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Effects Of Theta Burst Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Over The Human Motor Cortex
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Book Synopsis Effects of Theta-burst Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Over the Human Motor Cortex by : Lizbeth Karina Cárdenas-Morales
Download or read book Effects of Theta-burst Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Over the Human Motor Cortex written by Lizbeth Karina Cárdenas-Morales and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 182 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Theta-Burst Stimulation Over the Human Motor Cortex by : Lizbeth Cárdenas-Morales
Download or read book Theta-Burst Stimulation Over the Human Motor Cortex written by Lizbeth Cárdenas-Morales and published by Sudwestdeutscher Verlag Fur Hochschulschriften AG. This book was released on 2011-03 with total page 96 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: During the last years repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation has been used as a tool for the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders. However, the mechanisms by which it exerts its effects and the modulation that it induces in the brain are not completely understood. This book offers an overview of a novel form of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation called theta-burst applied over the human motor cortex. Molecular findings in animal models as well as clinical applications are described and discussed. Furthermore, it provides evidence for the modulation of neural activity induced by theta-burst by means of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during human motor activity. The data suggest that the combination of theta-burst and fMRI might be useful to monitor treatment effects, which may have clinical implications.
Book Synopsis Cortical Mechanisms Underlying the Effects of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation by : Ajay Venkateswaran
Download or read book Cortical Mechanisms Underlying the Effects of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation written by Ajay Venkateswaran and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) involves the application of time-pulsed magnetic fields to cortical tissue using a coil located near the head. In the first part of the thesis, we use numerical analysis and finite element modeling (FEM) to investigate the fields induced by TMS in the brain. The field results are compared to electric fields (E-fields) measured in a phantom filled with saline. We used two phantoms, one smaller and the other much larger than the wing-span of the coil. High correlation (0.97) was observed between simulated and measured induced E-fields in the larger phantom. The correlation values for the smaller phantom were low (0.10). We hypothesize that the low correlation achieved in the experiment involving the small phantom was caused because (1) the FEM analysis yields accurate total E-fields (a combination of primary and secondary E-fields) whereas the measurements provide an estimate of only the primary E-fields, and (2) secondary E-fields come into existence when the conducting volume is smaller than the coil span.FEM simulations were then used to estimate fields induced on the motor cortex due to TMS on realistic human and non-human primate (NHP) head models at resting motor threshold (RMT). Since the RM potential (approximately -70 mV) is similar across mammals, we hypothesized that approximately the same magnitude of induced E-field should allow reaching RMT in human and NHP. Based on the previously reported average RMT intensity in humans (44% of maximum stimulator output (MSO)) and a realistic human head FEM, we estimated the induced E-field on the motor cortex of humans at RMT as 176 V/m. We then used an NHP FEM model to simulate the current needed in order to induce the same electric field on the motor cortex of NHPs. The stimulation intensity required to induce 176 V/m on the NHP motor cortex was 55.4% of MSO. This estimated motor threshold value obtained from simulation was then compared to results obtained in-vivo in NHPs. The measured value of RMT was 51±5.2 % (Mean±SD) of MSO. We hypothesize that the reasonable difference between the simulated and measured RMT is due to inaccuracies in the NHP FEM model.The second part of the dissertation quantifies the effect of a repetitive TMS (rTMS) continuous theta burst (cTBS) protocol on cortical activity in area S1 of NHPs. Although cTBS suppressed somatosensory evoked potential (SEP) amplitude for an average duration of ~40 minutes, the spatial pattern of the responses remained approximately unchanged. Namely, TMS induced a linear suppressive gain. There was no correlation between changes in SEP amplitudes and spontaneous LFP BLM. These results suggest that cTBS TMS reduces the capacity of cortical neurons to respond synchronously to potent sensory stimuli. To further test our proposed model of linear gain effect by rTMS, continuous and intermittent theta bursts (iTBS) and 15 Hz conditioning was applied to area 18 of the feline visual cortex. We investigated whether the gain effect of TMS extended to neuronal populations with diverse and selective functional characteristics. cTBS and 15 Hz rTMS suppressed evoked spiking activity response to oriented grating stimuli, whereas iTBS enhanced this response. The spatial pattern and the orientation tuning of the multi-unit activity response remained unaffected. Our findings demonstrate that rTMS does not modify the functional selectivities of ensembles of neurons; rather, it has a linear gain effect on their responses. We expect that incorporating simulations for planning subject-specific TMS for equalizing the elicited current density across subjects will reduce the variability of the effects of TMS on human brain activity and behavior. We propose and discuss the advantages of involving numerical analyses such as FEM simulations combined with predictions of the effect of TMS on neuronal activity in experimental studies, and their subsequent implications on future clinical studies." --
Book Synopsis Oxford Handbook of Transcranial Stimulation by : Eric Wassermann
Download or read book Oxford Handbook of Transcranial Stimulation written by Eric Wassermann and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2008-01-24 with total page 773 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Transcranial stimulation comprises an important set of techniques for investigating brain function, some of which promise to treat diseases. This book provides a review of the scientific and technical background required to understand transcranial stimulation, for neuroscientists, neurologists, and psychiatrists.
Book Synopsis Transcranial Brain Stimulation by : Carlo Miniussi
Download or read book Transcranial Brain Stimulation written by Carlo Miniussi and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2012-12-03 with total page 456 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since the discovery of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial electrical stimulation (tES), these non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) techniques have been used to investigate the state of cortical excitability, and the excitability of the cortico-cortical and corticospinal pathways. In addition, these techniques have been found
Book Synopsis The Effects of Theta Burst Stimulation to the Occipital Cortex on Brain Biomarkers Measured by Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy by : Karlene Sara Stoby
Download or read book The Effects of Theta Burst Stimulation to the Occipital Cortex on Brain Biomarkers Measured by Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy written by Karlene Sara Stoby and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Theta burst stimulation (TBS), a type of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), uses repeated high-frequency bursts to induce neural noise in the cortex. An intermittent TBS (iTBS) protocol is generally considered excitatory, while continuous TBS (cTBS) is generally considered inhibitory. TBS effects are highly variable and have been primarily studied in the primary motor cortex (M1). We investigated the effects of iTBS and cTBS to the primary visual cortex (V1) on occipital Glx (glutamate and glutamine composite) and GABA+ (gamma-aminobutyric acid and macromolecules composite) concentrations compared to sham stimulation. Thirty participants received a single session of individual stereotaxically-guided TBS to the V1. Participants received either cTBS, iTBS or sham TBS. GABA+ and Glx were measured at the stimulation site using magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Baseline pre-TBS GABA+ and Glx levels were compared to those immediately post- and one hour post-TBS. The results show a trend for a decrease in GABA+ immediately following cTBS compared to one hour post-TBS and a trend for an increase in Glx immediately following iTBS compared to one hour-post TBS. There was also an increase in GABA+ from baseline to one hour-post TBS and a trend for an increase in GABA+ and Glx composite ratio levels following sham. Since there was a lack of systematic trends in the data, we suspect there is no relevant change from a single session of TBS to neurotransmitter levels in the V1. Perhaps, only repeated application of TBS may lead to substantial benefits. This indicates that a single session of TBS can be used safely in the laboratory without effects on neurotransmitter levels in the V1.
Book Synopsis A Clinical Guide to Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation by : Paul E. Holtzheimer
Download or read book A Clinical Guide to Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation written by Paul E. Holtzheimer and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2014 with total page 194 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Clinical Guide serves as a reference tool for clinicians in the administration of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) for neuropsychiatric disorders. The primary intent of this Guide is to focus on the clinical applications of TMS and to offer detailed information on the safe and effective administration of TMS with consideration of the neurophysiological effects particularly in relation to safety, targeting specific cortical areas and practical issues such as the length of treatment sessions and the durability of the TMS response. The Guide focuses on the evidenced based literature and utilizes this literature to inform specific recommendations on the use of rTMS in a clinical setting. The efficacy and safety of TMS for neuropsychiatric disorders, including its use in special populations, such as the elderly, will be reviewed to facilitate clinical decision-making. The Guide will also outline setting up a TMS service including practical issues such as considerations for the qualifications of the person administering the treatment, the use of concomitant medications, what equipment is necessary to have in the treatment room and monitoring the outcomes to treatment. The Guide is intended to be a practical reference for the practicing clinician in the safe and effective administration of TMS.
Book Synopsis Oxford Textbook of Neurorehabilitation by : Volker Dietz
Download or read book Oxford Textbook of Neurorehabilitation written by Volker Dietz and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2015 with total page 473 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Part of the Oxford Textbooks in Clinical Neurology series, this textbook will provide the reader with an understanding of the theoretical underpinnings of neurorehabilitation, as well as a clear idea about how (and why) to approach treatment decisions in individual patients.
Book Synopsis Brain Stimulation by : Vincenzo Di Lazzaro
Download or read book Brain Stimulation written by Vincenzo Di Lazzaro and published by Elsevier Inc. Chapters. This book was released on 2013-11-11 with total page 25 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: By incorporating the known physiology of the spinal cord epidural activity evoked by single-pulse, paired-pulse, and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) with the anatomical and computational characteristics of the canonical model of the cerebral cortex circuit, and composed of layer II and III and layer V excitatory pyramidal cells, inhibitory interneurons, corticocortical and thalamocortical inputs, the characteristics and nature of the corticospinal activity evoked by TMS including its regular and rhythmic nature, the dose dependence, and pharmacological modulation of the discharge might be explained elegantly. TMS inducing strong depolarization of the superficial excitatory cells of the circuit may lead to the recruitment of fully synchronized clusters of excitatory neurons, including layer V pyramidal tract neurons (PTNs), and inhibitory neurons producing a high-frequency (~670Hz) repetitive discharge of the corticospinal axons. The role of the inhibitory circuits is crucial to entrain the firing of the excitatory networks to produce a high-frequency discharge. The integrative properties of the circuit might also provide a good framework for interpretation of the changes in corticospinal activity produced by paired and repetitive TMS. The changes can be produced presynaptically to PTN cells or at the level of these cells, depending mainly on the intensity of magnetic stimuli.
Download or read book Computational Neurostimulation written by and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2015-11-16 with total page 317 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Computational Neurostimulation, the latest volume in the Progress in Brain Research series provides an introduction to a nascent field with contributions from leading researchers. In addition, it addresses a very timely and relevant issue which has long been known to require more treatment. Part of a well-established international series that examines major areas of basic and clinical research within neuroscience, as well as emerging subfields Provides an introduction to a nascent field with contributions from leading researchers
Book Synopsis Brain Stimulation by : W. Richard Staines
Download or read book Brain Stimulation written by W. Richard Staines and published by Elsevier Inc. Chapters. This book was released on 2013-11-11 with total page 24 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The introduction of brain stimulation research techniques such as transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has greatly advanced the understanding of the somatosensory system in humans. Over the last several years, several studies have focused on applying TMS in a variety of contexts to alter transiently the excitability of the somatosensory cortex or regions that project to it and exert some control over its activity in specific behavioral contexts. Specific foci that are discussed in this chapter are methods of repetitive TMS, including theta-burst protocols, delivered to the primary somatosensory cortex that have been shown to affect behavioral indices of somatic sensation such as tactile perception. Similar stimulation techniques can also be applied to distant areas that interact with and modulate activity in somatosensory cortex (i.e., attentional or motor networks). For example, suppression of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex modifies the attention-modulation of somatosensory information in modality-specific cortices. Overall this chapter is focused on understanding the interaction of activity in systems that function with the somatosensory system in behavioral contexts. These include systems such as those that control attention, whether sustained or selective between sensory modalities, or those that control movement based on targets present in other sensory systems.
Book Synopsis Effects of Theta Burst Stimulation on the Corticocortical Pathways of the Rat Brain, in Vivo by : Melissa Danilla Barry
Download or read book Effects of Theta Burst Stimulation on the Corticocortical Pathways of the Rat Brain, in Vivo written by Melissa Danilla Barry and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 402 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author :Marco Antonio Marcolin Publisher :Karger Medical and Scientific Publishers ISBN 13 :3805581866 Total Pages :241 pages Book Rating :4.8/5 (55 download)
Book Synopsis Transcranial Brain Stimulation for Treatment of Psychiatric Disorders by : Marco Antonio Marcolin
Download or read book Transcranial Brain Stimulation for Treatment of Psychiatric Disorders written by Marco Antonio Marcolin and published by Karger Medical and Scientific Publishers. This book was released on 2007-01-01 with total page 241 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) was introduced in the mid 1980s in clinical neurophysiology to study the central motor pathways. Research has been exponentially increased since, and many different methods for brain stimulation have been considered during the last decade. This publication focuses on transcranially applied, non- or low-invasive interventions not requiring an implantable device, i.e. electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), repetitive TMS (rTMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). It provides an excellent overview on this spectrum of fascinating techniques. Many leading experts in this field have contributed to this book. A single chapter summarizes the state of the art in ECT. A series of chapters provides an overview on preclinical research in animals and neuroimaging findings with rTMS and reviews the evidence of efficacy and safety in various psychiatric disorders (affective disorders, schizophrenia and anxiety disorders) also including an article on the application of rTMS in nonpsychiatric diseases, i.e. Parkinson's disease, stroke, pain and tinnitus. Finally, separate reviews discuss very recent innovative approaches in the field of rTMS, i.e. magnetic seizure therapy, theta burst stimulation and deep rTMS. This publication will doubtlessly prove to be essential reading not only to researchers in this field, but also to psychiatrists, neurologists and other clinicians who consider applying these new methods in clinical settings
Book Synopsis An Investigation of Short-term Plasticity in Human Motor Cortex by : Matthew Alan Gannon
Download or read book An Investigation of Short-term Plasticity in Human Motor Cortex written by Matthew Alan Gannon and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 66 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) produces a transient magnetic field that activates underlying cortical tissue by eliciting an electrical discharge of the neurons in the targeted area. Repetitive TMS (rTMS) uses patterns of repetitive TMS pulses and has been reliably shown to produce changes in the state of cortical excitability outlasting the time of stimulation. One such protocol that has demonstrated states of increased excitability is intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS). This method applies high-frequency bursts (50Hz) of pulses every 200 ms in trains of ten bursts. The effects of and differences between rTMS protocols have been investigated since gaining popularity in the 1990{u2019}s, however, there are still many unknowns regarding the neurophysiological changes that accompany this plasticity. Much research on these effects takes place in motor cortex due to reliable and quantifiable measures of cortical excitability observed there. Here, I sought to further investigate the effects of iTBS on inter-hemispheric changes in in motor cortex using EEG simultaneously recorded with TMS pulses. That is, I examined if iTBS conducted over right motor cortex would lead to measureable changes in excitability indices of left motor cortex. I quantified changes in right and left motor cortex excitability with measurements of TMS-evoked potentials (TEPs) and motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) elicited through blocks of single pulse TMS immediately following iTBS and 30 minutes post-iTBS. I compared the effects of the iTBS condition to those found in a control condition where a sham version of iTBS was administered. Results indicate differential modulations of cortical TEPs between hemispheres, including an initial enhancement of the P30 in right hemisphere, coinciding with sustained suppression in left hemisphere, and an enhancement of the P190 during left hemisphere stimulation.
Book Synopsis Impact of High and Low Intensity Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation on Measures of Cortical Excitability by : Matthew John Sykes
Download or read book Impact of High and Low Intensity Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation on Measures of Cortical Excitability written by Matthew John Sykes and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 358 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In recent decades, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has emerged as one of the most promising techniques for clinical therapies. It has been proposed for use in a wide number of neurophysiological disorders including Alzheimer's, depression and stroke rehabilitation. The technique produces a heterogeneous magnetic field, which induces a suprathreshold electric field in a small focal zone of underlying cortical tissue, depolarising a population of neurons. When these pulses are applied in a repetitive fashion, known as repetitive TMS (rTMS), the excitability of the cortex can be altered. Outside of the small focal zone, broad areas of cortex are subject to much weaker induced current intensities, below the threshold for action potential generation, however, increasing evidence suggests they may have a measurable physiological impact. Despite great initial promise, clinical results for various rTMS treatment paradigms have been mixed, with response rates between and within patients showing high-variability. One potential source of this variability may be unintended effects of the low-intensity fields outside of the targeted population. The aim of the experiments in this thesis were to investigate the impact of rTMS at high- and low-intensities on measures of cortical excitability in the neocortex, using rodent models. The first study explored the effects of two separate anaesthetics on rTMS-induced changes in cortical excitability, using a high-intensity coil and measured using motor evoked potentials. Animals were anaesthetised with either a xylazine/zoletil combination or urethane. In contrast to previously reported success, high-intensity excitatory rTMS here was unable to increase MEP amplitudes, under either anaesthetic. The xylazine/zoletil combination however, was found to increase measures of excitability in the baseline recording, compared to animals anaesthetised with urethane. To investigate low-intensity rTMS, an 8-mm rodent specific coil was used for all subsequent experiments. This produced a magnetic field strength of 120 milliTesla, an order of magnitude below the 1-2 Tesla for human coils. Magnetic fields this powerful are comparable to those emitted by human coils outside of the focal zone. In the final two studies, the ability of low-intensity rTMS to depress or facilitate cortical excitability was measured directly using both local field potentials (LFPs) in vivo and calcium imaging of cortical neurons in vitro. Local field potentials were measured as contralaterally evoked waveforms in anaesthetised rats, recorded from layer V of the motor cortex. Brain slices of juvenile mice were prepared to measure the somatic levels of calcium in layer V neurons, as well as the amplitude of electrically evoked calcium transients. In both cases, rats or mouse brain slices were treated with low-intensity rTMS in the form of theta-burst stimulation or quadripulse stimulation. Overall, no significant effect of low-intensity rTMS was found in LFPs or somatic calcium levels. These data suggest that the effects of low-intensity rTMS, if any, may be subtle changes and as such, the population based techniques used here lacked the required sensitivity to detect these alterations. Consequently, it is unlikely that low-intensity magnetic fields during human application of rTMS are able to significantly influence electrophysiological outcomes and thus contribute to the variability observed.
Author :Hiroaki Naritomi Publisher :Karger Medical and Scientific Publishers ISBN 13 :3318023086 Total Pages :162 pages Book Rating :4.3/5 (18 download)
Book Synopsis Clinical Recovery from CNS Damage by : Hiroaki Naritomi
Download or read book Clinical Recovery from CNS Damage written by Hiroaki Naritomi and published by Karger Medical and Scientific Publishers. This book was released on 2013 with total page 162 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A compilation of innovative findings and new directions in neurological recovery After decades of focusing on how to alleviate and prevent recurrence of acute CNS injuries, the emphasis has finally shifted towards repairing such devastating events and rehabilitation. This development has been made possible by substantial progress in understanding the scientific underpinnings of recovery as well as by novel diagnostic tools, and most importantly, by emerging therapies awaiting clinical trials. In this publication, several international experts introduce novel areas of neurological reorganization and repair following CNS damage. Principles and methods to monitor and augment neuroplasticity are explored in depth and supplemented by a critical appraisal of neurological repair mechanisms and possibilities to curtail disability using computer or robotic interfaces. Rather than providing a textbook approach of CNS restoration, the editors selected topics where progress is most imminent in this labyrinthine domain of medicine. Moreover, the varied background and origins of the contributors lend this book a truly global perspective on the current state of affairs in neurological recovery.
Book Synopsis Magnetic Stimulation in Clinical Neurophysiology by : Mark Hallett
Download or read book Magnetic Stimulation in Clinical Neurophysiology written by Mark Hallett and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2005 with total page 476 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Covers the diagnostic and clinical applications of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and offers cutting-edge, in-depth guidance on the use of TMS to study brain physiology and pathophysiology as well as its current and future therapeutic uses. Readers will find the essential up-to-date information they need to make the most of this dynamic method. Delivers a detailed analysis of the physics of magnetic stimulation as well as basic mechanisms of how magnetic stimulation activates neural tissue. Presents expert guidance on the clinical uses of TMS as well as its therapeutic and research applications.
