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Development And Evaluation Of A Screening Type Dispersion Model For Bioaerosols Emissions From Land Application Of Class B Biosolids
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Book Synopsis Development and Evaluation of a Screening Type Dispersion Model for Bioaerosols Emissions from Land Application of Class B Biosolids by : Abhishek Shrikant Bhat
Download or read book Development and Evaluation of a Screening Type Dispersion Model for Bioaerosols Emissions from Land Application of Class B Biosolids written by Abhishek Shrikant Bhat and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 150 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Air Quality written by Ashok Kumar and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2010-08-18 with total page 394 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Air pollution is about five decades or so old field and continues to be a global concern. Therefore, the governments around the world are involved in managing air quality in their countries for the welfare of their citizens. The management of air pollution involves understanding air pollution sources, monitoring of contaminants, modeling air quality, performing laboratory experiments, the use of satellite images for quantifying air quality levels, indoor air pollution, and elimination of contaminants through control. Research activities are being performed on every aspect of air pollution throughout the world, in order to respond to public concerns. The book is grouped in five different sections. Some topics are more detailed than others. The readers should be aware that multi-authored books have difficulty maintaining consistency. A reader will find, however, that each chapter is intellectually stimulating. Our goal was to provide current information and present a reasonable analysis of air quality data compiled by knowledgeable professionals in the field of air pollution.
Download or read book EM written by and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 338 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Atmospheric Dispersion Modeling Compliance Guide by : Karl B. Schnelle
Download or read book Atmospheric Dispersion Modeling Compliance Guide written by Karl B. Schnelle and published by McGraw-Hill Professional Publishing. This book was released on 2000 with total page 570 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: CD-ROM includes: Practice problems that reinforces and deepen understanding of modeling principles.
Book Synopsis Advances in Analytical and Numerical Dispersion Modeling of Pollutants Releasing from an Area-source by : Praneeth Nimmatoori
Download or read book Advances in Analytical and Numerical Dispersion Modeling of Pollutants Releasing from an Area-source written by Praneeth Nimmatoori and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 141 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The air quality near agricultural activities such as tilling, plowing, harvesting, and manure application is of main concern because they release fine particulate matter into the atmosphere. These releases are modeled as area-sources in the air quality modeling research. None of the currently available dispersion models relate and incorporate physical characteristics and meteorological conditions for modeling the dispersion and deposition of particulates emitting from such area-sources. This knowledge gap was addressed by developing the advanced analytical and numerical methods for modeling the dispersion of particulate matter. The development, application, and evaluation of new dispersion modeling methods are discussed in detail in this dissertation. In the analytical modeling, a ground-level area source analytical dispersion model known as particulate matter deposition - PMD was developed for predicting the concentrations of different particle sizes. Both the particle dynamics (particle physical characteristics) and meteorological conditions which have significant effect on the dispersion of particulates were related and incorporated in the PMD model using the formulations of particle gravitational settling and dry deposition velocities. The modeled particle size concentrations of the PMD model were evaluated statistically after applying it to particulates released from a biosolid applied agricultural field. The evaluation of the PMD model using the statistical criteria concluded effective and successful inclusion of dry deposition theory for modeling particulate matter concentrations. A comprehensive review of analytical area-source dispersion models, which do not account for dry deposition and treat pollutants as gases, was conducted and determined three models - the Shear, the Parker, and the Smith. A statistical evaluation of these dispersion models was conducted after applying them to two different field data sets and the statistical results concluded that the Shear model performed the best out of the three dispersion models. The algorithms of each dispersion model were analyzed and it was determined that the best performance of the Shear model was due to incorporation of a variation of wind speed and vertical eddy diffusivity (atmospheric turbulence) with the height above ground surface. A new methodology was developed using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) - FLUENT for the numerical dispersion modeling of particulate matter emitting from an area-source (biosolids applied agricultural field). The discrete phase model (Lagrangian -Eulerian approach) was used in combination with each of the four turbulence models: Standard ke (ke), Realizable ke (Rke), Standard k¿ (k¿), and Shear-stress transport k-¿ (SST) to predict particulate matter size concentrations for distances downwind of the agricultural field. In this modeling approach, particulates were simulated as discrete phase and air as continuous phase. The discrete phase model accounted for the effects of atmospheric turbulence and drag force which is dependent on particle physical characteristics (diameter, density, and velocity), gravitational velocity, and air viscosity for predicting the trajectories of particles. The modeled particulate matter concentrations were compared statistically with their corresponding field study observations to evaluate the performance of proposed CFD model using the four turbulence models. The statistical analysis concluded that among four turbulence models, the discrete phase model when used with Rke performed the best in predicting particulate matter concentrations for low (u 2 m/s) and medium (2
Book Synopsis Characterisation and Dispersal of Bioaerosols Emitted from Composting Facilities by : Vestlund Asli Tamer
Download or read book Characterisation and Dispersal of Bioaerosols Emitted from Composting Facilities written by Vestlund Asli Tamer and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The role of sustainable and natural waste management processes such as composting are increasingly becoming more important in tackling the current environmental challenge of the amount of waste that is being produced. However a potential risk of composting facilities is the release and dispersal of bioaerosols that might result in adverse health effects in sensitive receptors. Therefore, environmental regulators request regulatory risk assessments from composting facilities that are within 250m of sensitive receptors to assess the risk posed by bioaerosols. The prior art in compost related bioaerosol release and dispersal assessment is not extensive and gaps in the understanding of bioaerosols at source, on release from composting facilities and at receptor remain. Therefore, this research was undertaken to address some of these gaps in the current knowledge and to improve the understanding of the characterisation and dispersal of bioaerosols emitted from compost. Therefore firstly two studies were completed in regards to the characterisation of bioaerosols emitted from compost, in particular in improving the understanding of their aggregation and size distribution. In this context, a novel methodology (the compost tumbler) was developed to release and measure bioaerosols in experimental conditions. Data was generated using a combination of culturing and scanning electron microscopy methods to characterise the aggregation and size distribution of bioaerosols emitted from compost. Secondly, site work was conducted to validate the results of these controlled experiments and characterise the aggregation and size distribution of bioaerosols emitted from composting facilities. These controlled experiments and sitework showed evidence of aggregation in bioaerosols released from compost. However, the majority of these bioaerosols were in single cell units hence they are more likely to be dispersed for longer distances. Following this, other studies were conducted in regards to the dispersal of bioaerosols emitted from compost, in particular in improving the understanding of bioaerosol concentration prediction by air dispersion modelling. Firstly preliminary air dispersion modelling was completed to assess the ability of a commercial air dispersion model, ADMS 3.3, to predict bioaerosol emissions from composting facilities compared to bioaerosol concentrations measured by on-site downwind bioaerosol sampling. Folowing this, the sensitivities of ADMS 3.3 were analysed and the effect of different modelling parameters on predicted bioaerosol concentrations were assessed. Finally, a final assessment of the potential of ADMS 3.3 to predict bioaerosol emissions from composting facilities was conducted. The overall results from the modelling studies indicated that ADMS 3.3 was not able to consistently predict absolute downwind bioaerosol concentrations at composting facilities. However it was also concluded that ADMS 3.3 can be a useful tool for the initial screening and assessing relative changes of bioaerosols at a compost facility, provided that the detailed assessment of absolute bioaerosol emissions are made in conjunction with measurement of downwind bioaerosol concentrations. The research presented in this thesis makes a significant contribution to knowledge interms of improving the understanding of the characterisation and dispersal of bioaerosols emitted from composting facilities.
Book Synopsis A Specialty Conference On: Dispersion Modeling from Complex Sources by : Edward R. Frederick
Download or read book A Specialty Conference On: Dispersion Modeling from Complex Sources written by Edward R. Frederick and published by . This book was released on 1981 with total page 352 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Enhanced Real-time Bioaerosol Detection by : Joshua Allen Hubbard
Download or read book Enhanced Real-time Bioaerosol Detection written by Joshua Allen Hubbard and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 436 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This work is a multi-scale effort to confront the rapidly evolving threat of biological weapons attacks through improved bioaerosol surveillance, detection, and response capabilities. The effects of bioaerosol release characteristics, transport in the atmospheric surface layer, and implications for bioaerosol sampler design and real-time detection were studied to develop risk assessment and modeling tools to enhance our ability to respond to biological weapons attacks. A simple convection-diffusion-sedimentation model was formulated and used to simulate atmospheric bioaerosol dispersion. Model predictions suggest particles smaller than 60 micrometers in aerodynamic diameter (AD) are likely to be transported several kilometers from the source. A five fold increase in effective mass collection rate, a significant bioaerosol detection advantage, is projected for samplers designed to collect particles larger than the traditional limit of 10 micrometers AD when such particles are present in the source distribution. A family of dynamically scaled wetted-wall bioaerosol sampling cyclones (WWC) was studied to provide bioaerosol sampling capability under various threat scenarios. The effects of sampling environment, i.e. air conditions, and air flow rate on liquid recovery rate and response time were systematically studied. The discovery of a critical liquid input rate parameter enabled the description of all data with self-similar relationships. Empirical correlations were then integrated into system control algorithms to maintain microfluidic liquid output rates ideally suited for advanced biological detection technologies. Autonomous ambient air sampling with an output rate of 25 microliters per minute was achieved with open-loop control. This liquid output rate corresponds to a concentration rate on the order of 2,000,000, a substantial increase with respect to other commercially available bioaerosol samplers. Modeling of the WWC was performed to investigate the underlying physics of liquid recovery. The set of conservative equations governing multiphase heat and mass transfer within the WWC were formulated and solved numerically. Approximate solutions were derived for the special cases of adiabatic and isothermal conditions. The heat and mass transfer models were then used to supplement empirical correlations. The resulting semi-empirical models offer enhanced control over liquid concentration factor and further enable the WWC to be deployed as an autonomous bioaerosol sampler.
Book Synopsis Development and Evaluation of an Inhalable Bioaerosol Manifold Sampling System by : Pengfei Gao
Download or read book Development and Evaluation of an Inhalable Bioaerosol Manifold Sampling System written by Pengfei Gao and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 386 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Modeling and Evaluation of Pollutant Emissions from Industrial Biofilters by Dispersion Models by : Nada Azlah
Download or read book Modeling and Evaluation of Pollutant Emissions from Industrial Biofilters by Dispersion Models written by Nada Azlah and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 87 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With gradually increasing strict environmental regulations that control emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), reduced sulphur compounds and nuisance odors from industries, there is a growing need for air pollution control systems. Biofiltration systems have been widely used in the treatment of odorous and toxic volatile organic compounds. As compared to traditional physical and chemical systems, biofilteration is cost-effective, environmentally friendly, and highly efficient for many biodegradable pollutants. The biofilter concept is about using microorganisms to metabolize the variety of contaminants such as volatile organic compounds, reduced sulphur compounds and hydrocarbons. Although the biofilters are designed to eliminate pollutants with greater than 90% efficiency, accidental releases do occur due to biofilter failures; hence, this poses serious threats to health, especially to those who live in the vicinity of biofilter locations. This research investigates the dispersion of air pollutants that are accidentally released from industrial biofilters. Two commercial biofilters that were installed in different industrial sites, located in (Hickson) and (Toronto), Ontario, Canada, were used as test cases. A mathematical (Gaussian) dispersion model, a screening model (SCREEN3), and a non-steady state Lagrangian California Puff Model (CALPUFF), were used at different biofilter removal efficiencies to predict pollutant concentrations, dispersion and health effects, and to examine the impacts of topographical and meteorological conditions on concentration of pollutant emissions at receptor locations. The study shows that geographical variations (i.e., flat versus elevated surfaces) of the location of a biofilter have an effect on the wind, and hence on pollutant dispersion. The results confirmed that the iii wind direction has a direct impact on the pollutant plume path, whereas the wind speed and atmospheric stability class influence the pollutant concentration. The results elucidated that the high concentration of pollutants due to low removal efficiency of a biofilter can cause serious health problems. The results of this work can be used as a basis to evaluate biofilter performance under various atmospheric and geographical conditions and to improve biofilter design.
Book Synopsis Emission, Transport, and Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment of Bioaerosols Following the Land Application of Manure by : Michael A. Jahne
Download or read book Emission, Transport, and Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment of Bioaerosols Following the Land Application of Manure written by Michael A. Jahne and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 412 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Development and Evaluation of a Simple Second Order Closure Atmospheric Dispersion Model for an Elevated Passive Release by : Sandeep Sahore
Download or read book Development and Evaluation of a Simple Second Order Closure Atmospheric Dispersion Model for an Elevated Passive Release written by Sandeep Sahore and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 244 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Application, Comparison and Evaluation of Three Air Dispersion Models by : Vrajesh Patel
Download or read book Application, Comparison and Evaluation of Three Air Dispersion Models written by Vrajesh Patel and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Atmospheric Dispersion Modeling Compliance Guide by : Karl B. Schnelle
Download or read book Atmospheric Dispersion Modeling Compliance Guide written by Karl B. Schnelle and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 526 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: CD-ROM includes: Practice problems that reinforces and deepen understanding of modeling principles.
Book Synopsis Air Pollution Modeling and its Application XVII by : Carlos Borrego
Download or read book Air Pollution Modeling and its Application XVII written by Carlos Borrego and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-04-05 with total page 750 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In 1969 the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) established the Committee on Challenges of Modern Society (CCMS). The subject of air pol- tion was from the start, one of the priority problems under study within the fra- work of various pilot studies undertaken by this committee. The organization of a periodic conference dealing with air pollution modeling and its application has become one of the main activities within the pilot study relating to air pollution. The first five international conferences were organized by the United States as the pilot country; the second five by the Federal Republic of Germany; the third five by Belgium; the next four by The Netherlands; and the next five by Denmark; and with this one, the last three by Portugal. th This volume contains the papers and posters presented at the 27 NATO/CCMS International Technical Meeting on Air Pollution Modeling and Its Application held in Banff, Canada, 24-29 October 2004. The key topics at this ITM included: Role of Atmospheric Models in Air Pollution Policy and Abatement Strategies; Integrated Regional Modeling; Effects of Climate Change on Air Quality; Aerosols as Atmospheric Contaminants; New Developments; and Model Assessment and Verification. 104 participants from North and South America, Europe, Africa and Asia attended th the 27 ITM. The conference was jointly organized by the University of Aveiro, Portugal (Pilot Country) and by The University of Calgary, Canada (Host Country). A total of 74 oral and 22 poster papers were presented during the conference.
Book Synopsis Air Emissions from Animal Feeding Operations by : National Research Council
Download or read book Air Emissions from Animal Feeding Operations written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2003-04-07 with total page 286 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Air Emissions from Animal Feeding Operations: Current Knowledge, Future Needs discusses the need for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to implement a new method for estimating the amount of ammonia, nitrous oxide, methane, and other pollutants emitted from livestock and poultry farms, and for determining how these emissions are dispersed in the atmosphere. The committee calls for the EPA and the U.S. Department of Agriculture to establish a joint council to coordinate and oversee short - and long-term research to estimate emissions from animal feeding operations accurately and to develop mitigation strategies. Their recommendation was for the joint council to focus its efforts first on those pollutants that pose the greatest risk to the environment and public health.
Book Synopsis Biosolids Applied to Land by : National Research Council
Download or read book Biosolids Applied to Land written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2002-11-01 with total page 366 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The 1993 regulation (Part 503 Rule) governing the land application of biosolids was established to protect public health and the environment from reasonably anticipated adverse effects. Included in the regulation are chemical pollutant limits, operational standards designed to reduce pathogens and the attraction of disease vectors, and management practices. This report from the Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology evaluates the technical methods and approaches used by EPA to establish those standards and practices, focusing specifically on human health protection. The report examines improvements in risk-assessment practices and advances in the scientific database since promulgation of the regulation, and makes recommendations for addressing public health concerns, uncertainties, and data gaps about the technical basis of the biosolids standards.
