Examining The Interface Between Alcohol Expectancies Psychophysiological Reactivity To Alcohol Picture Cues And Risk For Substance Use Disorders

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Examining the Interface Between Alcohol Expectancies, Psychophysiological Reactivity to Alcohol Picture Cues, and Risk for Substance Use Disorders

Author : Ashlee C. Carter
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (678 download)

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Book Synopsis Examining the Interface Between Alcohol Expectancies, Psychophysiological Reactivity to Alcohol Picture Cues, and Risk for Substance Use Disorders by : Ashlee C. Carter

Download or read book Examining the Interface Between Alcohol Expectancies, Psychophysiological Reactivity to Alcohol Picture Cues, and Risk for Substance Use Disorders written by Ashlee C. Carter and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: ABSTRACT: The study examined the overlap between cognitive and affective measures of alcohol expectancies as they related to risk for developing alcohol use disorders. It was hypothesized that cognitive-based, paper-and-pencil measures and appetitive psychophysiological reactivity to alcohol cues would correlate and independently correlate to drinking behavior in a sample of college drinkers. It was also hypothesized that genetic risk would impact the relationship between upstream and downstream expectancy measures, given that children of alcoholics displayed blunted reactivity to appetitive cues. A sample of 137 college drinkers (67 males; mean age = 20.23 " 1.61) reporting a range of drinking behavior (mean quantity/occasion = 4.03 " 2.34; mean frequency/month = 6.24 " 4.31) and genetic risk for alcohol use disorders (47 children of alcoholics) participated in this study. The cue reactivity paradigm included the measurement of skin conductance, cardiac response, and acoustic startle eyeblink response to a randomized sequence of alcohol and neutral pictures. Questionnaires and interviews assessed alcohol expectancies, family history, drinking behavior, and risk. Findings revealed that cognitive and affective measures shared modest overlap in the overall sample, such that sedating and negative alcohol expectancies were positively correlated with less appetitive early acoustic startle response. However, alcohol expectancies were not significantly correlated with any of the remaining psychophysiological measures. Further, affective measures were not related to drinking behavior, indicating failure to detect drinking variance in a sample of college drinkers. Findings also indicated that genetic risk impacted the relationship between cognitive and affective measures of expectancy. Specifically, children of alcoholics (COAs) displayed stronger relationships between both positive and negative expectancies and early startle response than their peers. Further, COA Status moderated the relationship between early startle response and Social/Physical Pleasure and Positive/Arousing alcohol expectancies. This dissertation provided evidence that cognitive and affective measures of alcohol expectancies shared modest overlap, indicating that expectancy subscales and early acoustic startle response tapped into the same expectancy construct. Further, genetic risk moderated the strength of relationships between upstream and downstream expectancy measures, which were stronger in children of alcoholics. Overall, affective measures of expectancy were more sensitive to expectancy variation in high-risk college drinkers.

Cue Reactivity and the Role of Social Alcohol Expectancies in the College-aged Drinking Population

Author : Ashlee C. Carter
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (182 download)

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Book Synopsis Cue Reactivity and the Role of Social Alcohol Expectancies in the College-aged Drinking Population by : Ashlee C. Carter

Download or read book Cue Reactivity and the Role of Social Alcohol Expectancies in the College-aged Drinking Population written by Ashlee C. Carter and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: ABSTRACT: Research has shown alcohol expectancies to be critically important in understanding maladaptive drinking patterns within alcohol use disorders. Alcohol expectancies, thought to be automatically elicited in the presence of environmental alcohol-related cues, represent both cognitive and affective associations with drinking behavior. However, the automatic and affective properties of alcohol expectancies have not yet been thoroughly measured in the literature. Psychophysiological measures, including skin conductance, heart rate, and the acoustic startle response in particular, offer a uniquely powerful set of indices for the automatic affective processing of alcohol-related cues. Therefore, the present study was designed to examine how alcohol expectancies moderate affective processing of alcohol cues and how they relate to other known risk variables for alcohol use disorders. Fifty-eight college-aged participants viewed pictures from three categories (neutral, alcohol-nonsocial, and alcohol-social) and gave subjective ratings of valence, arousal, dominance, and craving for each cue. Skin conductance, heart rate and startle responses were obtained during picture viewing. The startle eyeblink reflex was probed early in the picture viewing sequence to assess arousing and attentional cue properties and late in order to address affective and motivational cue properties. Analyses indicated that participants reporting more positive, arousing, and social alcohol expectancies rated alcohol cues as more pleasant, arousing and craving-inducing. Individuals with greater positive/arousing alcohol expectancies displayed blunted cardiac deceleration during alcohol-related cues, indicating that they processed these cues as less aversive than other participants. In addition, individuals with greater social alcohol expectancies displayed greater skin conductance response to alcohol-related cues, indicating increased arousal during alcohol pictures. Startle response patterns indicated that individuals at greater risk for alcohol use disorders (i.e. family history positive, greater positive/arousing alcohol expectancies) displayed blunted processing of alcohol-related cues, while individuals at lower risk processed alcohol-related cues as more pleasing and attention-grabbing. Ultimately, alcohol-related cues were processed as more pleasing and appetitive among lower-risk individuals, lending support to affective and automatic processing component of alcohol expectancy theory. This study also lends further evidence to support blunted affective processing of alcohol-related stimuli among high risk individuals.

Neurobiology of Alcohol and the Brain

Author : Ashok K. Singh
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0128198915
Total Pages : 366 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (281 download)

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Book Synopsis Neurobiology of Alcohol and the Brain by : Ashok K. Singh

Download or read book Neurobiology of Alcohol and the Brain written by Ashok K. Singh and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2020-09-24 with total page 366 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: According to the 2018 National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 14.4 million adults aged 18 and older had alcohol use disorder (AUD). Mixing alcohol with other drugs such as opioids or cocaine has become an emerging trend, exacerbating public health concerns and may synergistically augment the seriousness of the adverse effects such as withdrawal symptoms, cardiovascular disorders, liver damage, reproductive abnormalities, and behavioral abnormalities. Despite the seriousness of the situation, possible mechanisms underlying the addiction and the withdrawal symptoms is not yet understood. This has been one of the key hindrances in developing effective treatment. Neurobiology of Alcohol and the Brain addresses the addiction-related problems reviewing both the mechanisms and withdrawal system with alcohol addiction. First, the book discusses the mechanisms of the rewarding and aversive effects, including addiction and the withdrawal symptoms of alcohol drinking. Next, alcohol's interaction with other drugs and ensuing adverse consequences is discussed including current and novel treatments against alcoholism. This is followed by a closer look at mental health and alcohol use disorder comorbidity. Lastly, the reader is provided with examples of an experimental study that describes possible protective effects of gold nanoparticles against alcohol addiction in rats subjected to alcohol self-administration. Neurobiology of Alcohol and the Brain will unlock the mechanistic diversities of alcoholism helping to facilitate future developments of new, personalized treatment options for patients suffering from alcohol addiction. Provides an exhaustive overview of neurobiology of alcohol addiction, including significant recent advances Discusses the mechanisms underlying the adverse effects of alcohol-drug mixtures Includes recent experimental studies on gold nanoparticles

Psychology of Alcohol and Other Drugs

Author : John Jung
Publisher : SAGE
ISBN 13 : 9780761921004
Total Pages : 656 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (21 download)

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Book Synopsis Psychology of Alcohol and Other Drugs by : John Jung

Download or read book Psychology of Alcohol and Other Drugs written by John Jung and published by SAGE. This book was released on 2001 with total page 656 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study offers a psychological perspective in the coverage of alcohol and drug-related issues. It examines the contribution of research methodology to outcomes, and offers alternative explanations to alcohol and drug-related issues.

Examining the Relationship Between Alcohol Intoxication, Stress Response and Tension Reduction Alcohol Expectancie

Author : Sylvia A. Magrys
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 140 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (678 download)

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Book Synopsis Examining the Relationship Between Alcohol Intoxication, Stress Response and Tension Reduction Alcohol Expectancie by : Sylvia A. Magrys

Download or read book Examining the Relationship Between Alcohol Intoxication, Stress Response and Tension Reduction Alcohol Expectancie written by Sylvia A. Magrys and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 140 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Stress contributes to both the initiation and maintenance of drug use. Drug intake, specifically alcohol, may be reinforced under stressful conditions by reducing anxiety or tension. The pharmacological effects of alcohol, however, cannot account entirely for the tension-reducing experience of intoxication. This suggests that cognitive factors contribute to the stress-dampening effects of alcohol. This study examined this hypothesis by testing how tension-reduction alcohol expectancies moderate the relationship between stress and alcohol intoxication. Stress response was operationalized as an increase in subjective anxiety and impaired sustained attention. Verbal learning, which was hypothesized to not be impaired by the stressor, was used as a cognitive control. One hundred and nine undergraduate students were randomly assigned to one of five groups (low, medium or high dose alcohol; sober; or placebo). Following beverage consumption, participants completed cognitive tasks before and after the Trier Social Stress Test. Participants completed the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory - State upon arrival in the lab, as well as pre- and post-stressor. They also completed the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory - Trait and the College Drinking Influences Survey, which includes a Stress Reduction scale. Social stress did not hinder cognitive performance, whereas alcohol impaired sustained attention and verbal learning abilities. The stressor evoked a subjective stress response that was reduced by alcohol and the expectancy of alcohol (i.e., placebo). There was no evidence to suggest that tension reduction alcohol expectancies moderated this effect. These findings replicate alcohol's ability to dampen a stress response and, furthermore, demonstrate that the expectancy of alcohol is as effective as the drug itself in reducing subjective response to stress. This study highlights the need for further research to elucidate which factors modulate the stress-dampening effect of alcohol in undergraduate students. This knowledge, in turn, could present an opportunity for screening and early interventions to circumvent problem drinking as alcohol consumption is used by this population to cope with stress.

Examining the Relationship Between Alcohol Expectancies and Behavioral Economic Theory

Author : Tatiana Danielle Magri
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (135 download)

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Book Synopsis Examining the Relationship Between Alcohol Expectancies and Behavioral Economic Theory by : Tatiana Danielle Magri

Download or read book Examining the Relationship Between Alcohol Expectancies and Behavioral Economic Theory written by Tatiana Danielle Magri and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: PURPOSE: Alcohol consumption and related problems are common among college students. Prior research links behavioral economic constructs of alcohol demand (relative valuation of alcohol; analyzed using area under the curve) and relative reinforcement (RR; proportionate reinforcement obtained from alcohol-related activities relative to other activities), as well as alcohol expectancies, with alcohol consumption and problems. However, research has yet to examine the associations between behavioral economic and expectancy theories or how they influence alcohol use outcomes. METHOD: College students who endorsed drinking in the past 30 days (n= 287) completed an online survey assessing demand, RR, alcohol expectancies, alcohol problems, and alcohol use. A test of indirect effects examined the impact of alcohol expectancies and alcohol use on the association between demand and alcohol problems, as well as the association between RR and alcohol problems. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The final model showed adequate fit. There were significant positive associations between demand, RR, and alcohol problems. Higher demand and RR were associated with stronger alcohol expectancies, which partially mediated the association between demand and RR and alcohol problems. Findings suggest that demand and RR may be directly related to alcohol expectancies; a relationship that has not been previously identified. Moreover, alcohol expectancies may serve as the functional mechanism linking demand and RR to alcohol problems. Thus, alcohol expectancies may be an important intervention target for reducing alcohol problems. Future intervention research is needed to evaluate if changes in expectancies attenuate the association between demand and RR to alcohol problems.

Priming Expectancies

Author : Ty Brumback
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (743 download)

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Book Synopsis Priming Expectancies by : Ty Brumback

Download or read book Priming Expectancies written by Ty Brumback and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: ABSTRACT: Investigations of the anticipated effects of alcohol indicate that cognitive frameworks are highly correlated with drinking and other variables associated with alcohol use, explaining up to 50% of the variance in drinking outcomes (Goldman, Darkes, & Del Boca, 1999; Goldman, 2002; Goldman et al., 2006; Goldman, Reich, & Darkes, 2006). Furthermore, alcohol expectancies appear to mediate the relationship between a variety of risk factors, such as sensation seeking, and alcohol outcomes (Darkes, Greenbaum, & Goldman, 2004). The current study examined the relationship of these cognitive networks with a physiological index of expectancy violation Participants were presented with statements reflecting a wide range of alcohol outcome effects, which either violated or confirmed the participant's own set of alcohol expectancies, while the ERPs evoked by these stimuli were recorded. As predicted, the P300 amplitude elicited by negative alcohol expectancy stimuli was positively correlated with the degree of endorsement of positive/arousing expectancies on the self-report measure. That is, the higher the individual's positive/arousing expectancies, the larger the P300 elicited by stimuli asserting the negative effects of alcohol. There was no significant correlation, however, between P300 amplitude elicited by positive alcohol expectancy vi stimuli and the degree of endorsement of negative/sedating expectancies on the selfreport measure. In addition, individual differences relating to alcohol expectancies were examined as well. These results were able to identify specific stimuli that violated expectancies for each individual, as well as those that tended to violate expectancies in systematic ways across subjects. These findings provide a way forward for more precise assessment and prediction based on the well developed cognitive model of Alcohol Expectancies. In sum, variations in the amplitude of the P300 were consistent with the model of Alcohol Expectancies. Words imputing negative/sedating effects of alcohol elicited a large P300 in individuals with higher positive alcohol expectancies. By indexing the brain's electrophysiological response sensitive to expectancy violations, these findings demonstrate concordance between verbal measures of alcohol expectancies, which by their very nature are introspective, and a psychophysiological index of expectancy thought to operate automatically and to be independent of overt responding.

Investigating the Relationship Between Alcohol Cue Reactivity and Approach Motivation

Author : Nicole Claudette Ryerson
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 131 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (12 download)

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Book Synopsis Investigating the Relationship Between Alcohol Cue Reactivity and Approach Motivation by : Nicole Claudette Ryerson

Download or read book Investigating the Relationship Between Alcohol Cue Reactivity and Approach Motivation written by Nicole Claudette Ryerson and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 131 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Alcohol cue reactivity (ACR) is a critical component within many models of alcohol use and abuse. ACR can be conceptually defined as the physiological and subjective reactions that occur in response to alcohol related stimuli. Using a two-study design, the current research sought to investigate approach motivation and alcohol consumption as underlying mechanisms of subjective and neurophysiological ACR. Study 1 (n = 53) investigated the hypothesis that approach motivation and alcohol consumption would relate to ACR. Approach motivation did not relate to enhanced ACR. Additionally, analyses produced conflicting results concerning the impact of alcohol consumption on ACR. Heavy drinkers rated alcohol pictures higher in subjective ACR compared with light drinkers. However, light drinkers demonstrated enhanced neurophysiological ACR during alcohol consistent dot probe trials. The unpredicted results of Study 1 may have occurred due to the appetitive nature of the water pictures, which were intended to serve as a neutral comparison picture set. Study 2 (n = 132) investigated the hypothesis that inducing an approach motivation state would enhance ACR in comparison to a neutral or positive state and that this effect would be paramount for heavy drinkers. Results from Study 2 found that inducing an approach motivated state enhanced neurophysiological cue reactivity for water pictures, but not alcohol pictures. However, inducing a positive state enhanced neurophysiological cue reactivity for alcohol pictures. These results were specific to heavy drinkers. The unpredicted results of Study 2 were likely due to the writing prompt instructions used to induce an approach state. Many of the participants in this condition wrote about health focused goals that may have resulted in an aversive response to alcohol pictures instead of the intended appetitive response. Finally, research has yet to address the relationship between subjective and neurophysiological ACR. Therefore, analyses were conducted to investigate the hypothesis that approach motivation and alcohol consumption moderate the relationship between subjective and neurophysiological ACR. Approach motivation and alcohol consumption were not identified as moderator variables of the relationship between these broad categories of measurement. However, results suggest that a positive mood state may enhance the relationship between subjective and neurophysiological ACR.

Cumulated Index Medicus

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 1444 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (243 download)

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Book Synopsis Cumulated Index Medicus by :

Download or read book Cumulated Index Medicus written by and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 1444 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Implicit Affect and Alcohol Outcome Expectancies

Author : John M. Ray
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (743 download)

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Book Synopsis Implicit Affect and Alcohol Outcome Expectancies by : John M. Ray

Download or read book Implicit Affect and Alcohol Outcome Expectancies written by John M. Ray and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: ABSTRACT: Expectancy theory provides a useful framework within which to examine the link between cognitive representations of anticipated alcohol related outcomes and affective processes that ought to shape behavior at the level of implicit, or automatic, processing. The role of affect in alcohol expectancies is an important one as it reflects the approach-avoid contingency associated with reward learning presumed to underlie addictive processes. This study examined the relationship between affect and expectancy operation by using suboptimally presented alcohol related cues to prime affectively congruent evaluations of otherwise unrelated targets. Hypotheses predicted that drinkers who reported higher positive and arousing expectancies for alcohol outcomes would make affective evaluations (but not semantic categorizations) more accurately when target stimuli were preceded with an alcohol picture or word prime. Analysis of drinking and expectancy variables revealed positive relationships between drinking frequency and social/physical pleasure expectancies, as well as tension reduction expectancies. No relationships were found between drinking quantity and expectancies. Evaluation response accuracy was not related to alcohol expectancies. Discussion centers on potential reasons for lack of findings, including experimenter error and design limitations.

Examination of the Interactive Effects of Expectancies of Tension Reduction and Trait Anxiety in the Prediction Alcohol Consumption

Download Examination of the Interactive Effects of Expectancies of Tension Reduction and Trait Anxiety in the Prediction Alcohol Consumption PDF Online Free

Author : Michelle Shariat
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 148 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (814 download)

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Book Synopsis Examination of the Interactive Effects of Expectancies of Tension Reduction and Trait Anxiety in the Prediction Alcohol Consumption by : Michelle Shariat

Download or read book Examination of the Interactive Effects of Expectancies of Tension Reduction and Trait Anxiety in the Prediction Alcohol Consumption written by Michelle Shariat and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 148 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: To date, literature examining motivations for alcohol consumption to reduce tension has been continuously inconsistent. Studies have identified certain variables that contribute to the relationship between alcohol and anxiety. One variable suggested for further study is an individual's beliefs or 'expectancies' regarding the effects of alcohol. The few studies that have looked at the effects of anxiety and alcohol outcome expectancies on alcohol use have presented equivocal results. This is due to insufficient attention to controlling critical variables, nonstandardized measures, problems with methodology, and use of different assessment questionnaires. My research study examined the relationship between trait anxiety and expectations that tension would be reduced in the prediction of alcohol consumption. Using valid and reliable assessment measures, I controlled for confounding variables such as gender, history of alcohol dependence and alcoholism, all of which have contributed to the inconsistency in the literature. My study examined the hypothesis that trait anxiety and expectancies of reduced tension interact to contribute to alcohol consumption. In the study, 167 students from a professional graduate program completed self-report questionnaires consisting of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory to measure anxiety, subtests from the Alcohol Expectancies Questionnaire to measure beliefs and expectancies of the effects of alcohol, and the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test to measure quantity and frequency of alcohol consumption. I used the Brief Michigan Alcohol Screening Test to control for students who were alcohol dependent. My results did not show the hypothesized interaction effect between anxiety and expectancies in the prediction of alcohol consumption, but did demonstrate a strong main effect of expectancies on alcohol use. The study found significant positive correlations between students with high expectancies of tension reduction and heavy/problematic drinking. Trait anxiety was not found to be related to alcohol consumption. Results also indicated that students with a positive family history of alcoholism had stronger expectancies of tension reduction from alcohol use. I discuss the possible explanations that may have accounted for the failure of the link between anxiety level and alcohol use as well as implications and recommendations for future research.

Alcohol Expectancies

Author : Carrie Lynn Acklin
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 78 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (677 download)

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Book Synopsis Alcohol Expectancies by : Carrie Lynn Acklin

Download or read book Alcohol Expectancies written by Carrie Lynn Acklin and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 78 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Individual Differences in Subjective Response to Alcohol

Author : Marc Ian Kruse
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 440 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (263 download)

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Book Synopsis Individual Differences in Subjective Response to Alcohol by : Marc Ian Kruse

Download or read book Individual Differences in Subjective Response to Alcohol written by Marc Ian Kruse and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 440 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Individual differences in subjective response to alcohol have been implicated as a risk factor for the development of alcohol use disorders. There are, however, a variety of ethical, legal, and practical considerations surrounding alcohol administration studies which limit the extent to which this marker can be used to identify those believed to be at greater risk. The current research contains two related laboratory studies with the overall goal of identifying valid and reliable correlates of individual differences in subjective response to alcohol that can be used to discern emerging adults at greater risk for problematic drinking. Study 1 evaluated the associations between the actual subjective experience of a moderate dose of alcohol (BAC .08%) and three domains of potential correlates: anticipated subjective response based on a hypothetical drinking scenario (targeted .08% BAC); response to other physiological and perceptual challenges (e.g., CO2 challenge, spinning challenge); and indices of cognitive impairment implicated as risk factors for the development of alcohol use disorders. Study 2 examined each of these domains in relation to transitions in heavy drinking from high school to college to determine whether they were associated with changes in relative risk during this developmental period. Overall, the results provide support for the utility of examining individual differences in subjective response to alcohol based on a hypothetical drinking scenario. The evidence suggests that experienced drinkers are capable of reliably and accurately estimating their subjective response to alcohol, that these anticipated effects are distinct from general beliefs about the effects of alcohol on behavior (i.e., alcohol expectancies), and that they are associated with patterns of drinking in emerging adults. There was little evidence to suggest that individual differences in subjective response to alcohol were associated with subjective response to other physiological or perceptual challenges, or patterns of cognitive impairment previously shown to be related to an increased risk for alcohol dependence. The results of the current study support the utility of using measures of anticipated subjective response as a proxy for individual differences in subjective response to alcohol when the administration of alcohol is either not appropriate or feasible.

Alcohol Expectancy Cognitions

Author : Inna Fishman
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (173 download)

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Book Synopsis Alcohol Expectancy Cognitions by : Inna Fishman

Download or read book Alcohol Expectancy Cognitions written by Inna Fishman and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: ABSTRACT: Considerable evidence indicates that the expectations individuals hold about the effects of alcohol determine, to a degree, the amount of alcohol they drink. However, the bulk of this evidence was acquired using verbally-based measures of expectancy. The present study sought to extend the validation network by utilizing an electrophysiological measure -- the P300 component of the Event Related Potentials (ERPs) -- which is thought to index fundamental neurophysiological processes sensitive to expectancy. Previous research has demonstrated that, when presented with various outcomes of alcohol consumption, heavier drinkers endorse statements that assert positive and arousing effects of alcohol, while lighter drinkers endorse sedating and negative effects of alcohol. Given the sensitivity of the P300 to violation of subjective expectancies, it was hypothesized that P300 amplitude elicited by stimuli violating one's alcohol expectancies (e.g., statements describing sedating effects of alcohol for individuals with high positive expectancies) would be correlated with the participants' alcohol expectancies measured by traditional self-report measures. Participants were presented with statements reflecting a wide range of alcohol outcome effects, which either violated or confirmed the participant's own set of alcohol expectancies, while the ERPs evoked by these stimuli were recorded. As predicted, the P300 amplitude elicited by negative alcohol expectancy stimuli was positively correlated with the degree of endorsement of positive/arousing expectancies on the self-report measure. That is, the higher the individual's positive/arousing expectancies, the larger the P300 elicited by stimuli asserting the negative effects of alcohol. There was no significant correlation, however, between P300 amplitude elicited by positive alcohol expectancy stimuli and the degree of endorsement of negative/sedating expectancies on the self-report measure. In sum, variations in the amplitude of the P300 were consistent with the model of Alcohol Expectancies: Namely, words imputing negative/sedating effects of alcohol elicited a large P300 in individuals with high but not low positive alcohol expectancies. By indexing the brain's electrophysiological response sensitive to expectancy violations, these findings demonstrate concordance between verbal measures of alcohol expectancies, which by their very nature are introspective, and a psychophysiological index of expectancy thought to operate automatically and to be independent of overt responding.

The Role of Contextual Cues and Alcohol Intoxication in Alcohol Expectancy Activation

Author : Jeffrey D. Wardell
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 121 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (962 download)

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Book Synopsis The Role of Contextual Cues and Alcohol Intoxication in Alcohol Expectancy Activation by : Jeffrey D. Wardell

Download or read book The Role of Contextual Cues and Alcohol Intoxication in Alcohol Expectancy Activation written by Jeffrey D. Wardell and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 121 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The purpose of this study was to provide the first examination of the joint effects of contextual cues and alcohol intoxication on the activation of alcohol expectancies in memory. I also examined the association between expectancy activation and self-reported motivations to drink (i.e. , urges and intentions to drink). Young adult heavy drinkers (N=95) were randomly assigned to drink a moderate dose of alcohol or a placebo (alcohol manipulation), and then listened to positive or negative drinking scenarios (cue manipulation). Before and after these manipulations, participants completed a modified Stroop task assessing positive and negative expectancy activation, as well as self-report measures of urges and intentions to drink. The analyses revealed no significant main or interactive effects of the alcohol or cue manipulations on activation of alcohol expectancies. Instead, the alcohol and cue manipulations had a joint, moderating impact on the associations between expectancy activation and urges and intentions to drink. Specifically, both increased activation of negative expectancies and decreased activation of positive expectancies predicted decreases in urges to drink, but only for intoxicated participants in the negative cue condition. For the same participants, decreased activation of positive expectancies also predicted decreases in intentions to drink alcohol right now. However, for participants in the negative cue condition who had consumed a placebo, increased activation of positive expectancies predicted decreases in intentions to drink. There were no associations between expectancy activation and urges or intentions to drink for those in the positive cue condition. Results suggest that whether memory activation of alcohol expectancies has an impact on motivations to drink may depend on the relevance of the activated expectancies to the current drinking context. This process appears to be influenced by a complex interaction between contextual cues in the environment and the pharmacological effects of alcohol.

Examining the Distinction and Concordance Between Implicit Measures of Alcohol Expectancies

Author : Maureen C. Below
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (226 download)

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Book Synopsis Examining the Distinction and Concordance Between Implicit Measures of Alcohol Expectancies by : Maureen C. Below

Download or read book Examining the Distinction and Concordance Between Implicit Measures of Alcohol Expectancies written by Maureen C. Below and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: ABSTRACT: Alcohol expectancies have traditionally been measured with explicit self-report questionnaires, but in recent years implicit measures have also been used to explore the tenets of expectancy theory. The basic psychometric properties of reliability and validity have not been established for most implicit tasks, and the convergent validity of different implicit measures has not been explored. Despite these shortcomings, many researchers continue to treat implicit tasks as reliable and valid assessment tools. To address reliability and validity of implicit measures, 218 undergraduate women and men were recruited from the University of South Florida to examine the psychometric properties of and concordance between two previously established implicit measures, Free Associates(FA) and a Primed Recall (PR) task. The FA task was replicated, demonstrating high concordance between FA responses and explicit measures and drinking. The PR task did not show a drinker-type effect as was previously reported. Though the relationship between the tasks could not be examined, an exploration of practice and contamination effects offers insight into how performance in similar comparison studies may be affected.

The Effect of Alcohol Expectancies on Postural Sway in College Students During an Alcohol Advertisement Prime

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 107 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (76 download)

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Book Synopsis The Effect of Alcohol Expectancies on Postural Sway in College Students During an Alcohol Advertisement Prime by :

Download or read book The Effect of Alcohol Expectancies on Postural Sway in College Students During an Alcohol Advertisement Prime written by and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 107 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Alcohol expectancies are of particular interest because of their relationship to alcohol use and the possibility that they might predict potential alcohol-related problems, such as risk for alcoholism. Posturography, a technique that can be used to quantify adaptive mechanisms involved in posture and balance, was used in evaluating expectancy effects on postural sway because it is sensitive to cognitive processing demands. Drawing from the cognitive-processing approach of alcohol expectancy, this study investigates how expectations of alcohol implicitly influence psychomotor movement while viewing an alcohol advertisement prime. At session one, 251 male and female undergraduates were assessed using the Brief Alcohol Expectancy Questionnaire - Social/Physical and Pleasurable scales [AEQ (Brown, Goldman, Inn, & Anderson, 1980)] and a variety of other self-report instruments. At session two, participants were randomly assigned to an advertisement condition. Participants in the experimental condition were exposed to either alcohol-related print advertisements depicting people drinking in social situations or ads containing the alcohol product alone. The control condition viewed nonalcohol-related advertisements. Participants viewed the advertisements on a large screen TV as they stood relaxed on a force plate, after which their craving levels were assessed through self-report. The results showed no significant relationship between alcohol expectancies and postural sway. However, ANOVAs performed on measures of sway showed a significant difference in the amount of anterior-posterior (AP) sway variability among the three advertisement groups F(2,101)=4.92, p