Economic Mobility And The Rise Of The Latin American Middle Class

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Economic Mobility and the Rise of the Latin American Middle Class

Author : Francisco H. G. Ferreira
Publisher : World Bank Publications
ISBN 13 : 0821397230
Total Pages : 203 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (213 download)

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Book Synopsis Economic Mobility and the Rise of the Latin American Middle Class by : Francisco H. G. Ferreira

Download or read book Economic Mobility and the Rise of the Latin American Middle Class written by Francisco H. G. Ferreira and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2012-11-09 with total page 203 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: After decades of stagnation, the size of Latin America's middle class recently expanded to the point where, for the first time ever, the number of people in poverty is equal to the size of the middle class. This volume investigates the nature, determinants and possible consequences of this remarkable process of social transformation. We propose an original definition of the middle class, tailor-made for Latin America, centered on the concept of economic security and thus a low probability of falling into poverty. Given our definition of the middle class, there are four, not three, classes in Latin America. Sandwiched between the poor and the middle class there lies a large group of people who appear to make ends meet well enough, but do not enjoy the economic security that would be required for membership of the middle class. We call this group the 'vulnerable'. In an almost mechanical sense, these transformations in Latin America reflect both economic growth and declining inequality in over the period. We adopt a measure of mobility that decomposes the 'gainers' and 'losers' in society by social class of each household. The continent has experienced a large amount of churning over the last 15 years, at least 43% of all Latin Americans changed social classes between the mid 1990s and the end of the 2000s. Despite the upward mobility trend, intergenerational mobility, a better proxy for inequality of opportunity, remains stagnant. Educational achievement and attainment remain to be strongly dependent upon parental education levels. Despite the recent growth in pro-poor programs, the middle class has benefited disproportionally from social security transfers and are increasingly opting out from government services. Central to the region's prospects of continued progress will be its ability to harness the new middle class into a new, more inclusive social contract, where the better-off pay their fair share of taxes, and demand improved public services.

Latin America's Emerging Middle Classes

Author : J. Dayton-Johnson
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 1137320796
Total Pages : 209 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (373 download)

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Book Synopsis Latin America's Emerging Middle Classes by : J. Dayton-Johnson

Download or read book Latin America's Emerging Middle Classes written by J. Dayton-Johnson and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-01-27 with total page 209 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Politicians, business leaders and citizens look with hope to the Latin American middle class for political stability and purchasing power, but the economic position of the middle class remains vulnerable. The contributors document the remarkable emergence of this middle group in Latin America, whose measurement turns out not to be an easy task.

Fair Growth

Author : Nancy Birdsall
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 236 pages
Book Rating : 4.F/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Fair Growth by : Nancy Birdsall

Download or read book Fair Growth written by Nancy Birdsall and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 236 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Presents 'tools' to make life in Latin America more equitable and fair for the majority. Suggests policies and programs for making tax structures more progressive; giving small businesses a chance; protecting labor mobility and workers' rights; tackling corruption; and raising levels of quality, efficiency, and equity of the education systems"--Provided by publisher.

Latin American Economic Outlook 2011 How Middle-Class Is Latin America?

Author : OECD
Publisher : OECD Publishing
ISBN 13 : 9264094652
Total Pages : 176 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (64 download)

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Book Synopsis Latin American Economic Outlook 2011 How Middle-Class Is Latin America? by : OECD

Download or read book Latin American Economic Outlook 2011 How Middle-Class Is Latin America? written by OECD and published by OECD Publishing. This book was released on 2010-12-03 with total page 176 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This year's Latin American Economic Outlook includes a macroeconomic overview of the ongoing economic recovery from the global financial crisis as well as an in-depth report on the middle class in Latin America.

Getting Ahead

Author : Daniel P. McMurrer
Publisher : The Urban Insitute
ISBN 13 : 9780877666745
Total Pages : 120 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (667 download)

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Book Synopsis Getting Ahead by : Daniel P. McMurrer

Download or read book Getting Ahead written by Daniel P. McMurrer and published by The Urban Insitute. This book was released on 1998 with total page 120 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Adapted in part from the "Opportunity in America" series of policy briefs, this volume focuses on social and economic mobility in the United States. Class or family background has a strong effect on individual success, the authors find. They examine the possible reasons for this relationship; how it has changed over the past century; and the role of the economy, the welfare system, and education in opening up opportunities for the less fortunate.

Innovation and Inclusion in Latin America

Author : Alejandro Foxley
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 1137596821
Total Pages : 235 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (375 download)

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Book Synopsis Innovation and Inclusion in Latin America by : Alejandro Foxley

Download or read book Innovation and Inclusion in Latin America written by Alejandro Foxley and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-06-06 with total page 235 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book argues that Latin America must confront two main challenges: greater innovation to increase productivity, and greater inclusion to incorporate more of the population into the benefits of economic growth. These two tasks are interrelated, and both require greater institutional capacity to facilitate both innovation and inclusion. Most countries in Latin America are struggling to escape what economists label “the middle income trap.” While much if not all of the region has emerged from low income status, neither growth nor productivity has increased sufficiently to enable Latin America to narrow the gap separating it from the world’s most developed economies. Although income inequality has diminished across much of the region in recent years, social vulnerability remains widespread and institutional weaknesses continue to plague efforts to achieve equitable development. This volume identifies lessons that can be learned and adapted from experiences within the region and in East Asia, where the middle income trap has largely been avoided. This book is the result of a collaborative project undertaken by American University’s Center for Latin American & Latino Studies (CLALS) and the Corporation for Latin American Studies (CIEPLAN) in Chile, with financial support from the Inter-American Development Bank’s Office of Strategic Planning and Development Effectiveness.

Left Behind

Author : Renos Vakis
Publisher : World Bank Publications
ISBN 13 : 1464806616
Total Pages : 156 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (648 download)

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Book Synopsis Left Behind by : Renos Vakis

Download or read book Left Behind written by Renos Vakis and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2016-07-26 with total page 156 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: One out of every five Latin Americans or around 130 million people have never known anything but poverty, subsisting on less than US$4-a-day throughout their lives. These are the region ́s chronically poor, who have remained so despite unprecedented inroads against poverty in Latin America and the Caribbean since the turn of the century. Left Behind: Chronic Poverty in Latin America and the Caribbean takes a closer look at the region’s entrenched poor, who and where they are, and how existing policies need to change in order to effectively assist them. The book shows significant variations of rates of chronic poverty both across and within countries. Within a single country, some regions show incidence rates up to eight times higher than the lowest. Despite the higher rates of chronic poverty in rural areas, chronic poverty is as much an urban as a rural issue. In fact, considering absolute numbers, urban areas in many countries, including Chile, Brazil, Mexico, Colombia and the Dominican Republic, have more chronic poor than rural areas. Undoubtedly the region has come a long way during the decade in terms of poverty reduction, guided by a mix of sustained growth and increased levels in amounts and quality of public spending and programs targeted directly or indirectly to the chronic poor. While improving endowments and the context where the chronic poor live is a necessary condition going forward, the decade’s experience suggests that it may not be enough to reach the chronic poor. The book posits that refinements to the existing policy toolkit †“ as opposed to more programs †“ may come a long way in helping the remaining poor. These refinements include intensifying efforts to improve coordination between different social and economic programs, which can boost the income generation process and deal with the intergenerational transmission of chronic poverty by investing in early childhood development. Equally important though, there is an urgent need to adapt programs to directly address the psychological toll of chronic poverty on people’s mindset and aspirations, which currently undermines the effectiveness of the existing policy efforts.

Entrepreneurship in Latin America

Author : Eduardo Lora
Publisher : World Bank Publications
ISBN 13 : 1464800081
Total Pages : 211 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (648 download)

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Book Synopsis Entrepreneurship in Latin America by : Eduardo Lora

Download or read book Entrepreneurship in Latin America written by Eduardo Lora and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2013-12-18 with total page 211 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "A copublication of the Inter-American Development Bank and the World Bank."

The Middle Class in World Society

Author : Christian Suter
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1000076210
Total Pages : 342 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis The Middle Class in World Society by : Christian Suter

Download or read book The Middle Class in World Society written by Christian Suter and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2020-05-21 with total page 342 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume delves into the study of the world’s emerging middle class. With essays on Europe, the United States, Africa, Latin America, and Asia, the book studies recent trends and developments in middle class evolution at the global, regional, national, and local levels. It reconsiders the conceptualization of the middle class, with a focus on the diversity of middle class formation in different regions and zones of world society. It also explores middle class lifestyles and everyday experiences, including experiences of social mobility, feelings of insecurity and anxiety, and even middle class engagement with social activism. Drawing on extensive fieldwork and in-depth interviews, the book provides a sophisticated analysis of this new and rapidly expanding socioeconomic group and puts forth some provocative ideas for intellectual and policy debates. It will be of importance to students and researchers of sociology, economics, development studies, political studies, Latin American studies, and Asian Studies.

Asset Accumulation by the Middle Class and the Poor in Latin America

Author : Andrés Solimano
Publisher : UN
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 36 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (9 download)

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Book Synopsis Asset Accumulation by the Middle Class and the Poor in Latin America by : Andrés Solimano

Download or read book Asset Accumulation by the Middle Class and the Poor in Latin America written by Andrés Solimano and published by UN. This book was released on 2006 with total page 36 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper highlights missing components of current social policies in Latin America that affect the political-economy equilibrium: in particular, the neglect of the middle class as valid subject of social policy, the persistence of income and wealth inequality in a context of moderate growth and the need to put more emphasis on asset accumulation by the poor and the middle class. The paper provides economic and political economy rationales for devising new policies that could correct this neglect. Publishing Agency: United Nations (UN).

Latin America's Middle Class

Author : David Stuart Parker
Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield
ISBN 13 : 0739168533
Total Pages : 237 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (391 download)

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Book Synopsis Latin America's Middle Class by : David Stuart Parker

Download or read book Latin America's Middle Class written by David Stuart Parker and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2013 with total page 237 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As middle classes in developing countries grow in size and political power, do they foster stable democracies and prosperous, innovative economies? Or do they encourage crass materialism, bureaucratic corruption, unrealistic social demands, and ideological polarization? These questions have taken on a new urgency in recent years but they are not new, having first appeared in the mid twentieth century in debates about Latin America. At a moment when exploding middle classes in the global South increasingly capture the world's attention, these Latin American classics are ripe for revisiting. Part One of the book introduces key debates from the 1950s and 1960s, when Cold War era scholars questioned whether or not the middle class would be a force for democracy and development, to safeguard Latin America against the perceived challenge of Revolutionary Cuba. While historian John J. Johnson placed tentative faith in the positive transformative power of the "middle sectors," others were skeptical. The striking disagreements that emerge from these texts lend themselves to discussion about the definition, character, and complexity of the middle classes, and about the assumptions that underpinned twentieth-century modernization theory. Part Two brings together more recent case studies from Mexico, Peru, Brazil, Colombia, Chile, and Argentina, written by scholars influenced by contemporary trends in social and cultural history. These authors highlight issues of language, identity, gender, and the multiple faces and forms of power. Their studies bring flesh-and-blood Latin Americans to the forefront, reconstructing the daily lives of underpaid office workers, harried housewives and striving professionals, in order to revisit questions that the authors in Part One tended to approach abstractly. They also pay attention to changing cultural understandings and political constructions of who "the middle class" is and what it means to be middle class. Designed with the classroom and non-specialist reader in mind, the book has a comprehensive critical introduction, and each selection is preceded by a short description setting the context and introducing key themes.

Latin American Entrepreneurs

Author : Daniel Lederman
Publisher : World Bank Publications
ISBN 13 : 146480012X
Total Pages : 172 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (648 download)

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Book Synopsis Latin American Entrepreneurs by : Daniel Lederman

Download or read book Latin American Entrepreneurs written by Daniel Lederman and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2013-12-13 with total page 172 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Entrepreneurship -- manifested in the entry of new firms or products into new markets, or substantial improvements in technological capacity or process innovation by incumbent firms -- is widely considered to be an important ingredient for long term economic development. This report argues that entrepreneurship is also a source of employment generation, export growth, and resilience during economic downturns. Although the conventional wisdom suggests that Latin American and Caribbean countries underperform relative to China and other emerging markets in terms of its entrepreneurial dynamism, t.

Has Latin American Inequality Changed Direction?

Author : Luis Bértola
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319446215
Total Pages : 419 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (194 download)

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Book Synopsis Has Latin American Inequality Changed Direction? by : Luis Bértola

Download or read book Has Latin American Inequality Changed Direction? written by Luis Bértola and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-01-25 with total page 419 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is open access under a CC BY 4.0 license. This book brings together a range of ideas and theories to arrive at a deeper understanding of inequality in Latin America and its complex realities. To so, it addresses questions such as: What are the origins of inequality in Latin America? How can we create societies that are more equal in terms of income distribution, gender equality and opportunities? How can we remedy the social divide that is making Latin America one of the most unequal regions on earth? What are the roles played by market forces, institutions and ideology in terms of inequality? In this book, a group of global experts gathered by the Institute for the Integration of Latin America and the Caribbean (INTAL), part of the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB), show readers how various types of inequality, such as economical, educational, racial and gender inequality have been practiced in countries like Brazil, Bolivia, Chile, Mexico and many others through the centuries. Presenting new ideas, new evidence, and new methods, the book subsequently analyzes how to move forward with second-generation reforms that lay the foundations for more egalitarian societies. As such, it offers a valuable and insightful guide for development economists, historians and Latin American specialists alike, as well as students, educators, policymakers and all citizens with an interest in development, inequality and the Latin American region.

Policies to Address Poverty in America

Author : Melissa Kearney
Publisher : Brookings Institution Press
ISBN 13 : 0815726473
Total Pages : 350 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (157 download)

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Book Synopsis Policies to Address Poverty in America by : Melissa Kearney

Download or read book Policies to Address Poverty in America written by Melissa Kearney and published by Brookings Institution Press. This book was released on 2014-06-19 with total page 350 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: One-in-seven adults and one-in-five children in the United States live in poverty. Individuals and families living in povertyÊnot only lack basic, material necessities, but they are also disproportionally afflicted by many social and economic challenges. Some of these challenges include the increased possibility of an unstable home situation, inadequate education opportunities at all levels, and a high chance of crime and victimization. Given this growing social, economic, and political concern, The Hamilton Project at Brookings asked academic experts to develop policy proposals confronting the various challenges of AmericaÕs poorest citizens, and to introduce innovative approaches to addressing poverty.ÊWhen combined, the scope and impact of these proposals has the potential to vastly improve the lives of the poor. The resulting 14 policy memos are included in The Hamilton ProjectÕs Policies to Address Poverty in America. The main areas of focus include promoting early childhood development, supporting disadvantaged youth, building worker skills, and improving safety net and work support.

Generation Unbound

Author : Isabel V. Sawhill
Publisher : Brookings Institution Press
ISBN 13 : 0815725590
Total Pages : 227 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (157 download)

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Book Synopsis Generation Unbound by : Isabel V. Sawhill

Download or read book Generation Unbound written by Isabel V. Sawhill and published by Brookings Institution Press. This book was released on 2014-09-25 with total page 227 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over half of all births to young adults in the United States now occur outside of marriage, and many are unplanned. The result is increased poverty and inequality for children. The left argues for more social support for unmarried parents; the right argues for a return to traditional marriage. In Generation Unbound, Isabel V. Sawhill offers a third approach: change "drifters" into "planners." In a well-written and accessible survey of the impact of family structure on child well-being, Sawhill contrasts "planners," who are delaying parenthood until after they marry, with "drifters," who are having unplanned children early and outside of marriage. These two distinct patterns are contributing to an emerging class divide and threatening social mobility in the United States. Sawhill draws on insights from the new field of behavioral economics, showing that it is possible, by changing the default, to move from a culture that accepts a high number of unplanned pregnancies to a culture in which adults only have children when they are ready to be a parent.

Dream Hoarders

Author : Richard Reeves
Publisher : Brookings Institution Press
ISBN 13 : 0815735499
Total Pages : 206 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (157 download)

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Book Synopsis Dream Hoarders by : Richard Reeves

Download or read book Dream Hoarders written by Richard Reeves and published by Brookings Institution Press. This book was released on 2018-05-08 with total page 206 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Dream Hoarders sparked a national conversation on the dangerous separation between the upper middle class and everyone else. Now in paperback and newly updated for the age of Trump, Brookings Institution senior fellow Richard Reeves is continuing to challenge the class system in America. In America, everyone knows that the top 1 percent are the villains. The rest of us, the 99 percent—we are the good guys. Not so, argues Reeves. The real class divide is not between the upper class and the upper middle class: it is between the upper middle class and everyone else. The separation of the upper middle class from everyone else is both economic and social, and the practice of “opportunity hoarding”—gaining exclusive access to scarce resources—is especially prevalent among parents who want to perpetuate privilege to the benefit of their children. While many families believe this is just good parenting, it is actually hurting others by reducing their chances of securing these opportunities. There is a glass floor created for each affluent child helped by his or her wealthy, stable family. That glass floor is a glass ceiling for another child. Throughout Dream Hoarders, Reeves explores the creation and perpetuation of opportunity hoarding, and what should be done to stop it, including controversial solutions such as ending legacy admissions to school. He offers specific steps toward reducing inequality and asks the upper middle class to pay for it. Convinced of their merit, members of the upper middle class believes they are entitled to those tax breaks and hoarded opportunities. After all, they aren't the 1 percent. The national obsession with the super rich allows the upper middle class to convince themselves that they are just like the rest of America. In Dream Hoarders, Reeves argues that in many ways, they are worse, and that changes in policy and social conscience are the only way to fix the broken system.

Latin American Economic Outlook 2021 Working Together for a Better Recovery

Author : OECD
Publisher : OECD Publishing
ISBN 13 : 9264682317
Total Pages : 274 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (646 download)

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Book Synopsis Latin American Economic Outlook 2021 Working Together for a Better Recovery by : OECD

Download or read book Latin American Economic Outlook 2021 Working Together for a Better Recovery written by OECD and published by OECD Publishing. This book was released on 2021-12-02 with total page 274 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Latin American Economic Outlook 2021: Working Together for a Better Recovery aims to analyse and provide policy recommendations for a strong, inclusive and environmentally sustainable recovery in the region. The report explores policy actions to improve social protection mechanisms and increase social inclusion, foster regional integration and strengthen industrial strategies, and rethink the social contract to restore trust and empower citizens at all stages of the policy‐making process.