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Collection Speciation And Aerosol Modelling For Volatile Organic Compounds
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Book Synopsis Collection, Speciation and Aerosol Modelling for Volatile Organic Compounds by : Kevin Alan Scott Goodman-Rendall
Download or read book Collection, Speciation and Aerosol Modelling for Volatile Organic Compounds written by Kevin Alan Scott Goodman-Rendall and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Abundance and Speciation of Volatile Organic Compound Emissions Determined Through Field Measurements of Formaldehyde by :
Download or read book Abundance and Speciation of Volatile Organic Compound Emissions Determined Through Field Measurements of Formaldehyde written by and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The oxidation of volatile organic compounds (VOC) drives the formation of secondary pollutants such as tropospheric ozone and secondary organic aerosol. Thousands of different species of VOCs and their oxidation products are present in the atmosphere, making fully explicit measurements and models of VOC oxidation difficult. Formaldehyde (HCHO) is formed in the oxidation of nearly every VOC, providing a product-based perspective of total VOC oxidation. Furthermore, HCHO is an important source of radicals that sustains the oxidizing capacity of the atmosphere. This work employs field measurements and photochemical box models of HCHO to investigate the total amount and speciation of VOC emissions in several regions. We first validate the FIber Laser-Induced Fluorescence (FILIF) HCHO measurement technique in a chamber-based intercomparison with a commercial Hantzsch chemical derivatization instrument. FILIF sets a new standard for field-based measurement speed and precision, enabling the measurements acquired on three field campaigns: Using flight-based measurements over the South East United States, we show that the ratio of glyoxal to formaldehyde is a valuable metric for determining the speciation of local VOC emissions. Using Zeppelin-based measurements over the Po Valley, we show that agricultural emissions of HCHO may significantly increase local ozone production. Finally, from ground-based measurements above the canopy of a forest in Alabama, we show that unmeasured VOC species can contribute significantly to the total loss of the OH radical. Together, these results provide new clarification on the link between air quality and the atmospheric budget of HCHO.
Book Synopsis Development of Novel Instrumentation and Methods to Investigate the Composition and Phase Partitioning of Semivolatile and Intermediately Volatile Organic Compounds in Atmospheric Organic Aerosol by : Claire Francis Fortenberry
Download or read book Development of Novel Instrumentation and Methods to Investigate the Composition and Phase Partitioning of Semivolatile and Intermediately Volatile Organic Compounds in Atmospheric Organic Aerosol written by Claire Francis Fortenberry and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 327 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Atmospheric particulate matter (PM) is ubiquitous in both indoor and outdoor air and is generally detrimental to human health. PM composed of particles with aerodynamic diameters less than 2.5 um (PM2.5) are related to adverse health outcomes including heart disease and respiratory disease. Fundamentally, particle physical properties such as size and hygroscopicity are dictated by chemical composition, which can be highly complex, particularly for organic aerosol (OA). In both outdoor and indoor air, OA is composed substantially of intermediately volatile and semivolatile organic compounds (I/SVOCs), which exist in both gas and particle phases under typical atmospheric conditions. The distribution of these compounds between the two phases can change rapidly depending on conditions like temperature, relative humidity, and concentrations of surrounding particles and gases. The chemical complexity and rapidly-changing dynamics of I/SVOCs in OA necessitates improved instrumentation to speciate complex mixtures of I/SVOCs in both gas and particle phases at fast time scales relative to phase partitioning dynamics.The Thermal desorption Aerosol Gas Chromatograph (TAG), which performs in-situ ambient collection and molecular-level speciation of organics at hourly time resolution, is uniquely suited to meet these challenges. The TAG system has been modified in various ways to collect and analyze different targeted molecules in both the gas and particle phases. In addition to speciated organics, the impactor-based collection and thermal desorption (ICTD) system developed for the original TAG features unique thermal decomposition data, which provides information on thermally labile organic and inorganic fragments. These data have been used in laboratory and field studies to evaluate different species not normally analyzable by gas chromatography. However, the ICTD cell is not suitable for gas-phase quantification.This dissertation addresses two major research themes: laboratory and field measurements to improve understanding of I/SVOCs in indoor and outdoor air, and development of improved I/SVOC measurement techniques. Within the first theme, atmospheric aging of I/SVOCs from biomass burning plumes was characterized in controlled laboratory studies with an oxidation flow reactor using molecular speciation and thermal decomposition data from the ICTD-TAG. I/SVOCs in indoor air were investigated under different natural ventilation (window opening) conditions using the ICTD-TAG in two field studies, and phase partitioning dynamics of indoor-measured I/SVOCs were examined in targeted experiments conducted in the field. Within the second theme, a denuder-based gas trap (GT) was developed and incorporated in parallel into the ICTD-TAG. Following initial GT testing in field studies, the design was modified and characterized through standard calibrations. Simple laboratory studies demonstrate that the GT-ICTD-TAG effectively measures changes in particle-phase fractions.
Book Synopsis Methods of Collecting and Separating Atmospheric Organic Aerosols for Analysis Using Two-Dimensional Gas and Liquid Chromatography with Mass Spectrometry by :
Download or read book Methods of Collecting and Separating Atmospheric Organic Aerosols for Analysis Using Two-Dimensional Gas and Liquid Chromatography with Mass Spectrometry written by and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 30 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the atmosphere, biogenic and anthropogenic emissions are oxidized to form secondary organic aerosols (SOA); however, the identities and concentrations of the compounds formed are inadequately known. In this work an aerosol (gas+particle) collection system was designed and tested in order to more fully characterize atmospheric volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) that contribute to SOA. Target compounds to be collected were C6 to C20 compounds with oxygenated functional groups such as aldehydes and alcohols. The collection system was designed to allow characterization of atmospheric aerosols using multiple analytical methods: two-dimensional gas chromatography with time of flight-mass spectrometry (GCxGC-TOFMS), with and without derivatization, and two- dimensional liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry (LCxLC-MS). The first stage of collection in the system uses a polytetrafluoroethelyne (PTFE) filter to capture the low volatility compounds in the particle phase. The flow is then split for two different collection mechanisms: adsorption thermal desorption (ATD) cartridges for gas phase VOCs, and solid phase extraction (SPE) filters for SVOCs. In order to test the viability of aerosol collection on PTFE filters and subsequent analysis using derivatization, four aerosol samples were collected on PTFE filters at Reed College. The average mass collected over 4 trials was 10.15 [microgram]. The U.S. Department of Energy Environmental and Molecular Science Lab (EMSL) performed extraction and derivatization on the Reed College samples, followed by GC-MS. Results show identifiable peaks that are significantly different than the filter blanks, suggesting that derivatization methods can be used to facilitate identification of relatively polar organic compounds sampled onto PTFE filters. Additional aerosol collection trials were conducted at Portland State University (PSU) using two SPE filters in series to collect gases and particles from tobacco smoke. A literature review was conducted to determine the type of SPE filter, time, and necessary flow rates to collect an optimum amount of sample for analysis. The tobacco smoke PM mass collected was 6mg/2mg and 2mg/0.9mg for trials one and two, respectively (front/back filter). PSU tobacco smoke samples were analyzed at EMSL using GC-MS with derivatization. Results showed successful collection of polar compounds in the semi-volatile range of interest, including alcohols, aldehydes, and phenols. Next steps of this research include collecting aerosol samples with the whole system (PTFE + ATD + SPE) and subsequent analysis of samples using GCxGC-TOFMS, with and without derivatization, and LCxLC-MS. Results to date suggest a more complete characterization of atmospheric organic aerosols can be attained using multiple offline analyses. Further characterization of atmospheric organic aerosols is necessary to improve air quality and climate modeling and develop efficient air quality and climate change mitigation technologies.
Book Synopsis Ozone-Forming Potential of Reformulated Gasoline by : National Research Council
Download or read book Ozone-Forming Potential of Reformulated Gasoline written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1999-09-23 with total page 270 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Committee on Ozone-Forming Potential for Reformulated Gasoline was asked whether the existing body of scientific and technical information is sufficient to permit a robust evaluation and comparison of the emissions from motor vehicles using different reformulated gasolines based on their ozone-forming potentials and to assess the concomitant impact of that approach on air-quality benefits of the use of oxygenates within the RFG program. As part of its charge, the committee was asked to consider (1) the technical soundness of various approaches for evaluating and comparing the relative ozone-forming potentials of RFG blends, (2) technical aspects of various air-quality issues related to RFG assessment, and (3) the sensitivity of evaluations of the relative ozone-forming potentials to factors related to fuel properties and the variability of vehicle technologies and driving patterns.
Book Synopsis Volatile Organic Compounds in the Atmosphere by : Ralf Koppmann
Download or read book Volatile Organic Compounds in the Atmosphere written by Ralf Koppmann and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2008-04-15 with total page 512 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Every day, large quantities of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are emitted into the atmosphere from both anthropogenic and natural sources. The formation of gaseous and particulate secondary products caused by oxidation of VOCs is one of the largest unknowns in the quantitative prediction of the earth’s climate on a regional and global scale, and on the understanding of local air quality. To be able to model and control their impact, it is essential to understand the sources of VOCs, their distribution in the atmosphere and the chemical transformations which remove these compounds from the atmosphere. In recent years techniques for the analysis of organic compounds in the atmosphere have been developed to increase the spectrum of detectable compounds and their detection limits. New methods have been introduced to increase the time resolution of those measurements and to resolve more complex mixtures of organic compounds. Volatile Organic Compounds in the Atmosphere describes the current state of knowledge of the chemistry of VOCs as well as the methods and techniques to analyse gaseous and particulate organic compounds in the atmosphere. The aim is to provide an authoritative review to address the needs of both graduate students and active researchers in the field of atmospheric chemistry research.
Book Synopsis Fundamentals of Chemical Reaction Engineering by : Mark E. Davis
Download or read book Fundamentals of Chemical Reaction Engineering written by Mark E. Davis and published by Courier Corporation. This book was released on 2013-05-27 with total page 385 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Appropriate for a one-semester undergraduate or first-year graduate course, this text introduces the quantitative treatment of chemical reaction engineering. It covers both homogeneous and heterogeneous reacting systems and examines chemical reaction engineering as well as chemical reactor engineering. Each chapter contains numerous worked-out problems and real-world vignettes involving commercial applications, a feature widely praised by reviewers and teachers. 2003 edition.
Book Synopsis Environmental Data Service by : United States. Environmental Data Service
Download or read book Environmental Data Service written by United States. Environmental Data Service and published by . This book was released on 1976-03 with total page 28 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Environmental Simulation Chambers: Application to Atmospheric Chemical Processes by : Ian Barnes
Download or read book Environmental Simulation Chambers: Application to Atmospheric Chemical Processes written by Ian Barnes and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2006-01-13 with total page 492 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book gives in the first instance descriptions of different types of so-called environment chambers or photoreactors used mainly for the simulation and/or investigation of important chemical processes occurring in the atmosphere. The types of reactor described include outdoor and indoor chambers, temperature regulated chambers and glass and Teflon foil chambers The practical use of chambers is demonstrated in contributions by leading scientists in the field of atmospheric chemistry using, in many cases, current results. The types of atmospherically relevant investigations described include the measurement of reactivities, the measurement of radicals, the measurement of photolysis frequencies and products, kinetic and product studies on the oxidation of different types of hydrocarbons by important oxidant species (OH, N03, 03), formation of secondary organic aerosol from hydrocarbon oxidation etc. A special section includes contributions from eastern European countries which highlight some of the environmental research being performed in these countries. An abridged version of a specially commissioned review by the JRC Ispra on the status of environmental research in eastern European countries is also included in this section.
Book Synopsis Rethinking the Ozone Problem in Urban and Regional Air Pollution by : National Research Council
Download or read book Rethinking the Ozone Problem in Urban and Regional Air Pollution written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1992-02-01 with total page 525 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Despite more than 20 years of regulatory efforts, concern is widespread that ozone pollution in the lower atmosphere, or troposphere, threatens the health of humans, animals, and vegetation. This book discusses how scientific information can be used to develop more effective regulations to control ozone. Rethinking the Ozone Problem in Urban and Regional Air Pollution discusses: The latest data and analysis on how tropospheric ozone is formed. How well our measurement techniques are functioning. Deficiencies in efforts to date to control the problem. Approaches to reducing ozone precursor emissions that hold the most promise. What additional research is needed. With a wealth of technical information, the book discusses atmospheric chemistry, the role of oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in ozone formation, monitoring and modeling the formation and transport processes, and the potential contribution of alternative fuels to solving the tropospheric ozone problem. The committee discusses criteria for designing more effective ozone control efforts. Because of its direct bearing on decisions to be made under the Clean Air Act, this book should be of great interest to environmental advocates, industry, and the regulatory community as well as scientists, faculty, and students.
Book Synopsis Handbook of Indoor Air Quality by : Yinping Zhang
Download or read book Handbook of Indoor Air Quality written by Yinping Zhang and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-11-23 with total page 2182 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: People live in indoor environment about 90% of lifetime and an adult inhales about 15 kg air each day, over 75% of the human body’s daily mass intake (air, food, water). Therefore, indoor air quality (IAQ) is very important to human health. This book provides the basic knowledge of IAQ and highlights the research achievements in the past two decades. It covers the following 12 sections: introduction, indoor air chemicals, indoor air particles, measurement and evaluation, source/sink characteristics, indoor chemistry, human exposure to indoor pollutants, health effects and health risk assessment, IAQ and cognitive performance, standards and guidelines, IAQ control, and air quality in various indoor environments. It provides a combination of an introduction to various aspects on IAQ studies, the current state-of-knowledge, various advances and the perspective of IAQ studies. It will be very helpful for the researchers and technicians in the IAQ and the related fields. It is also useful for experts in other fields and general readers who want to obtain a basic understanding of and research advances in the field of IAQ. A group of experts in IAQ research have been recruited to write the chapters. Their research interests and experience cover the scope of the book. In addition, some experienced experts in IAQ field have been invited as advisors or reviewers to give their comments, suggestions and revisions on the handbook framework and the chapter details. Their contribution guarantees the quality of the book. We are very grateful to them. Last but not least, we express our heartfelt thanks to Prof. Spengler, Harvard University, for writing the foreword of the current Handbook of Indoor Air Quality both as a pioneer scientist who contributed greatly to indoor air science and as an Editor-in-chief of Handbook of Indoor Air Quality 2001, 1st ed. New York: McGraw-Hill. In addition to hard copies, the book is also published online and will be updated by the authors as needed to keep it aligned with current knowledge. These salient features can make the handbook fresh with the research development.
Book Synopsis Aerosol Measurement by : Pramod Kulkarni
Download or read book Aerosol Measurement written by Pramod Kulkarni and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2011-07-12 with total page 920 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Aerosol Measurement: Principles, Techniques, and Applications Third Edition is the most detailed treatment available of the latest aerosol measurement methods. Drawing on the know-how of numerous expert contributors; it provides a solid grasp of measurement fundamentals and practices a wide variety of aerosol applications. This new edition is updated to address new and developing applications of aerosol measurement, including applications in environmental health, atmospheric science, climate change, air pollution, public health, nanotechnology, particle and powder technology, pharmaceutical research and development, clean room technology (integrated circuit manufacture), and nuclear waste management.
Download or read book Treatise on Geochemistry written by and published by Newnes. This book was released on 2013-10-19 with total page 14787 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This extensively updated new edition of the widely acclaimed Treatise on Geochemistry has increased its coverage beyond the wide range of geochemical subject areas in the first edition, with five new volumes which include: the history of the atmosphere, geochemistry of mineral deposits, archaeology and anthropology, organic geochemistry and analytical geochemistry. In addition, the original Volume 1 on "Meteorites, Comets, and Planets" was expanded into two separate volumes dealing with meteorites and planets, respectively. These additions increased the number of volumes in the Treatise from 9 to 15 with the index/appendices volume remaining as the last volume (Volume 16). Each of the original volumes was scrutinized by the appropriate volume editors, with respect to necessary revisions as well as additions and deletions. As a result, 27% were republished without major changes, 66% were revised and 126 new chapters were added. In a many-faceted field such as Geochemistry, explaining and understanding how one sub-field relates to another is key. Instructors will find the complete overviews with extensive cross-referencing useful additions to their course packs and students will benefit from the contextual organization of the subject matter Six new volumes added and 66% updated from 1st edition. The Editors of this work have taken every measure to include the many suggestions received from readers and ensure comprehensiveness of coverage and added value in this 2nd edition The esteemed Board of Volume Editors and Editors-in-Chief worked cohesively to ensure a uniform and consistent approach to the content, which is an amazing accomplishment for a 15-volume work (16 volumes including index volume)!
Book Synopsis Monitoring for Gaseous Pollutants in Museum Environments by : Cecily M. Grzywacz
Download or read book Monitoring for Gaseous Pollutants in Museum Environments written by Cecily M. Grzywacz and published by Getty Publications. This book was released on 2006-09-01 with total page 190 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With an emphasis on passive sampling, this volume focuses on the environmental monitoring for common gaseous pollutants. It offers an overview of the history and nature of pollutants of concern to museums and the challenges facing scientists, conservators, and managers seeking to develop target pollutant guidelines to protect cultural property.
Book Synopsis Emissions of Air Pollutants by : Rainer Friedrich
Download or read book Emissions of Air Pollutants written by Rainer Friedrich and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-09 with total page 348 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents a wealth of new information that enables environmental scientists and authorities to design methods for measuring and modelling emission rates related to specific pollution sources, and thus to generate improved emission inventories and reduction strategies. The text shows how to carry out experiments to verify emission data, including tunnel and open motorway studies, comprehensive city experiments and tracer experiments.
Book Synopsis Environmental Organic Chemistry by : Rene P. Schwarzenbach
Download or read book Environmental Organic Chemistry written by Rene P. Schwarzenbach and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2016-11-07 with total page 1026 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Examines in a pedagogical way all pertinent molecular and macroscopic processes that govern the distribution and fate of organic chemicals in the environment and provides simple modeling tools to quantitatively describe these processes and their interplay in a given environmental system Treats fundamental aspects of chemistry, physics, and mathematical modeling as applied to environmentally relevant problems, and gives a state of the art account of the field Teaches the reader how to relate the structure of a given chemical to its physical chemical properties and intrinsic reactivities Provides a holistic and teachable treatment of phase partitioning and transformation processes, as well as a more focused and tailor-made presentation of physical, mathematical, and modeling aspects that apply to environmental situations of concern Includes a large number of questions and problems allowing teachers to explore the depth of understanding of their students or allowing individuals who use the book for self-study to check their progress Provides a companion website, which includes solutions for all problems as well as a large compilation of physical constants and compound properties
Book Synopsis Air Pollution Modeling and its Application XXVI by : Clemens Mensink
Download or read book Air Pollution Modeling and its Application XXVI written by Clemens Mensink and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2019-11-23 with total page 490 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Current developments in air pollution modeling are explored as a series of contributions from researchers at the forefront of their field. This newest contribution on air pollution modeling and its application is focused on local, urban, regional and intercontinental modeling; emission modeling and processing; data assimilation and air quality forecasting; model assessment and evaluation; atmospheric aerosols. Additionally, this work also examines the relationship between air quality and human health and the effects of climate change on air quality. This work is a collection of selected papers presented at the 36th International Technical Meeting on Air Pollution Modeling and its Application, held in Ottawa, Canada, May 14-18, 2018. The book is intended as reference material for students and professors interested in air pollution modeling at the graduate level as well as researchers and professionals involved in developing and utilizing air pollution models.
