Contemporary Issues Of The Semiotics Of Law

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Contemporary Issues of the Semiotics of Law

Author : Anne Wagner
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1847312063
Total Pages : 286 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (473 download)

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Book Synopsis Contemporary Issues of the Semiotics of Law by : Anne Wagner

Download or read book Contemporary Issues of the Semiotics of Law written by Anne Wagner and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2005-09-20 with total page 286 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The law is a symbolic construction and therefore rests on a variety of undertakings. What gives law its meaning is,for some, ideology, for others, the welfare of the majority. However, what is manifest is a conception of the law as a material structure that carries symbols of everyday life. The analyses that are made in the law and semiotics movements show that the laws symbolism cannot be understood by reference only to itself, a strictly legal meaning. It is a symbol that conveys life, a symbol that in itself is contaminated with life, politics, morality and so on. Law and Semiotics is an obvious meeting point between traditions, because it is the place where all the discussions about the law can find a common language. This is a collection of different papers where the institution of the law is investigated, in combination with, and as part of, a multiplicity of sign systems. Firstly, law can be understood as part of a global system of meaning (Part I) ; and, secondly, that despite the homogenising threat of globalisation, the play of legal meaning retains a socio-historical specificity (Part II). The global issues of human migration, human rights, colonisation and transnational power are played out in local spaces, in the public discourses through which they are given localised representation, in moments of activism, and as a tool of subversion. The law is a rhetorical device which at once constitutes these global and local truths but which is also constituted by them.

Signs In Law - A Source Book

Author : Jan M. Broekman
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319098373
Total Pages : 431 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (19 download)

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Book Synopsis Signs In Law - A Source Book by : Jan M. Broekman

Download or read book Signs In Law - A Source Book written by Jan M. Broekman and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-11-06 with total page 431 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume provides a critical roadmap through the major historical sources of legal semiotics as we know them today. The history of legal semiotics, now at least a century old, has never been written (a non-event itself pregnant with semiotic possibility). As a consequence, its sources are seldom clearly exposed and, as word, object and meaning change, are sometimes lost. They reach from an English translation of the 1916 inaugural lecture of the first Chair in Legal Significs at the Amsterdam University, via mid 20th century studies on “property” or “contract,” to equally fascinating essays on contemporary semiotic problems produced by former students of the Roberta Kevelson Semiotics Roundtable Seminar at Penn State University 2012 and 2013. Together, the materials in this book weave the fabric of semiotics and significs, two names for the unfolding of semiotics in law and legal discourse at least until the second half of the 20th century, and both of which covered a lawyer’s focus on sign and meaning in law. The latter is embedded within the cultural imperatives of the civilization that gave these terms meaning and made them an effective tool for the dissection of law, its reconstitution as an instrument to be used by the lawyer to advance the interests of her clients, and for judges as a means to restructure language as a narrative of law whose power could bend behavior to its strictures. Legal semiotics has become an indispensible part of the elite lawyer’s toolkit and a fundamental approach to analysis of legal texts. Two previous volumes published in 2011 and 2012 explored the conceptual, methodological and epistemological progress in the field of legal semiotics, the modern forms of semiotics study, and the mechanics of meaning making processes by lawyers. Yet the great lessons of semiotics requires a focus on the origins of the concepts and frameworks that would become contemporary legal semiotics, its origins as an object of the consciousness of meaning making—one whose roots, as lessons for the oracular conversations of law, are expanded in this volume.

The Semiotics of Law in Legal Education

Author : Jan M. Broekman
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 940071341X
Total Pages : 255 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (7 download)

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Book Synopsis The Semiotics of Law in Legal Education by : Jan M. Broekman

Download or read book The Semiotics of Law in Legal Education written by Jan M. Broekman and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-07-06 with total page 255 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book offers educational experiences, including reflections and the resulting essays, from the Roberta Kevelson Seminar on Law and Semiotics held during 2008 – 2011 at Penn State University’s Dickinson School of Law. The texts address educational aspects of law that require attention and that also are issues in traditional jurisprudence and legal theory. The book introduces education in legal semiotics as it evolves in a legal curriculum. Specific semiotic concepts, such as “sign”, “symbol” or “legal language,” demonstrate how a lawyer’s professionally important tasks of name-giving and meaning-giving are seldom completely understood by lawyers or laypeople. These concepts require analyses of considerable depth to understand the expressiveness of these legal names and meanings, and to understand how lawyers can “say the law,” or urge such a saying correctly and effectively in the context of a natural language that is understandable to all of us. The book brings together the structure of the Seminar, its foundational philosophical problems, the specifics of legal history, and the semiotics of the legal system with specific themes such as gender, family law, and business law.

The Law as a System of Signs

Author : Roberta Kevelson
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1461309115
Total Pages : 325 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (613 download)

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Book Synopsis The Law as a System of Signs by : Roberta Kevelson

Download or read book The Law as a System of Signs written by Roberta Kevelson and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 325 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Even if Peirce were well understood and there existed· general agreement among Peirce scholars on what he meant by his semiotics, or philosophy of signs, the undertaking of this book-wliich intends to establish a theoretical foundation for a new approach to understanding the interrelations of law, economics, and politics against referent systems of value-would be a risky venture. But since such general agreement on Peirce's work is lacking, one's sense of adventure in ideas requires further qualification. Indeed, the proverbial nerve for failure must in any case be attendant. If one succeeds, one has introduced for further inquiry the strong possibility that should our social systems of law, economics, and politics---our means of interpersonal transaction as a whole-be understood against the theoretical back ground of a dynamic, "motion-picture" universe that is continually becoming, that is infinitely developing and changing in response to genuinely novel elements that emerge as existents, then the basic concepts of rights, resources, and reality take on new dimensions of meaning in correspondence with n-dimensional, infinite value judgments or truth-like beliefs which one holds. If such a view, as Peirce maintained, were possible and tenable not only for philosophy but as the basis for action and interaction in the world of human experience and practical affairs, one would readily say that risk taking is a small price for the realization of such possibility.

Meaning, Narrativity, and the Real

Author : Jan M. Broekman
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319281755
Total Pages : 287 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (192 download)

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Book Synopsis Meaning, Narrativity, and the Real by : Jan M. Broekman

Download or read book Meaning, Narrativity, and the Real written by Jan M. Broekman and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-02-29 with total page 287 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book examines the concept of meaning and our general understanding of reality in a legal and philosophical context. Starting from the premise that meaning is a matter of linguistic and other forms of articulation, it considers the inherent philosophical consequences. Part I presents Klages’, Derrida’s, Von Hofmannsthal’s and Wittgenstein’s explorations of silence as a source of articulation and meaning. Debates about 20th century psychologism gave the attitude concept a pivotal role; it illustrates the importance of the discovery that a word is globally qualified as ‘the basic unit of language’. This is mirrored in the fact that we understand reality as a matter of particles and thus interpret the real as a component of an all-embracing ‘particle story’. Each chapter of the book focuses on an aspect of legal semiotics related to the chapter’s theme: for instance on the meaning of a Judge’s ‘Saying for Law’, on law students training in varying attitudes or on the ties between law and language. Part II of the book illustrates our general understanding of reality as a matter of particles and partitioning, and examines texts that prove that particle thinking is basic for our meaning concept. It shows that physics, quantum theory, holism, and modern brain research focusing on human linguistic capabilities, confirm their ties to the particle story. In contrast, the book concludes that partitions and particles are neither a fact in the history of the cosmos nor a determinant of knowledge and the sciences, and that meaning is a process: a constellation rather than a fixation. This is manifest once one understands meaning as the result of continuously changing attitudes, which create our narratives on cosmos and creation. The book proposes a new key for meaning: a linguistic occurrence anchored in dimensions of human narrativity.

Prospects of Legal Semiotics

Author : Anne Wagner
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9048193435
Total Pages : 259 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (481 download)

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Book Synopsis Prospects of Legal Semiotics by : Anne Wagner

Download or read book Prospects of Legal Semiotics written by Anne Wagner and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2010-09-24 with total page 259 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book examines the progress to date in the many facets – conceptual, epistemological and methodological - of the field of legal semiotics. It reflects the fulfilment of the promise of legal semiotics when used to explore the law, its processes and interpretation. This study in Legal Semiotics brings together the theory, structure and practise of legal semiotics in an accessible style. The book introduces the concepts of legal semiotics and offers an insight in contemporary and future directions which the semiotics of law is going to take. A theoretical and practical oriented synthesis of the historical, contemporary and most recent ideas pertaining to legal semiotics, the book will be of interest to scholars and researchers in law and social sciences , as well as those who are interested in the interdisciplinary dynamics of law and semiotics.

Research Handbook on Legal Semiotics

Author : Anne Wagner
Publisher : Edward Elgar Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1802207260
Total Pages : 517 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (22 download)

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Book Synopsis Research Handbook on Legal Semiotics by : Anne Wagner

Download or read book Research Handbook on Legal Semiotics written by Anne Wagner and published by Edward Elgar Publishing. This book was released on 2023-11-03 with total page 517 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This comprehensive Research Handbook explores the wide variety of work conducted in legal semiotics to provide a broad understanding of how the law works through signs and symbols. Demonstrating that law is a strategical system of fluctuating signs, contributors critically analyse the ever-evolving conceptualisations of law and legal discourse.

Bloomsbury Semiotics Volume 2: Semiotics in the Natural and Technical Sciences

Author : Jamin Pelkey
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1350139335
Total Pages : 369 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (51 download)

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Book Synopsis Bloomsbury Semiotics Volume 2: Semiotics in the Natural and Technical Sciences by : Jamin Pelkey

Download or read book Bloomsbury Semiotics Volume 2: Semiotics in the Natural and Technical Sciences written by Jamin Pelkey and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2023-01-12 with total page 369 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bloomsbury Semiotics offers a state-of-the-art overview of the entire field of semiotics by revealing its influence on a wide range of disciplinary perspectives. With four volumes spanning theory, method and practice across the disciplines, this definitive reference work emphasizes and strengthens common bonds shared across intellectual cultures, and facilitates the discovery and recovery of meaning across fields. It comprises: Volume 1: History and Semiosis Volume 2: Semiotics in the Natural and Technical Sciences Volume 3: Semiotics in the Arts and Social Sciences Volume 4: Semiotic Movements Written by leading international experts, the chapters provide comprehensive overviews of the history and status of semiotic inquiry across a diverse range of traditions and disciplines. Together, they highlight key contemporary developments and debates along with ongoing research priorities. Providing the most comprehensive and united overview of the field, Bloomsbury Semiotics enables anyone, from students to seasoned practitioners, to better understand and benefit from semiotic insight and how it relates to their own area of study or research. Volume 2: Semiotics in the Natural and Technical Sciences presents the state-of-the art in semiotic approaches to disciplines ranging from mathematics and biology to neuroscience and medicine, from evolutionary linguistics and animal behaviour studies to computing, finance, law, architecture, and design. Each chapter casts a vision for future research priorities, unanswered questions, and fresh openings for semiotic participation in these and related fields.

Constitutional Semiotics

Author : Martin Belov
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1509931414
Total Pages : 361 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (99 download)

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Book Synopsis Constitutional Semiotics by : Martin Belov

Download or read book Constitutional Semiotics written by Martin Belov and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2022-06-30 with total page 361 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book offers an outline of the foundations of a theory of constitutional semiotics. It provides a systematic account of the concept of constitutional semiotics and its role in the representation and signification of meaning in constitution, constitutional law, and constitutionalism. The book explores the constitutional signification of meaning that is stretched between rational entrenchment and constitutional imagination. It provides a critical assessment of the rationalist entrapment of constitutional modernity and justifies the need to turn to 'shadow constitutionalisms': textual, symbolic-imaginary and visual constitutionalism. The book puts forward innovative incentives for constitutional analysis based on constitutional semiotics as a paradigm for representation of meaning in rational, textual, symbolic-imaginary and visual constitutionalism. The book focuses on the textual, imaginative, and visual discourse of constitutionalism, which is built upon collective constitutional imaginaries and on the peculiar normativity of constitutional geometry and constitutional mythology as borderline phenomena entrenched in rational, textual, symbolic-imaginary and visual constitutionalism. The book analyses concepts such as: constitutional text and texture, authoritative constitutional narratives and authoritative constitutional narrators, constitutional semiotic community, constitutional utopia, constitutional taboo, normative ideology and normative ideas, constitutional myth and mythology, constitutional symbolism, constitutional code and constitutional geometric form. It explores the textual entrenchment of constitutionalism and its repercussions for representation and signification of meaning.

Interpretation, Law and the Construction of Meaning

Author : Anne Wagner
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1402053207
Total Pages : 225 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (2 download)

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Book Synopsis Interpretation, Law and the Construction of Meaning by : Anne Wagner

Download or read book Interpretation, Law and the Construction of Meaning written by Anne Wagner and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-05-16 with total page 225 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The study of legal semiotics emphasizes the contingency and fluidity of legal concepts and stresses the existence of overlapping, competing and coexisting legal discourses. New problems, changing power structures and societal norms and new faces of injustice – all these force reconsideration, reformulation and even replacement of established doctrines. This book focuses on the application of law in a wide variety of contexts, including international politics and diplomatic practice.

Diversity and Tolerance in Socio-Legal Contexts

Author : Vijay K. Bhatia
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317149238
Total Pages : 269 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (171 download)

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Book Synopsis Diversity and Tolerance in Socio-Legal Contexts by : Vijay K. Bhatia

Download or read book Diversity and Tolerance in Socio-Legal Contexts written by Vijay K. Bhatia and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2016-05-23 with total page 269 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Why is there so much resistance to recent issues of tolerance and diversity? Despite efforts of the international community to encourage open-mindedness, recent attempts at international, political and economic integration have shown that religious, cultural and ethnic tolerance and diversity remain under threat. The contributions in the volume reflect the growing importance of these issues and why resistance is so widespread. Part I addresses the relationship between the language of law and its power, whilst Part II explores the interplay of tolerance and diversity under visual, legislative and interpretative perspectives. This collection as a whole offers a combination of varied perspectives on the analysis, application and exploitation of laws and will be a valuable source of information for those interested in the general area of language and the law.

Images in Law

Author : William Pencak
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317118812
Total Pages : 328 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (171 download)

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Book Synopsis Images in Law by : William Pencak

Download or read book Images in Law written by William Pencak and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2016-05-13 with total page 328 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: What does 'the law' look like? While numerous attempts have been made to examine law and legal action in terms of its language, little has yet been written that considers how visual images of the law influence its interpretation and execution in ways not discernible from written texts. This groundbreaking collection focuses on images in law, featuring contributions that show and discuss the perception of the legal universe on a theoretical basis or when dealing with visual semiotics (dress, ceremony, technology, etc.). It also examines 'language in action', analyzing jury instructions, police directives, and how imagery is used in conjunction with contentious social and political issues within a country, such as the image of family in Ireland or the image of racism in France.

Legal Language and the Search for Clarity

Author : Anne Wagner
Publisher : Peter Lang
ISBN 13 : 9783039111695
Total Pages : 508 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (116 download)

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Book Synopsis Legal Language and the Search for Clarity by : Anne Wagner

Download or read book Legal Language and the Search for Clarity written by Anne Wagner and published by Peter Lang. This book was released on 2006 with total page 508 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This interdisciplinary collection with contributions in English and French explores how the various disciplines of law and linguistics appreciate and work towards improving the nature of clarity and obscurity in legal language. For the first time, it brings together legal academics and practitioners, jurilinguists and linguists from the common law and civil law with the specific aim to understand the complex nature, practice and tools of clarity and obscurity in legal drafting. Topics addressed include how the Clarity framework has been put into practice through the use of plainer language, better comprehensibility, readability and access to legal or administrative texts. In an attempt to reflect the more recent development of the Clarity-Obscurity debate, the editors have also focused on the use of specific instruments to respond to the problems raised by obscurity to improve clarity. Cette collection interdisciplinaire offrant des contributions en anglais et en français, explore comment les diverses disciplines du droit et de la linguistique appréhendent et visent à perfectionner la nature de la clarté et de l'opacité du discours juridique. Cet ouvrage rassemblant pour la première fois, des universitaires et professionnels du droit, des jurilinguistes et linguistes de la common law and et du droit civil, propose de découvrir la nature complexe, les pratiques et outils de la clarté et de l'opacité utilisés en rédaction juridique. Les questions abordées examinent la mise en pratique de la clarté juridique au travers de l'utilisation de la langue courante, une meilleure lisibilité, compréhensibilité et accès aux textes juridiques et administratifs. Dans le but de refléter l'actualité du débat Clarté-Opacité du discours juridique, les éditrices se sont également concentrées sur l'utilisation des outils et méthodes les plus récents et utilisés pour résoudre les difficultés soulevées par l'opacité des langues du droit et ainsi améliorer la transparence du discours juridique.

The Handbook of Contemporary Indigenous Architecture

Author : Elizabeth Grant
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 9811069042
Total Pages : 1001 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (11 download)

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Book Synopsis The Handbook of Contemporary Indigenous Architecture by : Elizabeth Grant

Download or read book The Handbook of Contemporary Indigenous Architecture written by Elizabeth Grant and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-06-26 with total page 1001 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Handbook provides the first comprehensive international overview of significant contemporary Indigenous architecture, practice, and discourse, showcasing established and emerging Indigenous authors and practitioners from Australia, Aotearoa New Zealand, the Pacific Islands, Canada, USA and other countries. It captures the breadth and depth of contemporary work in the field, establishes the historical and present context of the work, and highlights important future directions for research and practice. The topics covered include Indigenous placemaking, identity, cultural regeneration and Indigenous knowledges. The book brings together eminent and emerging scholars and practitioners to discuss and compare major projects and design approaches, to reflect on the main issues and debates, while enhancing theoretical understandings of contemporary Indigenous architecture.The book is an indispensable resource for scholars, students, policy makers, and other professionals seeking to understand the ways in which Indigenous people have a built tradition or aspire to translate their cultures into the built environment. It is also an essential reference for academics and practitioners working in the field of the built environment, who need up-to-date knowledge of current practices and discourse on Indigenous peoples and their architecture.

Semiotics, Law & Art

Author : Eduardo C.B. Bittar
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030588807
Total Pages : 226 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (35 download)

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Book Synopsis Semiotics, Law & Art by : Eduardo C.B. Bittar

Download or read book Semiotics, Law & Art written by Eduardo C.B. Bittar and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-12-03 with total page 226 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents an interdisciplinary study of the relation between semiotics, law & art. Focusing on Greimasian semiotics, it examines specific works of art (from Giotto to Banksy) that deal with the theme of justice, promoting a more sensitive and humanized perception of the values that surround law. The book offers readers a comprehensive review of the semiotics of law, critically examining the relation between law & art. It covers a variety of topics, including semiotics, law and art; semiotics, art and experience; and society, law and art, as well as semiotics, law and painting; semiotics, law and architecture; semiotics, law and theatre; semiotics, law and literature; and semiotics, law and culture. In doing so, it uses the semiotics of painting to explain the symbology of justice and its significance in history; the semiotics of architecture to explain the setting of justice; the semiotics of theatre to explain the logic of the legal process; and the semiotics of literature to explain the narrative logic of legal decisions. Lastly, drawing on the semiotics of culture, it discusses ways of promoting justice, citizenship and human rights. Written from both philosophical and semiotical perspectives, the book enhances the centrality of visual jurisprudence studies to promote a better understanding of the role of law.

Laws and Societies in Global Contexts

Author : Eve Darian-Smith
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 0521113784
Total Pages : 433 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (211 download)

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Book Synopsis Laws and Societies in Global Contexts by : Eve Darian-Smith

Download or read book Laws and Societies in Global Contexts written by Eve Darian-Smith and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2013-01-31 with total page 433 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This text promotes a more global sociolegal perspective that engages with multiple laws and societies and diverse sociolegal systems based on very different historical and cultural traditions, interacting on multiple local, national, and global levels. The approach to global legal pluralism seeks to provide a framework for envisioning new global governance regimes that move beyond state-based solutions to deal with trenchant transnational challenges.

Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics

Author :
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0080547842
Total Pages : 26924 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (85 download)

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Book Synopsis Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics by :

Download or read book Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics written by and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2005-11-24 with total page 26924 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The first edition of ELL (1993, Ron Asher, Editor) was hailed as "the field's standard reference work for a generation". Now the all-new second edition matches ELL's comprehensiveness and high quality, expanded for a new generation, while being the first encyclopedia to really exploit the multimedia potential of linguistics. * The most authoritative, up-to-date, comprehensive, and international reference source in its field * An entirely new work, with new editors, new authors, new topics and newly commissioned articles with a handful of classic articles * The first Encyclopedia to exploit the multimedia potential of linguistics through the online edition * Ground-breaking and International in scope and approach * Alphabetically arranged with extensive cross-referencing * Available in print and online, priced separately. The online version will include updates as subjects develop ELL2 includes: * c. 7,500,000 words * c. 11,000 pages * c. 3,000 articles * c. 1,500 figures: 130 halftones and 150 colour * Supplementary audio, video and text files online * c. 3,500 glossary definitions * c. 39,000 references * Extensive list of commonly used abbreviations * List of languages of the world (including information on no. of speakers, language family, etc.) * Approximately 700 biographical entries (now includes contemporary linguists) * 200 language maps in print and online Also available online via ScienceDirect – featuring extensive browsing, searching, and internal cross-referencing between articles in the work, plus dynamic linking to journal articles and abstract databases, making navigation flexible and easy. For more information, pricing options and availability visit www.info.sciencedirect.com. The first Encyclopedia to exploit the multimedia potential of linguistics Ground-breaking in scope - wider than any predecessor An invaluable resource for researchers, academics, students and professionals in the fields of: linguistics, anthropology, education, psychology, language acquisition, language pathology, cognitive science, sociology, the law, the media, medicine & computer science. The most authoritative, up-to-date, comprehensive, and international reference source in its field