Enfleshing Freedom

Download Enfleshing Freedom PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Fortress Press
ISBN 13 : 1506463266
Total Pages : 222 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (64 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Enfleshing Freedom by : M. Shawn Copeland

Download or read book Enfleshing Freedom written by M. Shawn Copeland and published by Fortress Press. This book was released on 2023-11-28 with total page 222 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The achievement of our humanity comes about only through immersion in concrete, visceral, embodied relational experience, yet for many human beings, that achievement is stamped by the struggle against oppression in history, society, and religion. In this incisive and important work, distinguished theologian M. Shawn Copeland demonstrates with rare insight and conviction how Black women's historical experience and oppression cast a completely different light on our theological ideas about being human. Copeland argues that race, embodiment, and relations of power reframe not only theological anthropology but also our notions of discipleship, church, Eucharist, and Christ. Enfleshing Freedom is a work of deep moral seriousness, rigorous speculative skill, and sharp theological reasoning. This new edition incorporates recent theological, philosophical, historical, political, and sociological scholarship; engages with current social movements like #BlackLivesMatter and #MeToo; and presents a new chapter on the body.

Knowing Christ Crucified

Download Knowing Christ Crucified PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Orbis Books
ISBN 13 : 1608337642
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (83 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Knowing Christ Crucified by : Copeland, Shawn M.

Download or read book Knowing Christ Crucified written by Copeland, Shawn M. and published by Orbis Books. This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A timely and challenging collection of essays on Jesus Christ through the perspective of the slaves and the struggles of African Americans today.

Divine Words, Female Voices

Download Divine Words, Female Voices PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0190653388
Total Pages : 304 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (96 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Divine Words, Female Voices by : Jerusha Tanner Lamptey

Download or read book Divine Words, Female Voices written by Jerusha Tanner Lamptey and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2018-08-10 with total page 304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The relationship between Islam and feminism is complex. There are many Muslim scholars who fervently promote women's equality. At the same time, there is ambivalence regarding the general norms, terminology, and approaches of feminism and feminist theology. This ambivalence is in large part a product of various hegemonic, androcentric, and patriarchal discourses that seek to dictate legitimate and authoritative interpretations. These discourses not only fuel ambivalence, they also effectively obscure valuable possibilities related to interreligious feminist engagement. Divine Words, Female Voices is the follow-up to Jerusha Lamptey's 2014 book, Never Wholly Other, in which she introduced the idea of "Muslima" theology and applied it to the topic of religious diversity. In this new book, she extends her earlier arguments to contend that interreligious feminist engagement is both a theologically valid endeavor and a vital resource for Muslim women scholars. She introduces comparative feminist theology as a method for overcoming challenges associated with interreligious feminist engagement, reorients comparative discussions to focus on the two "Divine Words" (the Qur'an and Jesus) and feminist theology, and uses this reorientation to examine intersections, discontinuities, and insights related to diverse theological topics. This book is distinctive in its responsiveness to calls for new approaches in Islamic feminist theology, its use of the method of comparative theology, its focus on Muslim and Christian feminist theology in comparative analysis, and its constructive articulation of Muslima theological perspectives.

Enfleshing Theology

Download Enfleshing Theology PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield
ISBN 13 : 1978704062
Total Pages : 326 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (787 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Enfleshing Theology by : Michele Saracino

Download or read book Enfleshing Theology written by Michele Saracino and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2018-10-31 with total page 326 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Enfleshing Theology honors and engages the life work of M. Shawn Copeland, whose theology is groundbreaking and prophetic, traversing the fields of Catholic Theology, Black Theology, Womanist Thought, and Semiotics. The book opens with a brief introduction, and then moves to an interview with Copeland, which connects her theology to her life stories. The conversation with Copeland also provides a backdrop to the seventeen essays that follow, extending Copeland’s theological worldview. The contributions are divided according to the following sections: embodiment, discipleship, and politics. The essays in the section entitled "Engaging Embodiment" critically reflect on the importance of embodiment in Christian theology and contemporary culture. Following Copeland’s lead, authors in this section theorize and theologize the body, particularly (but not limited to) Black women’s bodies, as a locus theologicus that reveals, mediates, and shapes the splendor and suffering reality of human existence. The next section, entitled "Engaging Discipleship," focuses on the concrete challenges of following Jesus in today’s world. The essays included in this section reflect on Copeland’s focus on Jesus’ particularity in terms of his solidarity with and for others. Discipleship is about modeling and mentoring, so scholars in this section also comment on Copeland’s contribution to teaching and pedagogy. The last section, entitled "Engaging the Political," interrogates the political implications of the theological. It is noteworthy that there are two trajectories of the political here, one is Copeland’s development of political theology through the lens of Canadian Jesuit theologian, Bernard Lonergan. The other trajectory focuses on the work of theology in contemporary art and politics. These three sections are fluid and overlap with one another. Several of the articles on embodiment speak to questions of solidarity and a few of the essays on discipleship clearly present as political. The ways in which each of the contributions in this volume overlap with each other attests to the complex nature of doing constructive theology today, and even more how Copeland’s work is at the forefront of that multi-layered, polyvalent, intersectional theological work.

Racism and the Image of God

Download Racism and the Image of God PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 0230114717
Total Pages : 357 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (31 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Racism and the Image of God by : K. Teel

Download or read book Racism and the Image of God written by K. Teel and published by Springer. This book was released on 2010-11-22 with total page 357 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From her perspective as a white feminist theologian, Karen Teel dialogues with five womanist thinkers to develop a Christian theology of the body that can compel Christians, especially U. S. Christians of European descent, to actively resist the sin of racism.

Existential Theology

Download Existential Theology PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Wipf and Stock Publishers
ISBN 13 : 1532668422
Total Pages : 404 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (326 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Existential Theology by : Hue Woodson

Download or read book Existential Theology written by Hue Woodson and published by Wipf and Stock Publishers. This book was released on 2020-09-29 with total page 404 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Existential Theology: An Introduction offers a formalized and comprehensive examination of the field of existential theology, in order to distinguish it as a unique field of study and view it as a measured synthesis of the concerns of Christian existentialism, Christian humanism, and Christian philosophy with the preoccupations of proper existentialism and a series of unfolding themes from Augustine to Kierkegaard. To do this, Existential Theology attends to the field through the exploration of genres: the European traditions in French, Russian, and German schools of thought, counter-traditions in liberation, feminist, and womanist approaches, and postmodern traditions located in anthropological, political, and ethical approaches. While the cultural contexts inform how each of the selected philosopher-theologians present genres of "existential theology," other unique genres are examined in theoretical and philosophical contexts, particularly through a selected set of theologians, philosophers, thinkers, and theorists that are not generally categorized theologically. By assessing existential theology through how it manifests itself in "genres," this book brings together lesser-known figures, well-known thinkers, and figures that are not generally viewed as "existential theologians" to form a focused understanding of the question of the meaning of "existential theology" and what "existential theology" looks like in its varying forms.

Art, Desire, and God

Download Art, Desire, and God PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1350327174
Total Pages : 233 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (53 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Art, Desire, and God by : Kevin G. Grove

Download or read book Art, Desire, and God written by Kevin G. Grove and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2023-08-24 with total page 233 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bringing together thinkers from philosophy of religion, religious studies, music, art, and film, while drawing on a wealth of phenomenological resources and methods, a team of renowned scholars provide new vantages on the question of how art is an expression of the human desire for God. In three interrelated parts, chapters employ phenomenological tools to propose new ways for speaking of the desire for God. Scholars first draw upon music, sculpture, film, and painting to develop ways of expressing diverse philosophical and religious aspects characteristic of aesthetic experience. The discussion then opens up to examine the mystical and wounded aspects of embodied interface with God. The final part investigates embodied aesthetic praxis in philosophy of religion and religious studies. With several contributions engaging with the embodied, aesthetic experience of underrepresented voices, Art, Desire, and God offers constructive phenomenological bridges across divides of disciplines, aesthetic experiences, and embodied actions.

Created Freedom under the Sign of the Cross

Download Created Freedom under the Sign of the Cross PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Wipf and Stock Publishers
ISBN 13 : 1666711101
Total Pages : 190 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (667 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Created Freedom under the Sign of the Cross by : David E. DeCosse

Download or read book Created Freedom under the Sign of the Cross written by David E. DeCosse and published by Wipf and Stock Publishers. This book was released on 2022-06-08 with total page 190 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The United States is in a crisis of freedom. Influenced by neoliberal economics, the concept of freedom has become identified with an abstract, radical individualism disdainful of responsibility to others and to the past. Signs of this crisis crop up everywhere. Some invoke freedom as justification for refusing to wear a mask in a pandemic. Others argue that freedom is an empty word if it’s celebrated apart from an honest engagement with the country’s history of racism. Created Freedom under the Sign of the Cross offers a Catholic theological response to this crisis of freedom. Catholic social ethics may be better known for its emphasis on social principles like the common good and solidarity. But developments in Catholic theologies of freedom in the last decades provide fertile ground from which to develop a bold, creative response to this American crisis of freedom. In this book, theologian David DeCosse draws on thinkers ranging from philosopher Amartya Sen to Black Catholic theologian Shawn Copeland to twentieth-century theological giant Karl Rahner in order to reimagine American freedom in light of classic Catholic emphases on embodiment, relationship, history, the good, and God. The result is a Catholic public theology that provides a redemptive path forward in an age of crisis.

Becoming Human

Download Becoming Human PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Presbyterian Publishing Corp
ISBN 13 : 1646982878
Total Pages : 187 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (469 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Becoming Human by : Luke A. Powery

Download or read book Becoming Human written by Luke A. Powery and published by Presbyterian Publishing Corp. This book was released on 2022-11-01 with total page 187 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Discussions of racial difference always embody a story. The dominant story told in our society about race has many components, but two stand out: (1) racial difference is an essential characteristic, fully determining individual and group identity; and (2) racial difference means that some bodies are less human than others. The church knows another story, says Luke Powery, if it would remember it. That story says that the diversity of human bodies is one of the gifts of the Spirit. That story’s decisive chapter comes at Pentecost, when the Spirt embraces all bodies, all flesh, all tongues. In that story, different kinds of materiality and embodiment are strengths to be celebrated rather than inconvenient facts to be ignored or feared. In this book, Powery urges the church to live up to the inclusive story of Pentecost in its life of worship and ministry. He reviews ways that a theology and practice of preaching can more fully exemplify the diversity of gifts God gives to the church. He concludes by entering into a conversation with the work of Howard Thurman on doing ministry to and with humanity in the light of the work of the Spirit.

Witnessing Whiteness

Download Witnessing Whiteness PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0190055839
Total Pages : 253 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (9 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Witnessing Whiteness by : Kristopher Norris

Download or read book Witnessing Whiteness written by Kristopher Norris and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2020-05-20 with total page 253 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In Witnessing Whiteness, Kristopher Norris explores the challenges that lie at the intersection of race, church, and politics in America and argues for a new ethics of responsibility to confront white supremacy. Norris provides in-depth analysis of the ways whiteness, as a process of social/identity formation, is fueling racial division within American Christianity and the inadequacy of efforts at racial reconciliation to fully address the challenges posed by white supremacy poses. Seeking deeper theological reasons for racial injustice, he focuses on two of the most important thinkers in American religion of the past half century, Stanley Hauerwas and James Cone. Examining the current manifestations of racism in American churches, exploring the theological roots of white supremacy, and reflecting on the ways whiteness impacts even well-meaning, progressive white theologians, this book diagnoses the ways in which all of white theology and white Christian practice are implicated in white supremacy. By identifying the roots of white supremacy within the Christian church's theology and practice, it argues that the white church has a particular, and fundamental, responsibility to address it. Witnessing Whiteness uncovers this responsibility ethic at the convergence of two prominent streams in theological ethics: traditionalist witness theology and black liberationist theology. Employing their shared resources and attending to the criticisms liberation theology directs at traditionalism, it proposes concrete practices to challenge the white church's and white theology's complicity in white supremacy.

Black and Reformed

Download Black and Reformed PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Wipf and Stock Publishers
ISBN 13 : 1498226426
Total Pages : 188 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (982 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Black and Reformed by : Allan Aubrey Boesak

Download or read book Black and Reformed written by Allan Aubrey Boesak and published by Wipf and Stock Publishers. This book was released on 2015-07-14 with total page 188 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: These essays represent a forceful, relentless engagement with the political, social, economic, and theological pillars upon which South African apartheid rested. In the renewed struggles against global apartheid, Boesak's writings, in their theological grounding and with their social and political challenge, come across as alive, relevant, and powerful as they were in the struggle against South African apartheid, offering valuable insights and lessons for ongoing justice struggles today.

Between a Rock and a Hard Place

Download Between a Rock and a Hard Place PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Hymns Ancient and Modern Ltd
ISBN 13 : 0334045983
Total Pages : 295 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (34 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Between a Rock and a Hard Place by : Elaine Graham

Download or read book Between a Rock and a Hard Place written by Elaine Graham and published by Hymns Ancient and Modern Ltd. This book was released on 2013-07-31 with total page 295 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Public theology is an increasingly important area of theological discourse with strong global networks of institutions and academics involved in it. Elaine Graham is one of the UK's leading theologians and an established SCM author. In this book, Elaine Graham argues that Western society is entering an unprecedented political and cultural era, in which many of the assumptions of classic sociological theory and of mainstream public theology are being overturned. Whilst many of the features of the trajectory of religious decline, typical of Western modernity, are still apparent, there are compelling and vibrant signs of religious revival, not least in public life and politics - local, national and global. This requires a revision of the classic secularization thesis, as well as much Western liberal political theory, which set out separate or at least demarcated terms of engagement between religion and the public domain. Elaine Graham examines claims that Western societies are moving from 'secular' to 'post-secular' conditions and traces the contours of the 'post-secular': the revival of faith-based engagement in public sphere alongside the continuing - perhaps intensifying - questioning of the legi¬timacy of religion in public life. She argues that public theology must rethink its theological and strategic priorities in order to be convincing in this new 'post-secular' world and makes the case for the renewed prospects for public theology as a form of Christian apologetics, drawing from Biblical, classical and contemporary sources.

Journal of Moral Theology, Volume 11, Issue 1

Download Journal of Moral Theology, Volume 11, Issue 1 PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Wipf and Stock Publishers
ISBN 13 : 1666737968
Total Pages : 214 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (667 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Journal of Moral Theology, Volume 11, Issue 1 by : Jason King

Download or read book Journal of Moral Theology, Volume 11, Issue 1 written by Jason King and published by Wipf and Stock Publishers. This book was released on 2022-01-14 with total page 214 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Table of Contetnts Editorial Essay Jason King Keynote Addresses from the second convening of "Laudato Si' and the US Catholic Church: A Conference Series on Our Common Home” co-sponsored by Catholic Climate Covenant and Creighton University. From “Not Enough”’ to Bold Embrace: US Catholic Responses to Laudato Si’ Blase Cardinal Cupich Responding to the Invitation: Fostering a Bolder Response to Laudato Si’ Maureen K. Day Lisa Sowle Cahill: Five Significant Contributions to Reimagining Christian Ethics Charles Curran Racial Habitus, Resurrection, and Moral Imagination Ebenezer Akesseh $ymbol and Sacrament: Fossil Fuel Divestment and Reinvestment as a Real Symbol of Love Erin Lothes Biviano Guns and Practical Reason: An Ethical Exploration of Guns and Language Mark Ryan Aquinas’s Unity Thesis and Grace: Ingredients for Developing a Good Appetite in a Contemporary Age Megan Heeder Revolution of Faith in Les Misérables: The Journey from Misery to Mercy in the Secular Age Jean-Pierre Fortin “All Creatures Moving Forward”: Reconsidering the Ethics of Xeno-transplantation in the Light of Laudato Si’ Skya Abbate Resurrecting Justice Daniel Philpott Book Reviews Daniel J. Daly, The Structures of Virtue and Vice Nichole M. Flores Donal Dorr, A Creed for Today: Faith and Commitment for Our New Earth Awareness Mari Rapela Heidt Gusztáv Kovács, Thought Experiments in Ethics Piotr Morciniec Michael P. Krom, Justice and Charity: An Introduction to Aquinas’s Moral, Economic, and Political Thought R. Jared Staudt Stuart Lasine, Jonah and the Human Condition: Life and Death in Yahweh’s World Karina Martin Hogan James McCarty, Matthew Tapie, and Justin Bronson Barringer, eds., The Business of War: Theological and Ethical Reflections on the Military Industrial Complex Vincent Birch R. Jared Staudt, Restoring Humanity: Essays on the Evangelization of Culture Jesse Russell Dietrich von Hildebrand, Morality and Situation Ethics and Graven Images: Substitutes for True Morality Kevin Schemenauer

Fragile Resurrection

Download Fragile Resurrection PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Wipf and Stock Publishers
ISBN 13 : 172526014X
Total Pages : 194 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (252 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Fragile Resurrection by : Ashley E. Theuring

Download or read book Fragile Resurrection written by Ashley E. Theuring and published by Wipf and Stock Publishers. This book was released on 2021-09-14 with total page 194 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How do we practice hope after trauma? What shape does hope take after abuse? In grappling with these questions, Ashley E. Theuring implicates the entire church and advocates changing our theologies of hope and our understanding of resurrection. Reimagining the Empty Tomb narrative from the Gospel of Mark in light of the experiences of domestic violence survivors, Fragile Resurrection reveals the possibility for everyday practices and relationships to mediate hope and resurrection. Theuring constructs an embodied imaginative hope found in the wake of trauma, which can speak to our current context of trauma and uncertainty.

Signs and Wonders

Download Signs and Wonders PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Columbia University Press
ISBN 13 : 0231540949
Total Pages : 492 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (315 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Signs and Wonders by : Ellen T. Armour

Download or read book Signs and Wonders written by Ellen T. Armour and published by Columbia University Press. This book was released on 2016-03-15 with total page 492 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We are told modernity's end will destabilize familiar ways of knowing, doing, and being, but are these changes we should dread—or celebrate? Four significant events (and the iconic images that represent them) catalyze this question: the consecration of openly gay Episcopalian bishop Gene Robinson, the mistreatment of prisoners at Abu Ghraib prison, the politicization of the death of Terri Schiavo, and the disastrous response to Hurricane Katrina. Framed by an original appropriation of Michel Foucault, and drawing on resources in visual culture theory and the history of photography, Ellen T. Armour explores the anxieties, passions, and power dynamics bound up in the photographic representation and public reception of these events. Together, these phenomena expose modernity's benevolent and malevolent disruptions and reveal the systemic fractures and fissures that herald its end, for better and for worse. In response to these signs and wonders, Armour lays the groundwork for a theology and philosophy of life better suited to our (post)modern moment: one that owns up to the vulnerabilities that modernity sought to disavow and better enables us to navigate the ethical issues we now confront.

Embodiment and the New Shape of Black Theological Thought

Download Embodiment and the New Shape of Black Theological Thought PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : NYU Press
ISBN 13 : 0814767796
Total Pages : 225 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (147 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Embodiment and the New Shape of Black Theological Thought by : Anthony B. Pinn

Download or read book Embodiment and the New Shape of Black Theological Thought written by Anthony B. Pinn and published by NYU Press. This book was released on 2010-06-01 with total page 225 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Black theology tends to be a theology about no-body. Though one might assume that black and womanist theology have already given significant attention to the nature and meaning of black bodies as a theological issue, this inquiry has primarily taken the form of a focus on issues relating to liberation, treating the body in abstract terms rather than focusing on the experiencing of a material, fleshy reality. By focusing on the body as a physical entity and not just a metaphorical one, Pinn offers a new approach to theological thinking about race, gender, and sexuality. According to Pinn, the body is of profound theological importance. In this first text on black theology to take embodiment as its starting point and its goal, Pinn interrogates the traditional source materials for black theology, such as spirituals and slave narratives, seeking to link them to materials such as photography that highlight the theological importance of the body. Employing a multidisciplinary approach spanning from the sociology of the body and philosophy to anthropology and art history, Embodiment and the New Shape of Black Theological Thought pushes black theology to the next level.

Bracing for the Apocalypse

Download Bracing for the Apocalypse PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1351846337
Total Pages : 164 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (518 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Bracing for the Apocalypse by : Anna Maria Bounds

Download or read book Bracing for the Apocalypse written by Anna Maria Bounds and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2020-06-04 with total page 164 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Increasing American fear about terrorism, environmental catastrophes, pandemics, and economic crises has fueled interest in "prepping": confronting disaster by mastering survivalist skills. This trend of self-reliance is not merely evidence of the American belief in the power of the individual; rather, this pragmatic shift away from expecting government aid during a disaster reflects a weakened belief in the bond between government and its citizens during a time of crisis. This ethnographic study explores the rise of the urban preppers' subculture in New York City, shedding light on the distinctive approach of city dwellers in preparing for disaster. With attention to the role of factors such as class, race, gender and one’s expectations of government, it shows that how one imagines Doomsday affects how one prepares for it. Drawing on participant observation, the author explores preppers’ views on the central question of whether to "bug out" or "hunker down" in the event of disaster, and examines the ways in which the prepper economy increases revenue by targeting concerns over developing skills, building networks, securing equipment and arranging a safe locale. A rich qualitative study, Bracing for the Apocalypse will appeal to scholars of sociology and anthropology with interests in urban studies, ethnography and subcultures.