Critical Educational Psychology

Download Critical Educational Psychology PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118977599
Total Pages : 256 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (189 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Critical Educational Psychology by : Antony J. Williams

Download or read book Critical Educational Psychology written by Antony J. Williams and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2016-10-18 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The first textbook of its kind, Critical Educational Psychology is a forward-thinking approach to educational psychology that uses critical perspectives to challenge current ways of thinking and improve practice.

Teaching Challenges in Secondary Schools

Download Teaching Challenges in Secondary Schools PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield
ISBN 13 : 1475828209
Total Pages : 171 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (758 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Teaching Challenges in Secondary Schools by : Alyssa R. Gonzalez-DeHass

Download or read book Teaching Challenges in Secondary Schools written by Alyssa R. Gonzalez-DeHass and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2017-09-13 with total page 171 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This case study book serves as a valuable tool for professors and instructors of educational psychology. It contains 17 cases that represent current areas of interest in Educational Psychology embedded within current challenges that teachers face in today’s middle and high school classrooms. The cases are organized into six major parts: Human Development, Individual Differences and Diversity, Learning Theories, Motivation, Classroom Management, Instructional Approaches, and Assessment and Evaluation.Each case describes a detailed teaching scenario written from either the student or the teachers’ perspective. To engage students in critical thinking, perspective-taking, analysis, problem solving and decision-making, the cases have been intentionally written without a conclusion. Because the cases are open-ended, it allows the professor or instructor more flexibility and autonomy in how they use the cases. Each case is followed by thought-provoking questions, highlighting the significant issues in the case, from which to analyze the case and apply various theoretical viewpoints. While the cases do not replace actual classroom experience, they present a way to immerse students in the classroom’s culture by providing them with real-life teaching examples.

Critical Issues in Early Childhood Teacher Education

Download Critical Issues in Early Childhood Teacher Education PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : IAP
ISBN 13 : 164113724X
Total Pages : 217 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (411 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Critical Issues in Early Childhood Teacher Education by : Miranda Lin

Download or read book Critical Issues in Early Childhood Teacher Education written by Miranda Lin and published by IAP. This book was released on 2020-06-01 with total page 217 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In recent years there have been significant changes in education across the globe, largely as a result of changing demographics, technological developments, and increased globalization. Relatedly, the changing needs of societies and families, along with new research findings, provide new directions in early childhood education. Consequently, early childhood teachers today are faced with higher and more complex expectations to help ensure that their students achieve their full potential. Such expectations suggest that early childhood teachers should be professionals who are able to draw on a robust knowledge base in making educational decisions. It follows that teacher education programs should develop and implement innovative programs that can potentially enhance the quality of our future teachers. An awareness of pressing issues in the field of early childhood teacher education led the editors to develop this volume. The chapters in these two volumes bring together scholars from across the US and the globe who are interested in improving the quality of early childhood teacher education. The chapters present their experiences, perspectives, and lessons learned as they addressed some of the challenging issues concerning the education and preparation of future early childhood teachers. The various issues and perspectives from different states in the US or countries across the globe provide insights into current issues and dilemmas facing the field. The contributions of these scholars should inform the discourse on early childhood teacher education and help those who work with preservice teachers improve the quality of their work.

APA Educational Psychology Handbook

Download APA Educational Psychology Handbook PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 554 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (761 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis APA Educational Psychology Handbook by :

Download or read book APA Educational Psychology Handbook written by and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 554 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The APA Educational Psychology Handbook reflects the broad nature of the field today, with state-of-the-science reviews of the diverse critical theories driving research and practice; in-depth investigation of the range of individual differences and cultural/contextual factors that affect student achievement, motivation, and beliefs; and close examination of the research driving current assessment, decision making, teaching skills and content, teacher preparation, and the promotion of learning across the life span and with special populations. Volume 1 (see record 2011-11701-000) addresses the definition of educational psychology, some of the most critical theories driving research and practice today, broad areas of research that educational psychology has addressed based on multiple theories and that make an important contribution to the field, and emerging and cutting-edge issues. Volume 2 includes 21 chapters that examine a range of individual differences, cultural factors, and contextual factors affecting student achievement, motivation, and beliefs. Volume 3 (see record 2011-11779-000) focuses on specific applications of research in educational psychology for assessment and decision making, teaching skills and content, promoting learning, and teacher preparation as well as across the life span and with special populations"--Publicity materials. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved).

Critical Issues in Clinical and Health Psychology

Download Critical Issues in Clinical and Health Psychology PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : SAGE
ISBN 13 : 1446264696
Total Pages : 233 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (462 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Critical Issues in Clinical and Health Psychology by : Poul Rohleder

Download or read book Critical Issues in Clinical and Health Psychology written by Poul Rohleder and published by SAGE. This book was released on 2012-04-20 with total page 233 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "This book extends the ongoing discussion on critical approaches within clinical and health psychology. In particular, it emphasises the need to consider the importance of social and cultural factors in understanding health, illness and disability. With detailed examination of a wide range of empirical studies it demonstrates the vibrancy of contemporary critical psychological research." - Michael Murray, Keele University "Provides an original overview of areas within health and clinical psychology that are frequently overlooked in other textbooks. It is distinctive in three major ways: first, it takes an explicitly critical approach, and therefore locates our current psychological understandings of issues within health and clinical psychology within their broader social and cultural contexts. Second, it considers both physical and mental health simultaneously, which is a major strength. Third, it is unique in its scope and focus. In achieving these distinctive features, this text competently draws on up-to-date research and literature across a range of disciplines and fields in an accessible and engaging manner... I personally think it should be a must-read for all those studying and working within the health psychology field!" - Antonia Lyons, Massey University This textbook gives a clear and thought-provoking introduction to the critical issues related to health, illness and disability in clinical and health psychology. Challenging some of the preconceptions of ill-health of the biomedical approach, the book explores how health and illness is often shaped by factors such as culture, poverty, gender and sexuality, and examines how these influences impact on the experience and treatment of physical and mental illness as well as disability. Students are introduced to literature from disciplines other than psychology to provide multiple perspectives on these complex issues. Critical Issues in Clinical and Health Psychology is a key textbook for undergraduate and postgraduate students taking courses in health or clinical psychology, as well as for students from other disciplines related to health and mental health care.

Developmental and Educational Psychology for Teachers

Download Developmental and Educational Psychology for Teachers PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1317365666
Total Pages : 357 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (173 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Developmental and Educational Psychology for Teachers by : Dennis McInerney

Download or read book Developmental and Educational Psychology for Teachers written by Dennis McInerney and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2016-09-13 with total page 357 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Developmental and Educational Psychology for Teachers brings together a range of evidence drawn from psychology to answer a number of critical educational questions, from basic questions of readiness – for example, when is a child ready for school, through to more complex matters, such as how does a teacher understand and promote good peer relationships in their classroom? The answers to these and other questions discussed draw here on the interplay between a teachers’ craft expertise and their knowledge of evidence and theory from developmental and educational psychology. Presenting a range of classic theories and contemporary research to help readers understand what the key issues are for teachers and other professionals, this book aides informed educational decisions in situations such as: inclusion, ability grouping, sex differences, developing creativity, home and peer influences on learning, and developing effective learners. Teachers in early years, primary and secondary settings are routinely faced with questions regarding the development of children. This not only relates to the planning and delivery of lessons, but also to the mental and physical wellbeing of the children and adolescents that they teach. The pedagogical features of this book are accessible and clearly presented, including focus questions that direct the reader’s attention to key issues, activity posts that point the reader to meaningful and relevant research and show the practical applications of material covered, and extension material that gives depth to many of the topics covered. This book aims to inform the practice of both in-service and trainee teachers, addressing issues that are relevant to their practice. With no other detailed and accessible text presenting this evidence and theory specifically for an audience of practicing and trainee teachers currently on the market, this book will be of essential reading to practicing and trainee teachers for early years, primary and secondary education and other related educational contexts such as educational psychologists, counsellors, paediatric and child doctors and nurses.

Psychology and the Study of Education

Download Psychology and the Study of Education PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 131529933X
Total Pages : 264 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (152 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Psychology and the Study of Education by : Cathal Ó Siochrú

Download or read book Psychology and the Study of Education written by Cathal Ó Siochrú and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2018-02-07 with total page 264 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Psychology and the Study of Education: Critical Perspectives on Developing Theories explores both the insights and applications that psychology can offer in a range of educational contexts. Introducing the reader to a wide variety of sources, from cutting edge research to key studies from the past, it offers new perspectives on the psychology of education. This includes re-examining core theories of learning, unpicking key learning processes and reconsidering the role of factors such as memory, creativity and gender in learning. Questioning myths and misconceptions, it challenges the reader to develop a critically reflective approach and asks them to reconsider the potential value of psychology in both understanding and influencing education. With discussion points and recommended readings provided in every chapter to enhance sessions and challenge students, issues explored include: Reconsidering what we think we know about the psychology of education. Memory: How we learn by remembering and imagining. Creativity: Creative learning and learning creativity. Reading, writing and dyslexia: Understanding the myths and exploring the challenges. Embodiment: The entanglement of brain, body and environment in learning. Social understanding: Learning to relate and its role in education. Gender: The origins of gender identity and its impact on education. Behaviourism: Taking a second look at its wider relevance to learning. Piaget: A fresh perspective on Piagetian theory and method. Vygotsky: Socio-cultural theories and collective learning. Your guide to the complex and evolving field that is psychology of education, this is an essential text for students of Education Studies, Disability Studies, Early Childhood or Childhood and Youth Studies and Teacher Education; ideal for anyone who has already been introduced to a little psychology and would like to know more, or anyone teaching psychology on an education course. Whether you are taking your first steps or looking for your next challenge, this book has something to offer anyone who wants to take their study of the psychology of education to the next level.

Critical Issues in Mathematics Education

Download Critical Issues in Mathematics Education PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : IAP
ISBN 13 : 1607522187
Total Pages : 502 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (75 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Critical Issues in Mathematics Education by : Bharath Sriraman

Download or read book Critical Issues in Mathematics Education written by Bharath Sriraman and published by IAP. This book was released on 2009-06-01 with total page 502 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The word "critical" in the title of this collection has three meanings, all of which are relevant. One meaning, as applied to a situation or problem, is "at a point of crisis". A second meaning is "expressing adverse or disapproving comments or judgments". A third is related to the verb "to critique", meaning "to analyze the merits and faults of". The authors contributing to this book pose challenging questions, from multiple perspectives, about the roles of mathematics in society and the implications for education. Traditional reasons for teaching mathematics include: preparing a new generation of mathematics researchers and a cadre of technically competent users of mathematics; training students to think logically; and because mathematics is as much part of cultural heritage as literature or music. These reasons remain valid, though open to critique, but a deeper analysis is required that recognizes the roles of mathematics in framing many aspects of contemporary society, that will connect mathematics education to the lived experiences of students, their communities, and society in general, and that acknowledges the global ethical responsibilities of mathematicians and mathematics educators. The book is organized in four sections (1) Mathematics education: For what and why? (2) Globalization and cultural diversity, (3) Mathematics, education, and society and (4) Social justice in, and through, mathematics education The chapters address fundamental issues such as the relevance of school mathematics in people's lives; creating a sense of agency for the field of mathematics education, and redefining the relationship between mathematics as discipline, mathematics as school subject and mathematics as part of people's lives.

Case Studies in Educational Psychology

Download Case Studies in Educational Psychology PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield
ISBN 13 : 1475839162
Total Pages : 182 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (758 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Case Studies in Educational Psychology by : Patricia P. Willems

Download or read book Case Studies in Educational Psychology written by Patricia P. Willems and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2017-12-06 with total page 182 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This case study book serves as a valuable tool for professors and instructors of educational psychology. It contains 18 cases that represent current areas of interest in Educational Psychology embedded within current challenges that teachers face in today’s elementary grade classrooms. The cases are organized into six major parts: Human Development, Individual Differences and Diversity, Learning Theories, Motivation, Classroom Management, Instructional Approaches, and Assessment and Evaluation.Each case describes a detailed teaching scenario written from either the student or the teachers’ perspective. To engage students in critical thinking, perspective-taking, analysis, problem solving and decision-making, the cases have been intentionally written without a conclusion. Because the cases are open-ended, it allows the professor or instructor more flexibility and autonomy in how they use the cases. Each case is followed by thought-provoking questions, highlighting the significant issues in the case, from which to analyze the case and apply various theoretical viewpoints. While the cases do not replace actual classroom experience, they present a way to immerse students in the classroom’s culture by providing them with real-life teaching examples.

Critical Theories for School Psychology and Counseling

Download Critical Theories for School Psychology and Counseling PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1000475263
Total Pages : 245 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (4 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Critical Theories for School Psychology and Counseling by : Sherrie L. Proctor

Download or read book Critical Theories for School Psychology and Counseling written by Sherrie L. Proctor and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2021-11-29 with total page 245 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Critical Theories for School Psychology and Counseling introduces school psychologists and counselors to five critical theories that inform more equitable, inclusive work with marginalized and underserved student populations. Offering accessible conceptualizations of each theory and explicit links to application in practice and supervision, the book speaks to common professional functions and issues such as cognitive assessment, school-based counseling, discipline disproportionality, and more. This innovative collection offers graduate students, university faculty, and practicum and internship supervisors an insightful new direction for serving learners across diverse identities, cultures, and abilities.

Thinking Styles

Download Thinking Styles PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780521657136
Total Pages : 198 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (571 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Thinking Styles by : Robert J. Sternberg

Download or read book Thinking Styles written by Robert J. Sternberg and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 1997 with total page 198 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sternberg presents a theory of thinking styles that aims to explain why aptitude tests, school grades, and classroom performance often fail to identify real ability.

Teaching on Assessment

Download Teaching on Assessment PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : IAP
ISBN 13 : 1648024297
Total Pages : 321 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (48 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Teaching on Assessment by : Sharon L. Nichols

Download or read book Teaching on Assessment written by Sharon L. Nichols and published by IAP. This book was released on 2021-03-01 with total page 321 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In an age where the quality of teacher education programs has been called into question, it is more important than ever that teachers have a fundamental understanding of the principles of human learning, motivation, and development. Theory to Practice: Educational Psychology for Teachers and Teaching is a series for those who teach educational psychology in teacher education programs. At a time when educational psychology is at risk of becoming marginalized, it is imperative that we, as educators, “walk our talk” in serving as models of what effective instruction looks like. Each volume in the series draws upon the latest research to help instructors model fundamental principles of learning, motivation, and development to best prepare their students for the diverse, multidimensional, uncertain, and socially-embedded environments in which these future educators will teach. The inaugural volume, Teaching on Assessment, is centered on the role of assessment in teaching and learning. Each chapter translates current research on critical topics in assessment for educational psychology instructors and teacher educators to consider in their teaching of future teachers. Written for practitioners, the aim is to present contemporary issues and ideas that would help teachers engage in meaningful assessment practice. This volume is important not only because of the dwindling presence of assessment-related instructional content in teacher preparation programs, but also because the policy changes in the last two decades have transformed the meaning and use of assessment in K-12 classrooms. Praise for Teaching on Assessment "This thought-provoking book brings together perspectives from educational psychology and teacher education to examine how assessment can best support student motivation, engagement, and learning. In the volume, editors Nichols and Varier present a set of chapters written by leaders in the field to examine critical questions about how to best prepare teachers to make instructional decisions, understand assessment within the context of learning and motivation theory, and draw on assessment in ways which can meet the needs of diverse learners. Written in a highly accessible language and style, each chapter contains clear takeaway messages designed for educational psychologists, teacher educators, teachers, and pre-service teachers. This book is essential reading for anyone involved in teaching or developing our future teaching professionals." Lois R. Harris, Australian Catholic University "This impressive book provides a wealth of contemporary and engaging resources, ideas and perspectives that educational psychology instructors will find relevant for helping students understand the complexity of assessment decision-making as an essential component of instruction. Traditional assessment principles are integrated with contemporary educational psychology research that will enhance prospective teachers’ decision-making about classroom assessments that promote all students’ learning and motivation. It is unique in showing how to best leverage both formative and summative assessment to boost student engagement and achievement, enabling students to understand how to integrate practical classroom constraints and realities with current knowledge about self-regulation, intrinsic motivation, and other psychological constructs that assessment needs to consider. The chapters are written by established experts who are able to effectively balance presentation of research and theory with practical applications. Notably, the volume includes very important topics rarely emphasized in other assessment texts, including assessment literacy frameworks, diversity, equity, assessment strategies for students with special needs, and data-driven decision making. The book will be an excellent supplement for educational psychology classes or for assessment courses, introducing students to current thinking about how to effectively integrate assessment with instruction." James McMillan, Virginia Commonwealth University.

Analyzing Paradigms Used in Education and Educational Psychology

Download Analyzing Paradigms Used in Education and Educational Psychology PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781799814283
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (142 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Analyzing Paradigms Used in Education and Educational Psychology by : Victorita Trif

Download or read book Analyzing Paradigms Used in Education and Educational Psychology written by Victorita Trif and published by . This book was released on 2019-12 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "This book examines sophisticated paradigms from academic narratives and educational realities"--

The Routledge International Companion to Educational Psychology

Download The Routledge International Companion to Educational Psychology PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1136675086
Total Pages : 562 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (366 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Routledge International Companion to Educational Psychology by : Andrew J. Holliman

Download or read book The Routledge International Companion to Educational Psychology written by Andrew J. Holliman and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2013-07-24 with total page 562 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Routledge International Companion to Educational Psychology brings together expert practitioners, researchers, and teachers from five continents to produce a unique and global guide to the core topics in the field. Each chapter includes coverage of the key thinkers, topic areas, events, and ideas that have shaped the field, but also takes the reader beyond typical textbook material and into engagement with current issues, cutting-edge research and future directions in the field of educational psychology from an international perspective. With over 30 chapters, the volume is divided into four themed sections: ‘An introduction to educational psychology’, ‘How children learn and develop’, ‘Issues concerning the assessment of children’ and ‘Identifying and meeting the needs of children with learning difficulties’. Covering the key issues and fundamental strands of educational psychology The Routledge International Companion to Educational Psychology aims to provide the reader with knowledge of: educational psychology (history, child rights, and practice); factors which influence children’s learning and development; issues to do with assessment (a key aspect of educational psychology); special educational needs (identification and how to meet their needs); the key thinkers, events, and ideas that have shaped the field; the core topics across educational psychology in an accessible manner; cutting edge research including recent research evidence and theory; future directions in the field of educational psychology; educational psychology from an international perspective. The book is conceived for both student and researcher use, and considers the implications for educational psychology practice in all sections. It will be highly beneficial for both students and lecturers on Education Studies and Psychology undergraduate courses, as well as combined undergraduate degrees .

African American Students in Urban Schools

Download African American Students in Urban Schools PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Peter Lang Pub Incorporated
ISBN 13 : 9781433106873
Total Pages : 328 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (68 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis African American Students in Urban Schools by : James L. Moore (III.)

Download or read book African American Students in Urban Schools written by James L. Moore (III.) and published by Peter Lang Pub Incorporated. This book was released on 2012 with total page 328 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: <I>African American Students in Urban Schools offers readers a critical yet comprehensive examination of the issues affecting African American students' outcomes in urban school systems and beyond. Across disciplines including teacher education, school counseling, school psychology, gifted education, career and technical education, higher education, and more, chapters use theoretical and conceptual analysis and research-based evidence to examine the unique challenges facing urban African American students and illustrate what can be done to help. This book will enable readers to better understand many of the complex and multifaceted dilemmas faced by today's urban school systems and will motivate readers to make a commitment to improve urban schools for the betterment of African American students.

Theories of School Psychology

Download Theories of School Psychology PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1351064924
Total Pages : 321 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (51 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Theories of School Psychology by : Kristy K. Kelly

Download or read book Theories of School Psychology written by Kristy K. Kelly and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2020-11-11 with total page 321 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Theories of School Psychology: Critical Perspectives describes the theories, frameworks, and conceptual models that underlie the science and practice of school psychology. Chapters provide an orientation to theories, frameworks, and conceptual models that address core school psychology domains along with application to common student, school, and system issues prevalent in the field. Promoting a deeper study of the fundamental processes and approaches in school psychology, this book advances the embedding of theories, frameworks, and models into the design and delivery of educational and psychological services for children, youth, families, and schools. Case vignettes, empirical evidence, and a broad emphasis on prevention and implementation science provide students and trainers with important information for problem-solving in research and in the field.

Handbook of Psychology, Educational Psychology

Download Handbook of Psychology, Educational Psychology PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 9780471384069
Total Pages : 696 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (84 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Handbook of Psychology, Educational Psychology by : Irving B. Weiner

Download or read book Handbook of Psychology, Educational Psychology written by Irving B. Weiner and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2003-01-03 with total page 696 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Includes established theories and cutting-edge developments. Presents the work of an international group of experts. Presents the nature, origin, implications, an future course of major unresolved issues in the area.