Central and Eastern European Literary Theory and the West

Download Central and Eastern European Literary Theory and the West PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG
ISBN 13 : 3110400308
Total Pages : 970 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (14 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Central and Eastern European Literary Theory and the West by : Michał Mrugalski

Download or read book Central and Eastern European Literary Theory and the West written by Michał Mrugalski and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2022-12-05 with total page 970 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Literary theory flourished in Central and Eastern Europe throughout the twentieth century, but its relation to Western literary scholarship is complex. This book sheds light on the entangled histories of exchange and influence both within the region known as Central and Eastern Europe, and between the region and the West. The exchange of ideas between scholars in the East and West was facilitated by both personal and institutional relations, both official and informal encounters. For the longest time, however, intellectual exchange was thwarted by political tensions that led to large parts of Central and Eastern Europe being isolated from the West. A few literary theories nevertheless made it into Western scholarly discourses via exiled scholars. Some of these scholars, such as Mikhail Bakhtin, become widely known in the West and their thought was transposed onto new, Western cultural contexts; others, such as Ol’ga Freidenberg, were barely noticed outside of Russian and Poland. This volume draws attention to the schools, circles, and concepts that shaped the development of theory in Central and Eastern Europe as well as the histoire croisée – the history of translations, transformations, and migrations – that conditioned its relationship with the West.

Central and Eastern European Literary Theory and the West

Download Central and Eastern European Literary Theory and the West PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG
ISBN 13 : 3110400340
Total Pages : 857 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (14 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Central and Eastern European Literary Theory and the West by : Michał Mrugalski

Download or read book Central and Eastern European Literary Theory and the West written by Michał Mrugalski and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2022-12-05 with total page 857 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Literary theory flourished in Central and Eastern Europe throughout the twentieth century, but its relation to Western literary scholarship is complex. This book sheds light on the entangled histories of exchange and influence both within the region known as Central and Eastern Europe, and between the region and the West. The exchange of ideas between scholars in the East and West was facilitated by both personal and institutional relations, both official and informal encounters. For the longest time, however, intellectual exchange was thwarted by political tensions that led to large parts of Central and Eastern Europe being isolated from the West. A few literary theories nevertheless made it into Western scholarly discourses via exiled scholars. Some of these scholars, such as Mikhail Bakhtin, become widely known in the West and their thought was transposed onto new, Western cultural contexts; others, such as Ol’ga Freidenberg, were barely noticed outside of Russian and Poland. This volume draws attention to the schools, circles, and concepts that shaped the development of theory in Central and Eastern Europe as well as the histoire croisée – the history of translations, transformations, and migrations – that conditioned its relationship with the West.

Critical Theory in Russia and the West

Download Critical Theory in Russia and the West PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1135254966
Total Pages : 241 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (352 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Critical Theory in Russia and the West by : Alastair Renfrew

Download or read book Critical Theory in Russia and the West written by Alastair Renfrew and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2009-12-04 with total page 241 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book, with contributions from some of the best-known and most visible specialists in the field, re-examines the significant transfers, cross-fertilisations and synergies of cultural and literary theory between Russia and the West, from the 1920s through to the present day.

Facing the East in the West

Download Facing the East in the West PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Rodopi
ISBN 13 : 9042030496
Total Pages : 480 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (42 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Facing the East in the West by : Barbara Korte

Download or read book Facing the East in the West written by Barbara Korte and published by Rodopi. This book was released on 2010-01 with total page 480 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over the last decade, migration flows from Central and Eastern Europe have become an issue in political debates about human rights, social integration, multiculturalism and citizenship in Great Britain. The increasing number of Eastern Europeans living in Britain has provoked ambivalent and diverse responses, including representations in film and literature that range from travel writing, humorous fiction, mockumentaries, musicals, drama and children's literature to the thriller. The present volume discusses a wide range of representations of Eastern and Central Europe and its people as reflected in British literature, film and culture. The book offers new readings of authors who have influenced the cultural imagination since the nineteenth century, such as Bram Stoker, George Bernard Shaw, Joseph Conrad and Arthur Koestler. It also discusses the work of more contemporary writers and film directors including Sacha Baron Cohen, David Cronenberg, Vesna Goldsworthy, Kapka Kassabova, Marina Lewycka, Ken Loach, Mike Phillips, Joanne K. Rowling and Rose Tremain. With its focus on post-Wall Europe, Facing the East in the Westgoes beyond discussions of migration to Britain from an established postcolonial perspective and contributes to the current exploration of 'new' European identities.

Form and Instability

Download Form and Instability PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Northwestern University Press
ISBN 13 : 0810132036
Total Pages : 200 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (11 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Form and Instability by : Anita Starosta

Download or read book Form and Instability written by Anita Starosta and published by Northwestern University Press. This book was released on 2015-12-31 with total page 200 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How are we to read the world after the fall of the Berlin Wall? Form and Instability brings notions of figuration and translation to bear on the post-1989 condition. "Eastern Europe" in this book is more than a territory. Marked by belatedness and untimely remainders, it is an unstable object that is continually misapprehended. From the intersection of comparative literature, area studies, and literary theory, Anita Starosta considers the epistemological and aesthetic consequences of the disappearance of the Second World. Literature here becomes a critical lens in its own right—both object and method, it confronts us with the rhetorical dimension of language and undermines the ideological and hermeneutic coherence of established categories. In original readings of Joseph Conrad and Witold Gombrowicz, among other twentieth-century writers, Form and Instability unsettles cultural boundaries as we know them.

Eastern Europeans in Contemporary Literature and Culture

Download Eastern Europeans in Contemporary Literature and Culture PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 1137537922
Total Pages : 219 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (375 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Eastern Europeans in Contemporary Literature and Culture by : Vedrana Veličković

Download or read book Eastern Europeans in Contemporary Literature and Culture written by Vedrana Veličković and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-04-08 with total page 219 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Eastern Europeans in Contemporary Literature and Culture: Imagining New Europe provides a comprehensive study of the way in which contemporary writers, filmmakers, and the media have represented the recent phenomenon of Eastern European migration to the UK and Western Europe following the enlargement of the EU in the 21st century, the social and political changes after the fall of communism, and the Brexit vote. Exploring the recurring figures of Eastern Europeans as a new reservoir of cheap labour, the author engages with a wide range of both mainstream and neglected authors, films, and programmes, including Rose Tremain, John Lanchester, Marina Lewycka, Polly Courtney, Dubravka Ugrešić, Kapka Kassabova, Kwame Kwei-Armah, Mike Phillips, It’s a Free World, Gypo, Britain’s Hardest Workers, The Poles are Coming, and Czech Dream. Analyzing the treatment of Eastern Europeans as builders, fruit pickers, nannies, and victims of sex trafficking, and ways of resisting the stereotypes, this is an important intervention into debates about Europe, migration, and postcommunist transition to capitalism, as represented in multiple contemporary cultural texts.

Literary Theory: The Basics

Download Literary Theory: The Basics PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1040039693
Total Pages : 192 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (4 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Literary Theory: The Basics by : Hans Bertens

Download or read book Literary Theory: The Basics written by Hans Bertens and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2024-06-28 with total page 192 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Now in its fourth edition, Literary Theory: The Basics is an essential guide to the complicated and often confusing world of literary theory. Readers will encounter a broad range of topics from Marxist and feminist criticism to postmodernism, queer studies, and ecocriticism. Literary Theory: The Basics shows, in an always lucid and accessible style, how literary theory and practice are connected, and considers key theories and approaches including: humanist criticism; structuralist and poststructuralist theory; postcolonial theory; posthumanism, ecocriticism, and animal studies; digital humanities and print culture studies. Literary theory has much to say about the wider world of humanities and beyond, and this guide helps readers to approach the many theories and debates with confidence. Expanded with updates throughout, this is the go-to guide for understanding literary theory today.

Europe in Law and Literature

Download Europe in Law and Literature PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG
ISBN 13 : 3111076466
Total Pages : 353 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (11 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Europe in Law and Literature by : Laura Anina Zander

Download or read book Europe in Law and Literature written by Laura Anina Zander and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2023-05-08 with total page 353 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Europe is a broad and multifaceted construct, variously understood as a geographical, political, legal, institutional, social, or cultural formation. It is characterized by numerous conflicts and processes of negotiation that have accompanied or sustained the development of normative orders and divergent conceptions of law, both in relation to individual states and to Europe as a whole. The same applies to the field of literature, language, and aesthetics; numerous myths and ideologies have shaped today’s understanding of Europe and still support it today. This volume examines how such processes were legally structured, and literarily addressed, criticized, and complemented. Its interdisciplinary perspective and open and dynamic, both dialogical and dialectical format intends to replicate the fragmented, sometimes conflicting, but always productive mosaic of voices, ideas, and concepts that have constituted and still constitute Europe, whether in the past, present, or future. Instead of resolving any of the complexities and contradictions that frame discussions on law, literature, and Europe, it aims to induce further engagement and confrontations with new and alternative visions of Europe.

East and West and the Concept of Literature

Download East and West and the Concept of Literature PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : GRIN Verlag
ISBN 13 : 3638798917
Total Pages : 86 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (387 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis East and West and the Concept of Literature by : Wolfgang Ruttkowski

Download or read book East and West and the Concept of Literature written by Wolfgang Ruttkowski and published by GRIN Verlag. This book was released on 2007-10 with total page 86 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Scientific Essay from the year 2001 in the subject German Studies - Comparative Literature, grade: none, Kyoto Sangyo University (X. International German Congress, Wien), 69 entries in the bibliography, language: English, abstract: By carefully comparing observations made by specialists in Chinese, Indian, Japanese, and Western literature concerning problems of literary values, canon-formation, and the concept of literature itself, the author tries to answer some of the most pertinent questions in comparative aesthetics and ethnopoetics, specifically: Are literatures of radically different cultures comparable regarding literary values?- Do "universal" literary values exist?- Do literary values remain the same within the development of one culture?- Does the fact that certain works of literature have been valued over centuries indicate that "eternal values" exist?- Is the concept of literature the same in radically different cultures?- Does it remain the same within the development of one culture?- Are the basic genres (the lyric, epic, and dramatic) comparable?- Are certain analogous phenomena in Indian and Western literature indicative of basic similarities between these literatures?- Is at least the theory deduced from these literatures similar?- Is a unified theory of literature desirable?- Are literary canons established mainly according to perceived aesthetic values in the selected works?- If the answer to all of the questions above is NO, wherein lie the basic differences between Eastern and Western literatures?- (In: Journal of Comparative Literature and Aesthetics, Sambalpur University, Orissa/India, XXIV, 1-2, 2001, 89-125)

History of the Literary Cultures of East-Central Europe

Download History of the Literary Cultures of East-Central Europe PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Benjamins Publishing
ISBN 13 : 9027295530
Total Pages : 670 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (272 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis History of the Literary Cultures of East-Central Europe by : Marcel Cornis-Pope

Download or read book History of the Literary Cultures of East-Central Europe written by Marcel Cornis-Pope and published by John Benjamins Publishing. This book was released on 2004-05-28 with total page 670 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: National literary histories based on internally homogeneous native traditions have significantly contributed to the construction of national identities, especially in multicultural East-Central Europe, the region between the German and Russian hegemonic cultural powers stretching from the Baltic states to the Balkans. History of the Literary Cultures of East-Central Europe, which covers the last two hundred years, reconceptualizes these literary traditions by de-emphasizing the national myths and by highlighting analogies and points of contact, as well as hybrid and marginal phenomena that traditional national histories have ignored or deliberately suppressed. The four volumes of the History configure the literatures from five angles: (1) key political events, (2) literary periods and genres, (3) cities and regions, (4) literary institutions, and (5) real and imaginary figures. The first volume, which includes the first two of these dimensions, is a collaborative effort of more than fifty contributors from Eastern and Western Europe, the US, and Canada.The four volumes of the History comprise the first volume in the new subseries on Literary Cultures.

History of the Literary Cultures of East-Central Europe

Download History of the Literary Cultures of East-Central Europe PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Benjamins Publishing
ISBN 13 : 9027287864
Total Pages : 728 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (272 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis History of the Literary Cultures of East-Central Europe by : Marcel Cornis-Pope

Download or read book History of the Literary Cultures of East-Central Europe written by Marcel Cornis-Pope and published by John Benjamins Publishing. This book was released on 2010-09-29 with total page 728 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Types and stereotypes is the fourth and last volume of a path-breaking multinational literary history that incorporates innovative features relevant to the writing of literary history in general. Instead of offering a traditional chronological narrative of the period 1800-1989, the History of the Literary Cultures of East-Central Europe approaches the region’s literatures from five complementary angles, focusing on literature’s participation in and reaction to key political events, literary periods and genres, the literatures of cities and sub-regions, literary institutions, and figures of representation. The main objective of the project is to challenge the self-enclosure of national literatures in traditional literary histories, to contextualize them in a regional perspective, and to recover individual works, writers, and minority literatures that national histories have marginalized or ignored. Types and stereotypes brings together articles that rethink the figures of National Poets, figurations of the Family, Women, Outlaws, and Others, as well as figures of Trauma and Mediation. As in the previous three volumes, the historical and imaginary figures discussed here constantly change and readjust to new political and social conditions. An Epilogue complements the basic history, focusing on the contradictory transformations of East-Central European literary cultures after 1989. This volume will be of interest to the region’s literary historians, to students and teachers of comparative literature, to cultural historians, and to the general public interested in exploring the literatures of a rich and resourceful cultural region.

Tradition, Literature and Politics in East-Central Europe

Download Tradition, Literature and Politics in East-Central Europe PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1000332039
Total Pages : 253 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (3 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Tradition, Literature and Politics in East-Central Europe by : Carl Tighe

Download or read book Tradition, Literature and Politics in East-Central Europe written by Carl Tighe and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2020-12-30 with total page 253 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Milan Kundera warned that in in the states of East-Central Europe, attitudes to the west and the idea of ‘Europe’ were complex and could even be hostile. But few could have imagined how the collapse of communism and membership of the EU would confront these countries with a life that was suddenly and disconcertingly ‘modern’ and which challenged sustaining traditions in literature, culture, politics and established views on identity. Since the countries of East-Central Europe joined the European Union in 2004 the politicians and oppositionists of the centre-left, who once led the charge against communism, have often been forced to give way to right-wing, authoritarian, populist governments. These governments, while keen to accept EU finance, have been determined to present themselves as protecting their traditional ethno-national inheritance, resisting ‘foreign interference’, stemming the ‘gay invasion’, halting ‘Islamic replacement’ and reversing women’s rights. They have blamed Communists, liberals, foreigners, Jews and Gypsies, revised abortion laws, tampered with their constitutions to control the Justice system and taken over the media to an astonishing degree. By 2019, amid calls for the suspension of their voting rights, both Poland and Hungary had been taken to the European Court of Justice and the European Parliament and had begun to explore ways to put conditions on future EU funding. This book focuses on the interface between tradition, literature and politics in east-central Europe, focusing mainly on Poland but also Hungary and the Czech Republic. It explores literary tradition and the role of writers to ask why these left-liberals, who were once ubiquitous in the struggles with communism, are now marginalised, often reviled and almost entirely absent from political debate. It asks, in what ways the advent of capitalism ‘normalised’ literature and what the consequences might be? It asks whether the rise of chauvinism is ‘normal’ in this part of the world and whether the literary traditions that helped sustain independent political thought through the communist years now, instead of supporting literature, feed nationalist opinion and negative attitudes to the idea of ‘Europe’.

Comparative Hungarian Cultural Studies

Download Comparative Hungarian Cultural Studies PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Purdue University Press
ISBN 13 : 1612491960
Total Pages : 386 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (124 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Comparative Hungarian Cultural Studies by : Steven Tötösy de Zepetnek

Download or read book Comparative Hungarian Cultural Studies written by Steven Tötösy de Zepetnek and published by Purdue University Press. This book was released on 2011-08-05 with total page 386 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The studies presented in the collected volume Comparative Hungarian Cultural Studies— edited by Steven Totosy de Zepetnek and Louise O. Vasvari—are intended as an addition to scholarship in (comparative) cultural studies. More specifically, the articles represent scholarship about Central and East European culture with special attention to Hungarian culture, literature, cinema, new media, and other areas of cultural expression. On the landscape of scholarship in Central and East Europe (including Hungary), cultural studies has acquired at best spotty interest and studies in the volume aim at forging interest in the field. The volume's articles are in five parts: part one, "History Theory and Methodology of Comparative Hungarian Cultural Studies," include studies on the prehistory of multicultural and multilingual Central Europe, where vernacular literatures were first institutionalized for developing a sense of national identity. Part two, "Comparative Hungarian Cultural Studies and Literature and Culture" is about the re-evaluation of canonical works, as well as Jewish studies which has been explored inadequately in Central European scholarship. Part three, "Comparative Hungarian Cultural Studies and Other Arts," includes articles on race, jazz, operetta, and art, fin-de-siecle architecture, communist-era female fashion, and cinema. In part four, "Comparative Hungarian Cultural Studies and Gender," articles are about aspects of gender and sex(uality) with examples from fin-de-siecle transvestism, current media depictions of heterodox sexualities, and gendered language in the workplace. The volume's last section, part five, "Comparative Hungarian Cultural Studies of Contemporary Hungary," includes articles about post-1989 issues of race and ethnic relations, citizenship and public life, and new media.

Perspectives on Literature and Society in Eastern and Western Europe

Download Perspectives on Literature and Society in Eastern and Western Europe PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 1349196983
Total Pages : 208 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (491 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Perspectives on Literature and Society in Eastern and Western Europe by : George F Cushing

Download or read book Perspectives on Literature and Society in Eastern and Western Europe written by George F Cushing and published by Springer. This book was released on 1989-01-16 with total page 208 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Literature, Memory, Hegemony

Download Literature, Memory, Hegemony PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 9811090017
Total Pages : 193 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (11 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Literature, Memory, Hegemony by : Sharmani Patricia Gabriel

Download or read book Literature, Memory, Hegemony written by Sharmani Patricia Gabriel and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-06-14 with total page 193 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This edited book considers the need for the continued dismantling of conceptual and cultural hegemonies of ‘East’ and ‘West’ in the humanities and social sciences. Cutting across a wide range of literature, film and art from different contexts and ages, this collection seeks out the interpenetrating dynamic between both terms. Highlighting the inherent instability of East and West as oppositional categories, it focuses on the ‘crossings’ between East and West and this nexus as a highly-charged arena of encounter and collision. Drawing from varied literary contexts ranging from Victorian literature to Chinese literature and modern European literature, the book covers a diverse range of subject matter, including material drawn from psychoanalytic and postcolonial theory and studies related to race, religion, diaspora, and gender, and investigates topical social and political issues —including terrorism, nationalism, citizenship, the refugee crisis, xenophobia and otherness. Offering a framework to consider the salient questions of cultural, ideological and geographical change in our societies, this book is a key read for those working within world literary studies.

The Birth and Death of Literary Theory

Download The Birth and Death of Literary Theory PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Stanford University Press
ISBN 13 : 1503609731
Total Pages : 407 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (36 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Birth and Death of Literary Theory by : Galin Tihanov

Download or read book The Birth and Death of Literary Theory written by Galin Tihanov and published by Stanford University Press. This book was released on 2019-07-30 with total page 407 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Until the 1940s, when awareness of Russian Formalism began to spread, literary theory remained almost exclusively a Russian and Eastern European invention. The Birth and Death of Literary Theory tells the story of literary theory by focusing on its formative interwar decades in Russia. Nowhere else did literary theory emerge and peak so early, even as it shared space with other modes of reflection on literature. A comprehensive account of every important Russian trend between the world wars, the book traces their wider impact in the West during the 20th and 21st centuries. Ranging from Formalism and Bakhtin to the legacy of classic literary theory in our post-deconstruction, world literature era, Galin Tihanov provides answers to two fundamental questions: What does it mean to think about literature theoretically, and what happens to literary theory when this option is no longer available? Asserting radical historicity, he offers a time-limited way of reflecting upon literature—not in order to write theory's obituary but to examine its continuous presence across successive regimes of relevance. Engaging and insightful, this is a book for anyone interested in theory's origins and in what has happened since its demise.

Romanian Literature as World Literature

Download Romanian Literature as World Literature PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing USA
ISBN 13 : 1501327917
Total Pages : 377 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (13 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Romanian Literature as World Literature by : Mircea Martin

Download or read book Romanian Literature as World Literature written by Mircea Martin and published by Bloomsbury Publishing USA. This book was released on 2017-12-28 with total page 377 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Approaching Romanian literature as world literature, this book is a critical-theoretical manifesto that places its object at the crossroads of empires, regions, and influences and draws conclusions whose relevance extends beyond the Romanian, Romance, and East European cultural systems. This "intersectional" revisiting of Romanian literature is organized into three parts. Opening with a fresh look at the literary ideology of Romania's "national poet," Mihai Eminescu, part I dwells primarily on literary-cultural history as process and discipline. Here, the focus is on cross-cultural mimesis, the role of strategic imitation in the production of a distinct literature in modern Romania, and the shortcomings marking traditional literary historiography's handling of these issues. Part II examines the ethno-linguistic and territorial complexity of Romanian literatures or "Romanian literature in the plural." Part III takes up the trans-systemic rise of Romanian, Jewish Romanian, and Romanian-European avant-garde and modernism, Socialist Realism, exile and �migr� literature, and translation.