book was released on 2020-02-28 with total page 234 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Winner of the 2020 Eudora Welty Prize Theorists emphasize the necessity of writing about—or witnessing—trauma in order to overcome it. To this critical conversation, Reading Testimony, Witnessing Trauma: Confronting Race, Gender, and Violence in American Literature treats reader response to traumatic and testimonial literature written by and about African American women and adds insight into the engagement of testimonial literature. Eden Wales Freedman articulates a theory of reading (or dual-witnessing) that explores how narrators and readers can witness trauma together. She places these original theories of traumatic reception in conversation with the African American literary tradition to speak to the histories, cultures, and traumas of African Americans, particularly the repercussions of slavery, as witnessed in African American literature. The volume also considers intersections of race and gender and how narrators and readers can cross such constructs to witness collectively. Reading Testimony, Witnessing Trauma’s innovative examinations of raced-gendered intersections open and speak with those works that promote dual-witnessing through the fraught (literary) histories of race and gender relations in America. To explicate how dual-witnessing converses with American literature, race theory, and gender criticism, the book analyzes emancipatory narratives by Sojourner Truth, Harriet Jacobs, and Elizabeth Keckley and novels by William Faulkner, Zora Neale Hurston, Margaret Walker, Toni Morrison, and Jesmyn Ward.

Twentieth-Century Southern Literature

Author : J. A. BryantJr.
Publisher : University Press of Kentucky
ISBN 13 : 0813187400
Total Pages : 430 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (131 download)

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Book Synopsis Twentieth-Century Southern Literature by : J. A. BryantJr.

Download or read book Twentieth-Century Southern Literature written by J. A. BryantJr. and published by University Press of Kentucky. This book was released on 2021-11-21 with total page 430 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Authors discussed include: Wendell Berry, Erskine Caldwell, Truman Capote, Ralph Ellison, William Faulkner, Shelby Foote, Zora Neal Hurston, Bobbie Ann Mason, Cormac McCarthy, Flannery O'Connor, William Styron, Anne Tyler, Alice Walker, Robert Penn Warren, Eudora Welty, Tennessee Williams, Thomas Wolfe, Richard Wright, and many more. By World War II, the Southern Renaissance had established itself as one of the most significant literary events of the century, and today much of the best American fiction is southern fiction. Though the flowering of realistic and local-color writing during the first two decades of the century was a sign of things to come, the period between the two world wars was the crucial one for the South's literary development: a literary revival in Richmond came to fruition; at Vanderbilt University a group of young men produced The Fugitive, a remarkable, controversial magazine that published some of the century's best verse in its brief run; and the publication and widespread recognition of Faulkner (among others) inaugurated the great flood of southern writing that was to follow in novels, short stories, poetry, and plays. With more than forty years of experience writing and reading about the subject, and friendships with many of the figures discussed, J. A. Bryant is uniquely qualified to provide the first comprehensive account of southern American literature since 1900. Bryant pays attention to both the cultural and the historical context of the works and authors discussed, and presents the information in an enjoyable, accessible style. No lover of great American literature can afford to be without this book.

The Signifying Eye

Author : Candace Waid
Publisher : University of Georgia Press
ISBN 13 : 0820343161
Total Pages : 409 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (23 download)

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Book Synopsis The Signifying Eye by : Candace Waid

Download or read book The Signifying Eye written by Candace Waid and published by University of Georgia Press. This book was released on 2013-07-01 with total page 409 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A bold book, built of close readings, striking in its range and depth, The Signifying Eye shows Faulkner's art take shape in sweeping arcs of social, labor, and aesthetic history. Beginning with long-unpublished works (his childhood sketches and his hand-drawn and handillustrated play The Marionettes) and early novels (Mosquitoes and Sartoris), working through many major works (The Sound and the Fury, As I Lay Dying, Sanctuary, Light in August, and Absalom, Absalom!), and including more popular fictions (The Wild Palms and The Unvanquished) and late novels (notably Intruder in the Dust and The Town), The Signifying Eye reveals Faulkner's visual obsessions with artistic creation as his work is read next to Wharton, Cather, Toomer, and—in a tour de force intervention—Willem de Kooning. After coloring in southern literature as a "reverse slave narrative," Waid's Eye locates Faulkner's fiction as the "feminist hinge" in a crucial parable of art that seeks abstraction through the burial of the race-defined mother. Race is seen through gender and sexuality while social fall is exposed (in Waid's phrase) as a "coloring of class." Locating "visual language" that constitutes a "pictorial vocabulary," The Signifying Eye delights in literacy as the oral meets the written and the abstract opens as a site to see narrative. Steeped in history, this book locates a heightened reality that goes beyond representation to bring Faulkner's novels, stories, and drawings into visible form through Whistler, Beardsley, Gorky, and de Kooning. Visionary and revisionist, Waid has painted the proverbial big picture, changing the fundamental way that both the making of modernism and the avant-garde will be seen. A Friends Fund publication

Calypso Magnolia

Author : John Wharton Lowe
Publisher : UNC Press Books
ISBN 13 : 1469626217
Total Pages : 464 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (696 download)

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Book Synopsis Calypso Magnolia by : John Wharton Lowe

Download or read book Calypso Magnolia written by John Wharton Lowe and published by UNC Press Books. This book was released on 2016-02-08 with total page 464 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this far-reaching literary history, John Wharton Lowe remakes the map of American culture by revealing the deep, persistent connections between the ideas and works produced by writers of the American South and the Caribbean. Lowe demonstrates that a tendency to separate literary canons by national and regional boundaries has led critics to ignore deep ties across highly permeable borders. Focusing on writers and literatures from the Deep South and Gulf states in relation to places including Mexico, Haiti, and Cuba, Lowe reconfigures the geography of southern literature as encompassing the "circumCaribbean," a dynamic framework within which to reconsider literary history, genre, and aesthetics. Considering thematic concerns such as race, migration, forced exile, and colonial and postcolonial identity, Lowe contends that southern literature and culture have always transcended the physical and political boundaries of the American South. Lowe uses cross-cultural readings of nineteenth- and twentieth-century writers, including William Faulkner, Martin Delany, Zora Neale Hurston, George Lamming, Cristina Garcia, Edouard Glissant, and Madison Smartt Bell, among many others, to make his argument. These literary figures, Lowe argues, help us uncover new ways of thinking about the shared culture of the South and Caribbean while demonstrating that southern literature has roots even farther south than we realize.

The South and Faulkner's Yoknapatawph

Author : Evans Harrington
Publisher : Univ. Press of Mississippi
ISBN 13 : 9781617035104
Total Pages : 232 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (351 download)

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Book Synopsis The South and Faulkner's Yoknapatawph by : Evans Harrington

Download or read book The South and Faulkner's Yoknapatawph written by Evans Harrington and published by Univ. Press of Mississippi. This book was released on 1977 with total page 232 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

William Faulkner

Author : Nicolas Tredell
Publisher : Columbia University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780231121880
Total Pages : 214 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (218 download)

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Book Synopsis William Faulkner by : Nicolas Tredell

Download or read book William Faulkner written by Nicolas Tredell and published by Columbia University Press. This book was released on 1999 with total page 214 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Guide explores the wealth of critical material generated by these two exceptional works of modernist fiction. From the initially mixed critical responses to the novels in the early 1930s, the Guide follows the enormous growth of interest in Faulkner's work across six decades. New writings shaped by a range of critical theories are discussed, offering the reader a clear view of the place now given to one of America's most innovative and influential novelists.

Our America

Author : Walter Benn Michaels
Publisher : Duke University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780822320647
Total Pages : 220 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (26 download)

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Book Synopsis Our America by : Walter Benn Michaels

Download or read book Our America written by Walter Benn Michaels and published by Duke University Press. This book was released on 1995 with total page 220 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Arguing that the contemporary commitment to the importance of cultural identity has renovated rather than replaced an earlier commitment to racial identity, Walter Benn Michaels asserts that the idea of culture, far from constituting a challenge to racism, is actually a form of racism. Our America offers both a provocative reinterpretation of the role of identity in modernism and a sustained critique of the role of identity in postmodernism. "We have a great desire to be supremely American," Calvin Coolidge wrote in 1924. That desire, Michaels tells us, is at the very heart of American modernism, giving form and substance to a cultural movement that would in turn redefine America's cultural and collective identity--ultimately along racial lines. A provocative reinterpretation of American modernism, Our America also offers a new way of understanding current debates over the meaning of race, identity, multiculturalism, and pluralism. Michaels contends that the aesthetic movement of modernism and the social movement of nativism came together in the 1920s in their commitment to resolve the meaning of identity--linguistic, national, cultural, and racial. Just as the Johnson Immigration Act of 1924, which excluded aliens, and the Indian Citizenship Act of the same year, which honored the truly native, reconceptualized national identity, so the major texts of American writers such as Cather, Faulkner, Hurston, and Williams reinvented identity as an object of pathos--something that can be lost or found, defended or betrayed. Our America is both a history and a critique of this invention, tracing its development from the white supremacism of the Progressive period through the cultural pluralism of the Twenties. Michaels's sustained rereading of the texts of the period--the canonical, the popular, and the less familiar--exposes recurring concerns such as the reconception of the image of the Indian as a symbol of racial purity and national origins, the relation between World War I and race, contradictory appeals to the family as a model for the nation, and anxieties about reproduction that subliminally tie whiteness and national identity to incest, sterility, and impotence.

Faulkner’s Fashion

Author : Christopher Rieger
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing USA
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 260 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (651 download)

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Book Synopsis Faulkner’s Fashion by : Christopher Rieger

Download or read book Faulkner’s Fashion written by Christopher Rieger and published by Bloomsbury Publishing USA. This book was released on 2023-12-14 with total page 260 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The first book-length study of clothing and dress across William Faulkner's novels and short stories. Clothing is one of the most important and pervasive material items throughout William Faulkner's fiction. Faulkner's Fashion analyzes the writer's use of clothing from a variety of critical approaches, considering how clothing and dress intersect with race, class, and gender across Faulkner's works. It also considers clothes as material objects, using Thing Theory and Object Oriented Ontology to illuminate the role clothing plays as an object in conjunction with its multiple layers of symbolic meaning to both the wearer and the observer. Faulkner's Fashion reveals how much attention Faulkner pays to garments and fashion in his own life and in his fiction, arguing that dress is often a means of characterization for Faulkner, while it also connects his narrative representations of gender, sexuality, class, poverty, race, and modernity.

The Past Is Never

Author : Tiffany Quay Tyson
Publisher : Simon and Schuster
ISBN 13 : 1510726837
Total Pages : 324 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (17 download)

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Book Synopsis The Past Is Never by : Tiffany Quay Tyson

Download or read book The Past Is Never written by Tiffany Quay Tyson and published by Simon and Schuster. This book was released on 2018-03-20 with total page 324 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: **WINNER of the Willie Morris Award for Southern Fiction** **WINNER of the Mississippi Author Award for Adult Fiction selected by the Mississippi Library Association** **WINNER of the 2019 Mississippi Institute of Arts & Letters Award for Fiction** **WINNER of the Janet Heidinger Kafka Prize for Fiction** **Finalist for the 2019 Colorado Book Awards for Literary Fiction*** "An ode to William Faulkner. . . . As Southern as it gets."—Deep South Magazine A compelling addition to contemporary Southern Gothic fiction, deftly weaving together local legends, family secrets, and the search for a missing child. Siblings Bert, Willet, and Pansy know better than to go swimming at the old rock quarry. According to their father, it's the Devil's place, a place that's been cursed and forgotten. But Mississippi Delta summer days are scorching hot and they can't resist cooling off in the dark, bottomless water. Until the day six-year-old Pansy vanishes. Not drowned, not lost . . . simply gone. When their father disappears as well, Bert and Willet leave their childhoods behind to try and hold their broken family together. Years pass with no sign, no hope of ever finding Pansy alive, and as surely as their mother died of a broken heart, Bert and Willet can't move on. So when clues surface drawing them to the remote tip of Florida, they drop everything and drive south. Deep in the murky depths of the Florida Everglades they may find the answer to Pansy's mysterious disappearance . . . but truth, like the past, is sometimes better left where it lies. Perfect for fans of Flannery O'Connor and Dorothy Allison, The Past Is Never is an atmospheric, haunting story of myths, legends, and the good and evil we carry in our hearts.

Reading Africa into American Literature

Author : Keith Cartwright
Publisher : University Press of Kentucky
ISBN 13 : 0813158338
Total Pages : 282 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (131 download)

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Book Synopsis Reading Africa into American Literature by : Keith Cartwright

Download or read book Reading Africa into American Literature written by Keith Cartwright and published by University Press of Kentucky. This book was released on 2014-10-17 with total page 282 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The literature often considered the most American is rooted not only in European and Western culture but also in African and American Creole cultures. Keith Cartwright places the literary texts of such noted authors as George Washington Cable, W.E.B. DuBois, Alex Haley, Zora Neale Hurston, Ralph Ellison, William Faulkner, Joel Chandler Harris, Herman Melville, Toni Morrison, and many others in the context of the history, spiritual traditions, folklore, music, linguistics, and politics out of which they were written. Cartwright grounds his study of American writings in texts from the Senegambian/Old Mali region of Africa. Reading epics, fables, and gothic tales from the crossroads of this region and the American South, he reveals that America's foundational African presence, along with a complex set of reactions to it, is an integral but unacknowledged source of the national culture, identity, and literature.