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Author : James Edward Graham
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 306 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (64 download)
Download or read book Factors Affecting NDMA Formation During Drinking Water Treatment written by James Edward Graham and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 306 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Richard Louis Valentine
Publisher : Amer Water Works Assn
ISBN 13 : 9781583213780
Total Pages : 252 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (137 download)
Download or read book Factors Affecting the Formation of NDMA in Water and Occurrence written by Richard Louis Valentine and published by Amer Water Works Assn. This book was released on 2005-01 with total page 252 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The USEPA has classified NDMA (N-nitrosodimethylamine) as a probable human carcinogen. It is suspected that chlorination and chloramination may be contributing factors in NDMA formation. This study surveys the levels of NDMA in selected drinking water, recycled water, and wastewater, and describes how various treatment processes impact NDMA formation.
Author : Shannon Roback
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 157 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (17 download)
Download or read book NDMA Formation During Drinking Water Treatment: Veterinary Antibiotics as Precursors, the Effect of Natural Organic Matter and the Significance of Treatment Practices written by Shannon Roback and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 157 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) is a nitrosated amine that has been associated with a 10-5 increase in lifetime cancer risk at the ng/L level. NDMA may be formed from a variety of anthropogenic amine precursors during drinking water treatment utilizing chloramines as a disinfectant. In this dissertation, ten veterinary antibiotics were tested for their ability to form NDMA. The antibiotics were tested at different pH, temperature, chlorine to ammonia weight ratio (Cl2/NH3) and time to determine the impact of these factors on formation. Molar conversions ranged from 0.04 to 4.9 percent, with antibiotics containing more than one dimethylamine (DMA) functional group forming significantly more NDMA. The highest formation for most of the compounds was seen near pH 8.4. The effect of Cl2/NH3 ratio, temperature, and hold time was somewhat varied for each chemical, suggesting that the effects of these parameters were compound-specific. This suggests that large-scale farming run-off may be a new source NDMA precursors. NDMA formation is slowed by the presence of natural organic matter (NOM). It is not currently known which components of NOM are responsible for the reduction in NDMA formation. In this dissertation, water containing NOM was fractionated into different MW size groups or separated based on polarity. The high molecular weight NOM fractions (> 10 kDa), polar and charged components were shown to be the most effective in reducing the amount of NDMA formed. Some precursors have high sorption coefficients to NOM, which is the likely mechanism for reduction of NDMA formation from these compounds. Lastly, NDMA formation can be highly impacted by numerous factors relevant to drinking water treatment. In this dissertation, water samples and treatment plant data were collected from approximately 20 drinking water treatment plants in the U.S. and Canada over 2 years. Linear mixed effects models with random intercepts, which account for variability between treatment plants, were used to assess variable significance and create predictive equations. UV254 concentration in the plant influent, sucralose concentration, polyDADMAC concentration, pre-chlorination time, Cl2/NH3 ratio, use of GAC, water pH, and biofiltration were associated with NDMA concentration in the distribution system.
Author : Piti Piyachaturawat
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (74 download)
Download or read book Potential N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) Formation from Water Treatment Polymers written by Piti Piyachaturawat and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: N-Nitrosodimethylamine (commonly known as NDMA) is a probable human carcinogen that has been recognized as an emerging drinking water contaminant in recent years. Previous studies have shown that certain N-containing organic compounds may form NDMA in reaction with chlorine or monochloramine and the NDMA yield is affected by the structure of the organic-N compounds, water conditions and treatment parameters. Many amine-based water treatment polymers contain organic-N functional groups and thus have been suspected as potential NDMA precursors in water treatment systems. The purpose of this research was to systematically assess the potential NDMA formation from different structural types of water treatment polymers in reactions with various oxidants and probe the possible factors that influence the NDMA formation. Robust analytical methods for detection of NDMA and the well-known NDMA precursor dimethylamine (DMA) in the reaction samples were established. The cationic polyacrylamide (cationic PAMS), aminomethylated polyacrylamide (Mannich), poly-diallyldimethylammonium chloride (polyDADMAC) and polyamine polymers were evaluated in reactions with nitrite, free chlorine, monochloramine or chlorine dioxide in aqueous solutions at circumneutral pH and room temperature conditions. This study employed high dosages of polymer and oxidant and long reaction time in order to assess the maximum potential to form NDMA. A range of operational parameters that may affect the above reactions were also evaluated.
Author : Stuart W. Krasner
Publisher : American Water Works Association
ISBN 13 : 9781605730059
Total Pages : 297 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (3 download)
Download or read book Contribution of Wastewater to DBP Formation written by Stuart W. Krasner and published by American Water Works Association. This book was released on 2008 with total page 297 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The objective of this study was to evaluate the formation, occurrence, control and fate and transport of DBPs and their precursors in treated wastewater, as well as their effects on downstream DWTPs. This report addressed the effect DBPs can have on managing drinking-water supplies impacted by treated wastewater.
Author : Xianghua Luo
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (162 download)
Download or read book Formation Studies on N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) in Natural Waters written by Xianghua Luo and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) is a chloramines disinfection by-product and probable carcinogen to human. The California state established a 10 ng/L action level for NDMA in drinking water. Analytical method of NDMA in waters at the trace level was developed using gas chromatography/mass spectrum with chemical ionization in the mode of selected ion storage coupled with solid phase extraction. It was found that 4 utilities in Missouri using monochloramine as disinfectant had NDMA higher than 10 ng/L in drinking water. Natural organic matter (NOM), especially the hydrophilic fraction of the NOM, was found to be a predominant NDMA precursors. Basic conditions and bromide ions favor NDMA formation in natural waters. The findings reported in this dissertation provide data on NDMA occurrences in drinking water and natural waters in Missouri. The results provide valuable information about NDMA precursors in natural waters and this information could be used in the further study of mitigating NDMA formation or removing NDMA precursors in drinking water utilities. The results on factors affecting on NDMA formation provide more information for water utilities to determine operation conditions to reduce and control NDMA formation.
Author : William Armistead Mitch
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 294 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (34 download)
Download or read book Prevention of the Formation of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) During Wastewater Chlorination written by William Armistead Mitch and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 294 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Gayle Newcombe
Publisher : IWA Publishing
ISBN 13 : 9781780406220
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (62 download)
Download or read book Guidance Manual for the Minimisation of NDMA and other Nitrosamines in Drinking and Recycled Water written by Gayle Newcombe and published by IWA Publishing. This book was released on 2014-02-01 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) is a nitrogen-containing organic compound that has known carcinogenic properties. NDMA has been a health concern for some industries for a number of years as it is used in rubber formulations, as a fire retardant, antioxidant, additive for lubricants and softener of copolymers; it is also a degradation product of dimethylhydrazine, an additive to rocket fuel. Most people are exposed to NDMA via a number of diverse routes including cigarette smoke (actively or passively) and processed foods, for example smoked meat products. However, it has only come to the attention of the international water industry since it was recognised as a disinfection by-product (DBP) of chloramination or chlorination in the presence of ammonia. The aim of this guidance manual is to answer commonly asked questions about this emerging issue, such as: How do they come to be in drinking water and recycled water and what • concentrations are “normal”? What regulatory/guidance levels have been imposed in Australia and elsewhere? How are they formed? What are the risk factors for the occurrence of nitrosamines in my system? What can we do to control them? What are the implications for the drinking and recycled water industry, and in particular for public health? This Guidance Manual has a companion document, Generic Management Plan for Nitrosamines in Drinking Water which provides provide background information on the group of organic contaminants, nitrosamines. This book is co-published with Water Research Australia.
Author : National Research Council
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309224624
Total Pages : 276 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (92 download)
Download or read book Water Reuse written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2012-07-17 with total page 276 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Expanding water reuse-the use of treated wastewater for beneficial purposes including irrigation, industrial uses, and drinking water augmentation-could significantly increase the nation's total available water resources. Water Reuse presents a portfolio of treatment options available to mitigate water quality issues in reclaimed water along with new analysis suggesting that the risk of exposure to certain microbial and chemical contaminants from drinking reclaimed water does not appear to be any higher than the risk experienced in at least some current drinking water treatment systems, and may be orders of magnitude lower. This report recommends adjustments to the federal regulatory framework that could enhance public health protection for both planned and unplanned (or de facto) reuse and increase public confidence in water reuse.
Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 136 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)
Download or read book Toxicological Profile for N-nitrosodimethylamine written by and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 136 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : World Health Organization
Publisher : World Health Organization
ISBN 13 : 9789241545037
Total Pages : 260 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (45 download)
Download or read book Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality written by World Health Organization and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 1993 with total page 260 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume describes the methods used in the surveillance of drinking water quality in the light of the special problems of small-community supplies, particularly in developing countries, and outlines the strategies necessary to ensure that surveillance is effective.
Author : Frank Sacher
Publisher : International Water Assn
ISBN 13 : 9781843392132
Total Pages : 196 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (921 download)
Download or read book Strategies for Minimizing Nitrosamine Formation During Disinfection written by Frank Sacher and published by International Water Assn. This book was released on 2008 with total page 196 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The objectives of the project were to identify str
Author : Sergi Sabater
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3642309399
Total Pages : 381 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (423 download)
Download or read book The Llobregat written by Sergi Sabater and published by Springer. This book was released on 2012-06-02 with total page 381 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Llobregat belongs to the most thoroughly studied rivers in Europe and is a paradigm of the confluence of human and natural disturbances in a single basin. Because of its location in a very densely populated region and its Mediterranean character, the Llobregat supports a mixture of irregular flow, water abstraction, excess nutrients, mining debris, and a wide array of pollutants. The aquatic organisms strive to survive in a dramatically changing river that passes through a succession of dams, weirs and channels. The long-term river monitoring as well as the research that has been carried out in the river for a long time have provided an extensive knowledge of these disturbances and their effects on the biological communities. This book highlights the available information, with emphasis on the hydrological, chemical and biological elements interspersed in the river. Experts in the field discuss the main nutrient patterns and pollutant occurrence and the responses of the biological quality elements as well as the river ecosystem to the overall natural and man-made influences.
Author : Xiaoyan Qin
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 65 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (69 download)
Download or read book Stability, Formation Potential and Removal of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) in Drinking Water written by Xiaoyan Qin and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 65 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: NDMA stability under various water treatment conditions were tested under both laboratory and field conditions. NDMA concentrations were determined in the laboratory by varying temperature, alkalinity, TOC, pH, free chlorine and monochloramine. The results indicated no NDMA degradation occurred while varying these parameters, except for monochloramine, where NDMA increased when treated with monochloramine. Field work included monitoring four utilities quarterly for a year. Seasonal variation and the stability of NDMA in the distribution systems were studied. Unfortunately, the NDMA formation level was low and no trend could be determined. The use of UV for the destruction of NDMA was evaluated. NDMA degradation by UV was a pseudo-first order reaction. NDMA was reduced from 100 ng/L to 10 ng/L with 1000 mJ/cm 2 UV dosage. The results confirmed that UV is a feasible technique for NDMA removal. pH did not have any significant effects. A total of sixty Missouri lake water samples were treated with 1 mM monochloramine for 2 days and 7 days to evaluate NDMA formation potential. NDMA was formed in almost all lake samples, the differences of the formation level and rate may indicate the existence of different NDMA precursors in these lakes. There was a positive correlation between NDMA formation and DOC concentration.
Author : Dick van der Kooij
Publisher : IWA Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1780400403
Total Pages : 484 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (84 download)
Download or read book Microbial Growth in Drinking Water Supplies written by Dick van der Kooij and published by IWA Publishing. This book was released on 2013-09-14 with total page 484 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Maintaining the microbial quality in distribution systems and connected installations remains a challenge for the water supply companies all over the world, despite many years of research. This book identifies the main concerns and knowledge gaps related to regrowth and stimulates cooperation in future research. Microbial Growth in Drinking Water Supplies provides an overview of the regrowth issue in different countries and the water quality problems related to regrowth. The book assesses the causes of regrowth in drinking water and the prevention of regrowth by water treatment and distribution. Editors: Dirk van der Kooij and Paul W.J.J. van der Wielen, KWR Watercycle Research Institute, The Netherlands
Author : Habibullah Uzan
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781605732572
Total Pages : 231 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (325 download)
Download or read book Seasonal Changes of NDMA Formation Potential and Its Removal During Water Treatment written by Habibullah Uzan and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 231 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Simon Parsons
Publisher : IWA Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1843390175
Total Pages : 370 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (433 download)
Download or read book Advanced Oxidation Processes for Water and Wastewater Treatment written by Simon Parsons and published by IWA Publishing. This book was released on 2004-03-01 with total page 370 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The suitability of Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) for pollutant degradation was recognised in the early 1970s and much research and development work has been undertaken to commercialise some of these processes. AOPs have shown great potential in treating pollutants at both low and high concentrations and have found applications as diverse as ground water treatment, municipal wastewater sludge destruction and VOCs control. Advanced Oxidation Processes for Water and Wastewater Treatment is an overview of the advanced oxidation processes currently used or proposed for the remediation of water, wastewater, odours and sludge. The book contains two opening chapters which present introductions to advanced oxidation processes and a background to UV photolysis, seven chapters focusing on individual advanced oxidation processes and, finally, three chapters concentrating on selected applications of advanced oxidation processes. Advanced Oxidation Processes for Water and Wastewater Treatment will be invaluable to readers interested in water and wastewater treatment processes, including professionals and suppliers, as well as students and academics studying in this area. Dr Simon Parsons is a Senior Lecturer in Water Sciences at Cranfield University with ten years' experience of industrial and academic research and development.
