Enzymatic Reactions In Organic Media

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Enzymatic Reactions in Organic Media

Author : A. Koskinen
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9401106118
Total Pages : 327 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (11 download)

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Book Synopsis Enzymatic Reactions in Organic Media by : A. Koskinen

Download or read book Enzymatic Reactions in Organic Media written by A. Koskinen and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 327 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The outlook of organic synthesis has changed many times during its tractable history. The initial focus on the synthesis of substances typical of living matter, exemplified by the first examples of organic chemistry through the synthesis of urea from inorganic substances by Liebig, was accepted as the birth of organic chemistry, and thus also of organic synthesis. Although the early developments in organic synthesis closely followed the pursuit of molecules typical in nature, towards the end of the 19th century, societal pressures placed higher demands on chemical methods appropriate for the emerging age of industrialization. This led to vast amounts of information being generated through the discovery of synthetic reactions, spectroscopic techniques and reaction mechanisms. The basic organic functional group transformations were discovered and improved during the early part of this century. Reaction mechanisms were elucidated at a growing pace, and extremely powerful spectroscopic tools, such as infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry were introduced as everyday tools for a practising organic chemist. By the 1950s, many practitioners were ready to agree that almost every molecule could be syn thesized. Some difficult stereochemical problems were exceptions; for example Woodward concluded that erythromycin was a "hopelessly complex target". This frustration led to a hectic phase of development of new and increasingly more ingenious protecting group strategies and functional group transformations, and also saw the emergence of asymmetric synthesis.

Organic Synthesis with Enzymes in Non-Aqueous Media

Author : Giacomo Carrea
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 3527621733
Total Pages : 328 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (276 download)

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Book Synopsis Organic Synthesis with Enzymes in Non-Aqueous Media by : Giacomo Carrea

Download or read book Organic Synthesis with Enzymes in Non-Aqueous Media written by Giacomo Carrea and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2008-04-09 with total page 328 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Closing a gap in the literature, this comprehensive book examines and discusses different non-aqueous systems from organic solvents to ionic liquids for synthetic applications, thus opening the door to new successful methods for biocatalytic reactions. It gathers into one handy source the information otherwise widely spread throughout the literature, combining useful background information with a number of synthetic examples, including industrial scale processes for pharmaceutical and fine chemicals. Extremely well structured, the text introduces the fundamentals of non-aqueous enzymology, before going on to new reaction media and synthetic applications using hydrolases and non-hydrolytic enzymes. The one-stop reference for everyone working in this hot field.

Enzymes in Nonaqueous Solvents

Author : Evgeny N. Vulfson
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1592591124
Total Pages : 677 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (925 download)

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Book Synopsis Enzymes in Nonaqueous Solvents by : Evgeny N. Vulfson

Download or read book Enzymes in Nonaqueous Solvents written by Evgeny N. Vulfson and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2008-02-05 with total page 677 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Enzymatic catalysis has gained considerable attention in recent years as an efficient tool in the preparation of natural products, pharmaceuticals, fine chemicals, and food ingredients. The high selectivity and mild reaction con- tions associated with enzymatic transformations have made this approach an attractive alternative in the synthesis of complex bioactive compounds, which are often difficult to obtain by standard chemical routes. However, the maj- ity of organic compounds are not very soluble in water, which was traditi- ally perceived as the only suitable reaction medium for the application of biocatalysts. The realization that most enzymes can function perfectly well under nearly anhydrous conditions and, in addition, display a number of useful properties, e. g. , highly enhanced stability and different selectivity, has d- matically widened the scope of their application to the organic synthesis. Another great attraction of using organic solvents rather than water as a reaction solvent is the ability to perform synthetic transformations with re- tively inexpensive hydrolytic enzymes. It is worth reminding the reader that in vivo, the synthetic and hydrolytic pathways are catalyzed by different enzymes. However, elimination of water from the reaction mixture enables the “reversal” of hydrolytic enzymes and thus avoids the use of the expensive cofactors or activated substrates that are required for their synthetic count- parts.

Organic Chemistry of Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions, Revised Edition-

Author : Richard B. Silverman
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0126437319
Total Pages : 737 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (264 download)

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Book Synopsis Organic Chemistry of Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions, Revised Edition- by : Richard B. Silverman

Download or read book Organic Chemistry of Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions, Revised Edition- written by Richard B. Silverman and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2002-02-28 with total page 737 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Organic Chemistry of Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions is not a book on enzymes, but rather a book on the general mechanisms involved in chemical reactions involving enzymes. An enzyme is a protein molecule in a plant or animal that causes specific reactions without itself being permanently altered or destroyed. This is a revised edition of a very successful book, which appeals to both academic and industrial markets. Illustrates the organic mechanism associated with each enzyme-catalyzed reaction Makes the connection between organic reaction mechanisms and enzyme mechanisms Compiles the latest information about molecular mechanisms of enzyme reactions Accompanied by clearly drawn structures, schemes, and figures Includes an extensive bibliography on enzyme mechanisms covering the last 30 years Explains how enzymes can accelerate the rates of chemical reactions with high specificity Provides approaches to the design of inhibitors of enzyme-catalyzed reactions Categorizes the cofactors that are appropriate for catalyzing different classes of reactions Shows how chemical enzyme models are used for mechanistic studies Describes catalytic antibody design and mechanism Includes problem sets and solutions for each chapter Written in an informal and didactic style

Enzymatic Reaction Mechanisms

Author : Perry A. Frey
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0199880743
Total Pages : 1095 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (998 download)

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Book Synopsis Enzymatic Reaction Mechanisms by : Perry A. Frey

Download or read book Enzymatic Reaction Mechanisms written by Perry A. Frey and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2007-01-27 with total page 1095 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Books dealing with the mechanisms of enzymatic reactions were written a generation ago. They included volumes entitled Bioorganic Mechanisms, I and II by T.C. Bruice and S.J. Benkovic, published in 1965, the volume entitled Catalysis in Chemistry and Enzymology by W.P. Jencks in 1969, and the volume entitled Enzymatic Reaction Mechanisms by C.T. Walsh in 1979. The Walsh book was based on the course taught by W.P. Jencks and R.H. Abeles at Brandeis University in the 1960's and 1970's. By the late 1970's, much more could be included about the structures of enzymes and the kinetics and mechanisms of enzymatic reactions themselves, and less emphasis was placed on chemical models. Walshs book was widely used in courses on enzymatic mechanisms for many years. Much has happened in the field of mechanistic enzymology in the past 15 to 20 years. Walshs book is both out-of-date and out-of-focus in todays world of enzymatic mechanisms. There is no longer a single volume or a small collection of volumes to which students can be directed to obtain a clear understanding of the state of knowledge regarding the chemicals mechanisms by which enzymes catalyze biological reactions. There is no single volume to which medicinal chemists and biotechnologists can refer on the subject of enzymatic mechanisms. Practitioners in the field have recognized a need for a new book on enzymatic mechanisms for more than ten years, and several, including Walsh, have considered undertaking to modernize Walshs book. However, these good intentions have been abandoned for one reason or another. The great size of the knowledge base in mechanistic enzymology has been a deterrent. It seems too large a subject for a single author, and it is difficult for several authors to coordinate their work to mutual satisfaction. This text by Perry A. Frey and Adrian D. Hegeman accomplishes this feat, producing the long-awaited replacement for Walshs classic text.

Methods in Non-Aqueous Enzymology

Author : Munishwar N. Gupta
Publisher : Birkhäuser
ISBN 13 : 3034884729
Total Pages : 229 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (348 download)

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Book Synopsis Methods in Non-Aqueous Enzymology by : Munishwar N. Gupta

Download or read book Methods in Non-Aqueous Enzymology written by Munishwar N. Gupta and published by Birkhäuser. This book was released on 2013-12-01 with total page 229 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Extending the range of enzymatic catalysis by using non-aqueous media has now developed into a powerful approach in biochemistry and biotechnology. One peculiar feature which distinguishes it from the conventional enzymology (carried out in aqueous buffers) is that the awareness of different parameters that control and influence the behaviour of enzymes in such environments has emerged rather slowly. Science is about being able to repeat what somebody else has done. Absence of knowledge about such well-defined parameters/fac tors has sometimes made some workers rather cautious and diffident about using this approach in their laboratories. But for this, non-aqueous enzymol ogy would be more widely practised. It is these thoughts that made me feel that the availability of some well-defined protocols for various applications invol ving enzymes in non-aqueous environments would further catalyze the growth of this area. Hence this book, in which each chapter has some protocols in a specific area. The protocols are preceded by brief background material. The early chapters, which are of general importance, concern control of water ac tivity and stabilization via immobilization. Some subsequent chapters provide the protocols for transformations involving lipids and carbohydrates, peptide synthesis, and preparation of chiral compounds. The disproportionate focus on lipases is not a coincidence; this class of enzymes has been used more often than others in non-aqueous enzymology.

The Influence of Temperature on Enzyme Selectivity in Organic Media

Author : Åsa Jönsson
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 122 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis The Influence of Temperature on Enzyme Selectivity in Organic Media by : Åsa Jönsson

Download or read book The Influence of Temperature on Enzyme Selectivity in Organic Media written by Åsa Jönsson and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 122 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Enzymatic Transformation

Author : Soundar Divakar
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 8132208730
Total Pages : 300 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (322 download)

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Book Synopsis Enzymatic Transformation by : Soundar Divakar

Download or read book Enzymatic Transformation written by Soundar Divakar and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-18 with total page 300 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Transformations using enzymes have been extensively investigated in the last two decades and the results promise great potential for this growing field, especially in the area of synthetic organic chemistry mainly due to of its many advantages. Accordingly, this book has attempted to bring out the advantages of using enzymes involving complex underivatized and unprotected substrates in non-polar media under homogenous and heterogeneous reaction conditions. Merits and demerits of using enzymes in terms of yields and selectivity/specificity are presented without any prejudice. Almost all the reactions dealt with are from the author’s laboratory comprising diverse substrates, and the catalysis involves two important hydrolyzing enzymes, extensively examined for the reverse reactions. Thus, esterification involving lipses and glycosylation involving glycosidases were investigated with respect to various strategies like optimization of reaction conditions, response surface methodology and kinetics, carrying out reactions under solvent, non-solvent and super critical carbon dioxide conditions. In short, the work presented is to ensure the comprehension of the problems faced by the researchers in this area so as to work out further efficient strategies for carrying out enzymatic transformations in the laboratory successfully with better yields and specificity.

Biocatalysis for Practitioners

Author : Gonzalo de Gonzalo
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 352734683X
Total Pages : 54 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (273 download)

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Book Synopsis Biocatalysis for Practitioners by : Gonzalo de Gonzalo

Download or read book Biocatalysis for Practitioners written by Gonzalo de Gonzalo and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2021-07-19 with total page 54 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This reference book originates from the interdisciplinary research cooperation between academia and industry. In three distinct parts, latest results from basic research on stable enzymes are explained and brought into context with possible industrial applications. Downstream processing technology as well as biocatalytic and biotechnological production processes from global players display the enormous potential of biocatalysts. Application of "extreme" reaction conditions (i.e. unconventional, such as high temperature, pressure, and pH value) - biocatalysts are normally used within a well defined process window - leads to novel synthetic effects. Both novel enzyme systems and the synthetic routes in which they can be applied are made accessible to the reader. In addition, the complementary innovative process technology under unconventional conditions is highlighted by latest examples from biotech industry.

Enzyme-Based Organic Synthesis

Author : Cheanyeh Cheng
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118995155
Total Pages : 719 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (189 download)

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Book Synopsis Enzyme-Based Organic Synthesis by : Cheanyeh Cheng

Download or read book Enzyme-Based Organic Synthesis written by Cheanyeh Cheng and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2022-02-03 with total page 719 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Enzyme-Based Organic Synthesis An insightful exploration of an increasingly popular technique in organic chemistry In Enzyme-Based Organic Synthesis, expert chemist Dr. Cheanyeh Cheng delivers a comprehensive discussion of the principles, methods, and applications of enzymatic and microbial processes for organic synthesis. The book thoroughly explores this growing area of green synthetic organic chemistry, both in the context of academic research and industrial practice. The distinguished author provides a single point of access for enzymatic methods applicable to organic synthesis and focuses on enzyme catalyzed organic synthesis with six different classes of enzyme. This book serves as a link between enzymology and biocatalysis and serves as an invaluable reference for the growing number of organic chemists using biocatalysis. Enzyme-Based Organic Synthesis provides readers with multiple examples of practical applications of the main enzyme classes relevant to the pharmaceutical, medical, food, cosmetics, fragrance, and health care industries. Readers will also find: A thorough introduction to foundational topics, including the discovery and nature of enzymes, enzyme structure, catalytic function, molecular recognition, enzyme specificity, and enzyme classes Practical discussions of organic synthesis with oxidoreductases, including oxidation reactions and reduction reactions Comprehensive explorations of organic synthesis with transferases, including transamination with aminotransferases and phosphorylation with kinases In-depth examinations of organic synthesis with hydrolases, including the hydrolysis of the ester bond Perfect for organic synthetic chemists, chemical and biochemical engineers, biotechnologists, process chemists, and enzymologists, Enzyme-Based Organic Synthesis is also an indispensable resource for practitioners in the pharmaceutical, food, cosmetics, and fragrance industries that regularly apply this type of synthesis.

Enzyme Design for Nonaqueous Media: Optimization of Enzymatic Catalysis for Organic Solvent Systems

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 5 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (227 download)

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Book Synopsis Enzyme Design for Nonaqueous Media: Optimization of Enzymatic Catalysis for Organic Solvent Systems by :

Download or read book Enzyme Design for Nonaqueous Media: Optimization of Enzymatic Catalysis for Organic Solvent Systems written by and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 5 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From a biotechnological perspective there are many potential advantages of employing enzymes in organic as opposed to aqueous media. To that end, we have concluded an initial three-year research program in the area of enzymatic catalysis in organic solvents. Our studies have focused on the effect of protein hydration on subtilisins BPN' and Carlsberg in nonaqueous media. Investigations on protein engineered mutants, catalyst engineering studies, and structural studies, primarily employing EPR spectroscopy, have revealed fundamental information on the role of water, the the nature of enzyme structure, and the effects of solvents on the catalytic activity in organic solvents. This study has also resulted in several rational methods to dramatically improve enzyme activity under anhydrous conditions. Catalytic activities in organic solvents can now be expressed at levels similar to that in water--this is a major advance in the field of nonaqueous enzymology. (jg).

Enzyme Biocatalysis

Author : Andrés Illanes
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1402083610
Total Pages : 398 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (2 download)

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Book Synopsis Enzyme Biocatalysis by : Andrés Illanes

Download or read book Enzyme Biocatalysis written by Andrés Illanes and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2008-06-19 with total page 398 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book was written with the purpose of providing a sound basis for the design of enzymatic reactions based on kinetic principles, but also to give an updated vision of the potentials and limitations of biocatalysis, especially with respect to recent app- cations in processes of organic synthesis. The ?rst ?ve chapters are structured in the form of a textbook, going from the basic principles of enzyme structure and fu- tion to reactor design for homogeneous systems with soluble enzymes and hete- geneous systems with immobilized enzymes. The last chapter of the book is divided into six sections that represent illustrative case studies of biocatalytic processes of industrial relevance or potential, written by experts in the respective ?elds. We sincerely hope that this book will represent an element in the toolbox of gr- uate students in applied biology and chemical and biochemical engineering and also of undergraduate students with formal training in organic chemistry, biochemistry, thermodynamics and chemical reaction kinetics. Beyond that, the book pretends also to illustrate the potential of biocatalytic processes with case studies in the ?eld of organic synthesis, which we hope will be of interest for the academia and prof- sionals involved in R&D&I. If some of our young readers are encouraged to engage or persevere in their work in biocatalysis this will certainly be our more precious reward.

The Design of Enzymatic Systems for Catalysis in Organic Solvents

Author : Valerie Mei-lin Reiko Suzawa
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 286 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (33 download)

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Book Synopsis The Design of Enzymatic Systems for Catalysis in Organic Solvents by : Valerie Mei-lin Reiko Suzawa

Download or read book The Design of Enzymatic Systems for Catalysis in Organic Solvents written by Valerie Mei-lin Reiko Suzawa and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 286 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Enzymatic Reaction Mechanisms

Author : Perry A. Frey
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0195122585
Total Pages : 852 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (951 download)

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Book Synopsis Enzymatic Reaction Mechanisms by : Perry A. Frey

Download or read book Enzymatic Reaction Mechanisms written by Perry A. Frey and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2007-01-27 with total page 852 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Books dealing with the mechanisms of enzymatic reactions were written a generation ago. They included volumes entitled Bioorganic Mechanisms, I and II by T.C. Bruice and S.J. Benkovic, published in 1965, the volume entitled Catalysis in Chemistry and Enzymology by W.P. Jencks in 1969, and the volume entitled Enzymatic Reaction Mechanisms by C.T. Walsh in 1979. The Walsh book was based on the course taught by W.P. Jencks and R.H. Abeles at Brandeis University in the 1960's and 1970's. By the late 1970's, much more could be included about the structures of enzymes and the kinetics and mechanisms of enzymatic reactions themselves, and less emphasis was placed on chemical models. Walshs book was widely used in courses on enzymatic mechanisms for many years. Much has happened in the field of mechanistic enzymology in the past 15 to 20 years. Walshs book is both out-of-date and out-of-focus in todays world of enzymatic mechanisms. There is no longer a single volume or a small collection of volumes to which students can be directed to obtain a clear understanding of the state of knowledge regarding the chemicals mechanisms by which enzymes catalyze biological reactions. There is no single volume to which medicinal chemists and biotechnologists can refer on the subject of enzymatic mechanisms. Practitioners in the field have recognized a need for a new book on enzymatic mechanisms for more than ten years, and several, including Walsh, have considered undertaking to modernize Walshs book. However, these good intentions have been abandoned for one reason or another. The great size of the knowledge base in mechanistic enzymology has been a deterrent. It seems too large a subject for a single author, and it is difficult for several authors to coordinate their work to mutual satisfaction. This text by Perry A. Frey and Adrian D. Hegeman accomplishes this feat, producing the long-awaited replacement for Walshs classic text.

Hydrolases in Organic Synthesis

Author : Uwe Theo Bornscheuer
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 3527607129
Total Pages : 368 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (276 download)

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Book Synopsis Hydrolases in Organic Synthesis by : Uwe Theo Bornscheuer

Download or read book Hydrolases in Organic Synthesis written by Uwe Theo Bornscheuer and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2006-05-12 with total page 368 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From reviews to the first edtion: "Bornscheuer and Kazlauskas have set out, and succeeded, in producing a definitive manual on hydrolytic enzymes (especially lipases, esterases, and proteases) for organic chemists. This is quite simply the best book of its type and can be unreservedly recommended to organic chemists who have an interest in using hydrolytic enzymes in synthesis." (Nicholas J. Turner, University of Edinburgh) "The book is an indispensable source of information on the use of hydrolases in organic synthesis. The subject matter is very well set out, and the chapters are clearly written and presented from a critical viewpoint. Bornscheuer and Kazlauskas have succeeded admirably in describing the capabilities and limitations of the use of hydrolytic enzymes and in critically evaluating them. No library should be without the book." (Fritz Theil, WITEGA Angewandte Werkstoff-Forschung GmbH, Berlin) The second edition of this extremely successful and well-proven book presents recent developments in the use of hydrolases for organic synthesis, reflecting in particular the enormous progress made in enzyme discovery and optimization with a new chapter on "Protein Sources and Optimization of Biocatalyst Performance". The renowned authors survey the stereoselective reactions of hydrolases, especially lipases, esterases and proteases, giving researchers an overview of what has worked in the past so that they can judge how to solve their own synthetic problems. In total, the book contains over one thousand chemical structures, rounded off by some 1,800 invaluable references.

Enzymes in Synthetic Organic Chemistry

Author : C.H. Wong
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0080505821
Total Pages : 389 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (85 download)

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Book Synopsis Enzymes in Synthetic Organic Chemistry by : C.H. Wong

Download or read book Enzymes in Synthetic Organic Chemistry written by C.H. Wong and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2013-10-22 with total page 389 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book covers the most recent development of enzymatic organic synthesis, with particular focus on the use of isolated enzymes. It is organized into one introductory chapter dealing with the characteristics of enzymes as catalysts, and five chapters dealing with different types of chemical transformations. Methods for enzyme immobilization and stabilizaton, the use of enzymes in extreme environments, and the alteration of enzyme properties by chemical modification and site-directed mutagenesis for synthetic purposes are covered.

Immobilized Enzymes in Organic Media

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 33 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (684 download)

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Book Synopsis Immobilized Enzymes in Organic Media by :

Download or read book Immobilized Enzymes in Organic Media written by and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 33 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The overall goals of this project were to investigate the critical factors that limit commercial scale applications of enzymes in organic solvents, and to scale-up a process for the production of a precursor to a specialty polymer. In the last phase of the project, we focused on optimizing and scaling up a trans-esterification reaction catalyzed by Subtilisin Carlsberg in very dry organic solvent. The reaction system we have employed has been reported. It involves the trans-esterification of vinyl acrylate with (R, S)-sec-(2-naphthyl)ethyl alcohol catalyzed by Subtilisin Carlsberg in tert-amyl-alcohol as a solvent. Only the S ester is produced. The other product, vinyl alcohol, converts spontaneously to acetaldehyde, thus shifting the equilibrium towards production of the desired product. The scaled up reaction was run under various conditions in order to identify the controlling factors. We have been able to scale up successfully the trans-esterification reaction from 5ml to 75ml. By varying the immobilization and reaction conditions, we increased the initial rate of the reaction by two orders of magnitude and the conversion from 20% to 100%. We have isolated several grams of the S-sec-(2-naphthyl)ethyl acrylate product. It contains two minor impurities, none of which is the R enantiomer. This and other chiral acrylic monomers could be polymerized to form polymers with special optical properties. In our dry enzymatic trans-esterification system, we found that two factors dominate the observed Subtilisin activity: Iyoprotection and water control. This is in agreement with other reports. Our results are consistent with the observed initial rate affected mostly by changes in the amount of active protease rather than in the enzyme's intrinsic catalytic rate.