Catalytic Pyrolysis Of Pinewood For Improving Hydrocarbon Yield And Oil Stability Using Low Cost Metal Supported Catalysts

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Catalytic Pyrolysis of Pinewood for Improving Hydrocarbon Yield and Oil Stability Using Low-cost Metal-supported Catalysts

Author : Angelika S. Quedraogo
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 93 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (115 download)

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Book Synopsis Catalytic Pyrolysis of Pinewood for Improving Hydrocarbon Yield and Oil Stability Using Low-cost Metal-supported Catalysts by : Angelika S. Quedraogo

Download or read book Catalytic Pyrolysis of Pinewood for Improving Hydrocarbon Yield and Oil Stability Using Low-cost Metal-supported Catalysts written by Angelika S. Quedraogo and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 93 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Author's abstract: The objectives of this research are to develop low-cost metal-supported catalysts to improve the hydrocarbon yield in the bio-oil and to reduce the undesired compounds such as aldehydes, ketones, and acids. In this study, a fixed bed reactor was constructed using a stainless steel pipe, a split furnace, and an ice bath condenser for the catalytic pyrolysis of pine sawdust. A low-cost metal-supported catalyst has been developed and characterized using SEM, EDS, and BET analysis methods. In addition, the effects of temperature and catalyst type on the yield and quality of the pyrolysis bio-oil were investigated. The experiment was carried out at 400, 500, and 600°C at 1 atmosphere in the presence of 100 mL/min nitrogen without a catalyst, over HZSM-5 or Ni/HZSM-5. Prior to the pyrolysis, the pine sawdust was sized using a 1.18 mm sieve and dried for 24 hours at 105°C in an oven. The feedstock’s ultimate and proximate analyses were completed using a CHNS-O analyzer, a thermogravimetric analyzer, and a furnace. The output products collected were bio-oil, biochar, and syngas. The bio-oil was collected by condensation and analyzed using Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry (GCMS). The non-catalytic pyrolysis had a high yield (37.44w.%) at 500°C; however, HZSM-5 and Ni/HZSM-5 had a similar amount of bio-oil (36.601 and 35.341 wt.%, respectively) at 400°C. The presence of catalysts has improved the bio-oil viscosity by producing more than 90% of light bio-oil and approximately ≤ 10% of heavy bio-oil. The qualitative analysis is categorized into two subgroups of compounds. The first subgroup was constituted of desired compounds such as hydrocarbons, alcohols, phenols, and derived phenol compounds. The other subgroup represents the undesired compounds such as aldehydes, ketones, and acids. The hydrocarbon content in the heavy bio-oil was relatively high, while alcohols, phenols and their derivatives constituted the major compounds in light bio-oils. The presence of Ni/HZSM-5 has increased the selectivity towards the desired compounds from 49.742% to 80.179% in heavy bio-oils and 34.945% to 56.270% in light bio-oils at 400°C.

Catalytic Co-pyrolysis of Pinewood and Waste Plastics for Improving the Selectivity of Hydrocarbons and the Quality of Pyrolysis Oil

Download Catalytic Co-pyrolysis of Pinewood and Waste Plastics for Improving the Selectivity of Hydrocarbons and the Quality of Pyrolysis Oil PDF Online Free

Author : Md Hafizur Rahman
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 129 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (116 download)

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Book Synopsis Catalytic Co-pyrolysis of Pinewood and Waste Plastics for Improving the Selectivity of Hydrocarbons and the Quality of Pyrolysis Oil by : Md Hafizur Rahman

Download or read book Catalytic Co-pyrolysis of Pinewood and Waste Plastics for Improving the Selectivity of Hydrocarbons and the Quality of Pyrolysis Oil written by Md Hafizur Rahman and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 129 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Author's abstract: Biomass-based pyrolytic oil exhibits a lower calorific value and contains oxygenated compounds, which need to be minimized to upgrade the biofuel quality. In addition, approximately 50% of the world’s current bioplastics are composed of similar chemicals found in traditional plastics, which are not biodegradable. Because of the lack of a suitable environment, bioplastics and recyclable plastics breach their designated waste chain and accumulate in landfills. To prevent these plastics from littering the ocean, alternative solutions are necessary. The overall goal of this research is to study the effects of the co-pyrolysis ratio of pinewood to high-density polyethylene (HDPE) plastic in order to reduce the oxygenated compounds and to improve the quality of pyrolysis oil. In this research, a double-column staged reactor was fabricated whereby the pine biomass to HDPE plastic ratio was varied between 0/100, 25/75, 50/50, 75/25, and 100/0 at 450°C, 500°C, and 550°C. A Zeolitic-based ZSM-5 catalyst was used with the feedstock at a ratio of 1:1, which cracked the heavy molecules into gasoline-range liquid hydrocarbons with a higher calorific value. Virgin HDPE was used for the co-pyrolytic feedstock. In addition, virgin low-density polyethylene; virgin polylactic acid; and waste plastics such as HDPE grocery bags, polyethylene terephthalate water bottles, and compostable bioplastic bags were investigated for the comparison with virgin HDPE. Virgin HDPE produced 30.54% liquid pyrolysis oil with a calorific value of 40.38 MJ/Kg and a selectivity of above 90% toward gasoline-range aromatic hydrocarbons at 500°C. Comparatively, at 500°C, pinewood offered 26.27% liquid pyrolysis oil yield with a heating value of 30.13 MJ/Kg and a gasoline selectivity of 69.30%. The addition of HDPE in the co-pyrolytic feed increased the hydrogen/carbon effective (H/Ceff) ratio and the gasoline selectivity simultaneously. The gasoline selectivity was also increased from 68.87% to 76.31% for 100% pine sawdust when the experimental temperature was increased from 450°C to 550°C with an H/Ceff of 0.029. However, for HDPE of above 50% or an H/Ceff ratio above 0.989, gasoline selectivity was above 90% at 450°C and 500°C. Mixed plastics also demonstrated a liquid yield of 17.35% and the calorific value was 42.68 MJ/Kg with a gasoline selectivity of above 90%. Moreover, pyrolysis oil from both virgin and waste HDPE has shown a significantly higher selectivity toward C9 hydrocarbons. Among C9 hydrocarbons, cumene is used in gasoline as an octane booster. The gas contains (C1–C5) range hydrocarbons and typically consists of alkanes and alkenes, which are important from the point of view of the high calorific value of gaseous fuel. Therefore, the catalytic co-pyrolysis of pine and plastics has shown significant potential for improving the bio-oil quality of gasoline-range hydrocarbon fuels, and, in particular, HDPE has increased the quantity and quality of pyrolysis oil simultaneously.

Pyrolysis Oils

Author : Tushar P. Vispute
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 174 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (748 download)

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Book Synopsis Pyrolysis Oils by : Tushar P. Vispute

Download or read book Pyrolysis Oils written by Tushar P. Vispute and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 174 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There is a growing need to develop the processes to produce renewable fuels and chemicals due to the economical, political, and environmental concerns associated with the fossil fuels. One of the most promising methods for a small scale conversion of biomass into liquid fuels is fast pyrolysis. The liquid product obtained from the fast pyrolysis of biomass is called pyrolysis oil or bio-oil. It is a complex mixture of more than 300 compounds resulting from the depolymerization of biomass building blocks, cellulose; hemi-cellulose; and lignin. Bio-oils have low heating value, high moisture content, are acidic, contain solid char particles, are incompatible with existing petroleum based fuels, are thermally unstable, and degrade with time. They cannot be used directly in a diesel or a gasoline internal combustion engine. One of the challenges with the bio-oil is that it is unstable and can phase separate when stored for long. Its viscosity and molecular weight increases with time. It is important to identify the factors responsible for the bio-oil instability and to stabilize the bio-oil. The stability analysis of the bio-oil showed that the high molecular weight lignin oligomers in the bio-oil are mainly responsible for the instability of bio-oil. The viscosity increase in the bio-oil was due to two reasons: increase in the average molecular weight and increase in the concentration of high molecular weight oligomers. Char can be removed from the bio-oil by microfiltration using ceramic membranes with pore sizes less than 1 [mu meter]. Removal of char does not affect the bio-oil stability but is desired as char can cause difficulty in further processing of the bio-oil. Nanofiltration and low temperature hydrogenation were found to be the promising techniques to stabilize the bio-oil. Bio-oil must be catalytically converted into fuels and chemicals if it is to be used as a feedstock to make renewable fuels and chemicals. The water soluble fraction of bio-oil (WSBO) was found to contain C2 to C6 oxygenated hydrocarbons with various functionalities. In this study we showed that both hydrogen and alkanes can be produced with high yields from WSBO using aqueous phase processing. Hydrogen was produced by aqueous phase reforming over Pt/Al2O3 catalyst. Alkanes were produced by hydrodeoxygenation over Pt/SiO2-Al2O3. Both of these processes were preceded by a low temperature hydrogenation step over Ru/C catalyst. This step was critical to achieve high yields of hydrogen and alkanes. WSBO was also converted to gasoline-range alcohols and C2 to C6 diols with up to 46% carbon yield by a two-stage hydrogenation process over Ru/C catalyst (125 °C) followed by over Pt/C (250 °C) catalyst. Temperature and pressure can be used to tune the product selectivity. The hydroprocessing of bio-oil was followed by zeolite upgrading to produce C6 to C8 aromatic hydrocarbons and C2 to C4 olefins. Up to 70% carbon yield to aromatics and olefins was achieved from the hydrogenated aqueous fraction of bio-oil. The hydroprocessing steps prior to the zeolite upgrading increases the thermal stability of bio-oil as well as the intrinsic hydrogen content. Increasing the thermal stability of bio-oil results in reduced coke yields in zeolite upgrading, whereas, increasing the intrinsic hydrogen content results in more oxygen being removed from bio-oil as H2O than CO and CO2. This results in higher carbon yields to aromatic hydrocarbon and olefins. Integrating hydroprocessing with zeolite upgrading produces a narrow product spectrum and reduces the hydrogen requirement of the process as compared to processes solely based on hydrotreating. Increasing the yield of petrochemical products from biomass therefore requires hydrogen, thus cost of hydrogen dictates the maximum economic potential of the process.

Pyrolysis of Biomass

Author : Shurong Wang
Publisher : Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG
ISBN 13 : 311036963X
Total Pages : 268 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (13 download)

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Book Synopsis Pyrolysis of Biomass by : Shurong Wang

Download or read book Pyrolysis of Biomass written by Shurong Wang and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2016-12-05 with total page 268 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With the development of societies fossil energy is no longer the only energy resource, and increasing attention had been paid to alternative energy. Biomass is considered to be one of the alternatives due to efficiency and low cost. This book presents biomass pyrolysis behavior for three main components: Cellulose, Hemicellulose and Lignin, and discusses the influence of mineral salts , zeolite catalysts and metal oxide on their pyrolysis.

Production of Hydrocarbons from Biomass Using the Waterloo Fast Pyrolysis Process

Author : University of Waterloo. Department of Chemical Engineering
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 120 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Production of Hydrocarbons from Biomass Using the Waterloo Fast Pyrolysis Process by : University of Waterloo. Department of Chemical Engineering

Download or read book Production of Hydrocarbons from Biomass Using the Waterloo Fast Pyrolysis Process written by University of Waterloo. Department of Chemical Engineering and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 120 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Earlier work in the laboratory had shown that it was possible to hydrogasify wood directly at atmospheric pressure in a fluidized bed of nickel catalyst at operating conditions corresponding to those that were optimal for maximum liquid yields in the Waterloo fast pyrolysis process. It was thought that it might be possible to produce higher hydrocarbons by the same method with suitably modified catalysts. This project investigated the possibility of direct single step production of light hydrocarbons (C2+) from wood or cellulose by a process called catalytic hydropyrolysis. A wide range of catalytic metals, singly or in combination, were investigated, as well as three supports. Metals investigated include iron, nickel, cobalt, zinc, zirconium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, silicon, aluminum, titanium, and magnesium.

Fast Pyrolysis of Biomass

Author : Robert C Brown
Publisher : Royal Society of Chemistry
ISBN 13 : 1782626182
Total Pages : 291 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (826 download)

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Book Synopsis Fast Pyrolysis of Biomass by : Robert C Brown

Download or read book Fast Pyrolysis of Biomass written by Robert C Brown and published by Royal Society of Chemistry. This book was released on 2017-07-07 with total page 291 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fast pyrolysis and related catalytic pyrolysis are of increasing interest as pathways to advanced biofuels that closely mimic traditional petroleum products. Research has moved from empirical investigations to more fundamental studies of pyrolysis mechanisms. Theories on the chemical and physical pathways from plant polymers to pyrolysis products have proliferated as a result. This book brings together the latest developments in pyrolysis science and technology. It examines, reviews and challenges the unresolved and sometimes controversial questions about pyrolysis, helping advance the understanding of this important technology and stimulating discussion on the various competing theories of thermal deconstruction of plant polymers. Beginning with an introduction to the biomass-to-biofuels process via fast pyrolysis and catalytic pyrolysis, chapters address prominent questions such as whether free radicals or concerted reactions dominate deconstruction reactions. Finally, the book concludes with an economic analysis of fast pyrolysis versus catalytic pyrolysis. This book will be of interest to advanced students and researchers interested in the science behind renewable fuel technology, and particularly the thermochemical processing of biomass.

A Study of the Relative Efficiency of Catalysts in the Pyrolysis of Petroleum Hydrocarbons

Author : Elmer Herman Haux
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 16 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (6 download)

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Book Synopsis A Study of the Relative Efficiency of Catalysts in the Pyrolysis of Petroleum Hydrocarbons by : Elmer Herman Haux

Download or read book A Study of the Relative Efficiency of Catalysts in the Pyrolysis of Petroleum Hydrocarbons written by Elmer Herman Haux and published by . This book was released on 1922 with total page 16 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Catalytic Microwave Torrefaction and Pyrolysis of Douglas Fir Pellet to Improve Biofuel Quality

Author : Shoujie Ren
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781267947789
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (477 download)

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Book Synopsis Catalytic Microwave Torrefaction and Pyrolysis of Douglas Fir Pellet to Improve Biofuel Quality by : Shoujie Ren

Download or read book Catalytic Microwave Torrefaction and Pyrolysis of Douglas Fir Pellet to Improve Biofuel Quality written by Shoujie Ren and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The aims of this dissertation were to understand the effects of torrefaction as pretreatment on biomass pyrolysis and catalytic pyrolysis for improving biofuel quality, and the feasibility of biochar as a cheap catalyst for hydrocarbons production in biomass catalytic pyrolysis and bio-oil upgrading. The process conditions for microwave torrefaction and pyrolysis of Douglas fir sawdust pellets were optimized. Microwave pyrolysis of Douglas fir sawdust pellet produced a comparative bio-oil yield with those from fluidized-bed pyrolysis at the optimization conditions. The phenols and guaiacols accounted for the largest amount of chemicals in the bio-oil. The specific phenolic chemicals are highly related to the reaction temperature. The torrefaction conditions, such as reaction temperature and time, significantly influenced the yields of products. The bio-oils from torrefaction contained valuable chemicals. The energy yields of torrefied biomass ranging 67.03-90.06% implied that most energy was retained in the torrefied biomass. Torrefaction as pretreatment in biomass pyrolysis favored the phenols and sugar production, producing about 3.21 to 7.50 area% hydrocarbons while reducing organic acids and furans in bio-oils. Torrefaction also altered the compositions of syngas by reducing CO2 and increasing H2 and CH4. Torrefaction improved the phenols, hydrocarbons, and hydrogen production in catalytic microwave pyrolysis. The phenols, hydrocarbons, and H2 obtained from torrefied biomass catalytic pyrolysis over biochar were up to 46 area%, 16 area%, and 27.02 vol%, respectively. These results indicated that torrefaction as pretreatment can greatly improve the quality of bio-oil and syngas in biomass pyrolysis and catalytic pyrolysis. Upgraded bio-oil was dominated by phenols (37.23 area%) and hydrocarbons (42.56 area%) at higher biochar catalyst loadings. The biochar catalyst may be as a cheap catalyst in biomass conversion and bio-oil upgrading. The two step-reaction model fits well for Douglas fir sawdust torrefaction with the activation energies of about 112 kJ/mol and 150 kJ/mol for the first and second reaction stages, respectively. Derivative thermogravimetric (DTG) curves showed that the shoulder of hemicelluloses decomposition in torrefied biomass pyrolysis was eliminated. The first-order one-step global model fitted well for the raw and torrefied biomass pyrolysis with the average activation energies in the range of 203.94-195.13 kJ/mol.

Aromatic Hydrocarbons Production from Catalyst Assisted Microwave Pyrolysis of Douglas Fir Sawdust Pellet

Author : Lu Wang
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781303466076
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (66 download)

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Book Synopsis Aromatic Hydrocarbons Production from Catalyst Assisted Microwave Pyrolysis of Douglas Fir Sawdust Pellet by : Lu Wang

Download or read book Aromatic Hydrocarbons Production from Catalyst Assisted Microwave Pyrolysis of Douglas Fir Sawdust Pellet written by Lu Wang and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Zinc modified ZSM-5 catalysts were synthesized and tested in ex-situ catalytic cracking close coupled to microwave assisted pyrolysis process. It was found that the Zn loading on ZSM-5 catalyst could lower the coke and made the process more sensitive to the (WHSV) --1, less sensitive to the cracking temperature than ZSM-5 catalyst.

Catalysis and Zeolites

Author : Jens Weitkamp
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3662037645
Total Pages : 582 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (62 download)

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Book Synopsis Catalysis and Zeolites by : Jens Weitkamp

Download or read book Catalysis and Zeolites written by Jens Weitkamp and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-04-17 with total page 582 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Zeolites occur in nature and have been known for almost 250 years as alumino silicate minerals. Examples are clinoptilolite, mordenite, offretite, ferrierite, erionite and chabazite. Today, most of these and many other zeolites are of great interest in heterogeneous catalysis, yet their naturally occurring forms are of limited value as catalysts because nature has not optimized their properties for catalytic applications and the naturally occurring zeolites almost always contain undesired impurity phases. It was only with the advent of synthetic zeolites in the period from about 1948 to 1959 (thanks to the pioneering work of R. M. Barrer and R. M. Milton) that this class of porous materials began to playa role in catalysis. A landmark event was the introduction of synthetic faujasites (zeolite X at first, zeolite Y slightly later) as catalysts in fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) of heavy petroleum distillates in 1962, one of the most important chemical processes with a worldwide capacity of the order of 500 million t/a. Compared to the previously used amorphous silica-alumina catalysts, the zeolites were not only orders of magnitude more active, which enabled drastic process engineering improvements to be made, but they also brought about a significant increase in the yield of the target product, viz. motor gasoline. With the huge FCC capacity worldwide, the added value of this yield enhancement is of the order of 10 billion US $ per year.

In-situ Catalytic Upgrading of Pyrolysis Vapor

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (824 download)

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Book Synopsis In-situ Catalytic Upgrading of Pyrolysis Vapor by :

Download or read book In-situ Catalytic Upgrading of Pyrolysis Vapor written by and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The rising fuel prices, environmental concerns over the emission of greenhouse gases, and the limited availability of fossil fuels led to the current focus on developing alternative fuel sources that are sustainable and environmentally benign. Lignocellulosic biomass, due to its high carbon value, abundance and for being greenhouse gas neutral, is a promising alternative energy resource. Fast pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass produces high energy density liquid fuel, called bio-oil, which has the potential as transportation fuel. But, crude bio-oils are chemically complex liquids with high oxygen contents (40 % oxygen content), high viscosity, low pH, low thermal stability, and poor heating values (20 MJ/Kg). Therefore, bio-oils must be substantially upgraded (de-oxygenated) to highly stable, non-corrosive, and high calorific value liquid fuels prior to their use as transportation fuels. This research was conducted to investigate the efficiency of various acid catalysts in upgrading (cracking) the oxygenated pine wood pyrolysis vapors to high quality liquid fuel. Initial catalyst screening studies proved that zeolite acidity and pore structure is essential for effective cracking of pyrolysis vapors. Low space velocities and moderate temperatures were found to be favorable for the deoxygenation of pyrolysis vapors. Various zeolites were tested, of which HZSM-5 with low Si/Al ratio was found to be an effective cracking catalyst. But the use of zeolites resulted in poor liquid yields. Zeolites were promoted with transition metal ions in order to inhibit the secondary cracking reactions occurring on Brönsted acid sites. The meta--promoted bi-functional catalysts were found to be the most effective catalysts, among all the catalysts employed in this research, in promoting hydrocarbon forming reactions without adversely affecting the liquid yields. Catalyst coking was unavoidable but the addition of metal ions to zeolites lowered the extent of coking. TG analysis of used catalysts indicated that the catalysts can be regenerated by calcining at 600-650 °C.

Developing the Global Bioeconomy

Author : Patrick Lamers
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0128052902
Total Pages : 221 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (28 download)

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Book Synopsis Developing the Global Bioeconomy by : Patrick Lamers

Download or read book Developing the Global Bioeconomy written by Patrick Lamers and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2016-05-02 with total page 221 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Developing the Global Bioeconomy: Technical, Market, and Environmental Lessons from Bioenergy brings together expertise from three IEA-Bioenergy subtasks on pyrolysis, international trade, and biorefineries to review the bioenergy sector and draw useful lessons for the full deployment of the bioeconomy. Despite the vast amount of politically driven strategies, there is little understanding on how current markets will transition towards a global bioeconomy. The question is not only how the bioeconomy can be developed, but also how it can be developed sustainably in terms of economic and environmental concerns. To answer this question, this book’s expert chapter authors seek to identify the types of biorefineries that are expected to be implemented and the types of feedstock that may be used. They also provide historical analysis of the developments of biopower and biofuel markets, integration opportunities into existing supply chains, and the conditions that would need to be created and enhanced to achieve a global biomass trade system that could support a global bioeconomy. As expectations that a future bioeconomy will rely on a series of tradable commodities, this book provides a central accounting of the state of the discussion in a multidisciplinary approach that is ideal for research and academic experts, and analysts in all areas of the bioenergy, biofuels, and bioeconomy sectors, as well as those interested in energy policy and economics. Examines the lessons learned by the bioenergy industry and how they can be applied to the full development of the bioeconomy Explores different transition strategies and how the current fossil based and future bio-based economy are intertwined Reviews the status of current biomass conversion pathways Presents an historical analysis of the developments of biopower and biofuel markets, integration opportunities into existing supply chains, and the conditions that would need to be created and enhanced to achieve a global biomass trade system

Catalyst Characterization

Author : Boris Imelik
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1475795890
Total Pages : 720 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (757 download)

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Book Synopsis Catalyst Characterization by : Boris Imelik

Download or read book Catalyst Characterization written by Boris Imelik and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-06-29 with total page 720 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: to the Fundamental and Applied Catalysis Series Catalysis is important academically and industrially. It plays an essential role in the manufacture of a wide range of products, from gasoline and plastics to fertilizers and herbicides, which would otherwise be unobtainable or prohibitive ly expensive. There are few chemical-or oil-based material items in modern society that do not depend in some way on a catalytic stage in their manufacture. Apart from manufacturing processes, catalysis is finding other important and over-increasing uses; for example, successful applications of catalysis in the control ofpollution and its use in environmental control are certain to in crease in the future. The commercial import an ce of catalysis and the diverse intellectual challenges of catalytic phenomena have stimulated study by a broad spectrum of scientists including chemists, physicists, chemical engineers, and material scientists. Increasing research activity over the years has brought deeper levels of understanding, and these have been associated with a continually growing amount of published material. As recentlyas sixty years ago, Rideal and Taylor could still treat the subject comprehensively in a single volume, but by the 19 50s Emmett required six volumes, and no conventional multivolume text could now cover the whole of catalysis in any depth.

New and Future Developments in Catalysis

Author : Li Li
Publisher : Elsevier Inc. Chapters
ISBN 13 : 0128081945
Total Pages : 59 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (28 download)

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Book Synopsis New and Future Developments in Catalysis by : Li Li

Download or read book New and Future Developments in Catalysis written by Li Li and published by Elsevier Inc. Chapters. This book was released on 2013-07-17 with total page 59 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Catalytic Microwave Pyrolysis of Biomass for Renewable Phenols and Fuels

Author : Quan Bu
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781303465154
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (651 download)

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Book Synopsis Catalytic Microwave Pyrolysis of Biomass for Renewable Phenols and Fuels by : Quan Bu

Download or read book Catalytic Microwave Pyrolysis of Biomass for Renewable Phenols and Fuels written by Quan Bu and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bio-oil is an unstable intermediate and needs to be upgraded before its use. This study focused on improving the selectivity of bio-oilby catalytic pyrolysis of biomass using activated carbon (AC) catalysts. Firstly, the effects of process conditions on product quality and product yield were investigated by catalytic microwave pyrolysis of biomass using AC as a catalyst. The optimized reaction condition for bio-oil and volatile was determined. Chemical composition analysis by GC/MS showed that phenols rich bio-oils were obtained. Furthermore, the effects of different carbon sources based AC catalysts on products yield and chemical composition selectivity of obtained bio-oils were investigated during microwave pyrolysis of Douglas fir pellet. The catalysts recycling test of the selected catalysts indicated that the AC catalysts can be used for 3-4 times with high concentration of phenolic compounds. The individual surface polar/acidic oxygen functional groups analysis suggested the changes of functional groups in ACs explained the reaction mechanism of this process. In addition, the potential for production of renewable phenols and fuels by catalytic pyrolysis of biomass using lignin as a model compound was explored. The main chemical compounds of the obtained bio-oils were phenols, guaiacols, hydrocarbons and esters. The thermal decomposition behaviors of lignin and kinetics study were investigated by TGA. The change of functional groups of AC catalyst indicated the bio-oil reduction was related to the reaction mechanism of this process. Finally, the effects of Fe-modified AC catalyst on bio-oil upgrading and kintic study of biomass pyrolysis were investigated. The catalytic pyrolysis of biomass using the Fe-modified AC catalyst may promote the occurrence of the fragmentation of cellulose, rather than repolymerization as in the non-catalytic pyrolysis which leads to partial of guaiacols derived from furans. Results showed that the main chemical compounds of bio-oils were furans, phenols, guaiacols, and ketones/ethers. The activation energy of Douglas fir by microwave pyrolysis was remarkable lower than by conventional pyrolysis using TGA. And the reaction mechanism of this process was analyzed.

Fast Pyrolysis Oil Stabilization

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 72 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (953 download)

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Book Synopsis Fast Pyrolysis Oil Stabilization by :

Download or read book Fast Pyrolysis Oil Stabilization written by and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 72 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This University of Massachusetts, Amherst project, "Fast Pyrolysis Oil Stabilization: An Integrated Catalytic and Membrane Approach for Improved Bio-oils" started on 1st February 2009 and finished on August 31st 2011. The project consisted following tasks: Task 1.0: Char Removal by Membrane Separation Technology The presence of char particles in the bio-oil causes problems in storage and end-use. Currently there is no well-established technology to remove char particles less than 10 micron in size. This study focused on the application of a liquid-phase microfiltration process to remove char particles from bio-oil down to slightly sub-micron levels. Tubular ceramic membranes of nominal pore sizes 0.5 and 0.8m were employed to carry out the microfiltration, which was conducted in the cross-flow mode at temperatures ranging from 38 to 45 C and at three different trans-membrane pressures varying from 1 to 3 bars. The results demonstrated the removal of the major quantity of char particles with a significant reduction in overall ash content of the bio-oil. The results clearly showed that the cake formation mechanism of fouling is predominant in this process. Task 2.0 Acid Removal by Membrane Separation Technology The feasibility of removing small organic acids from the aqueous fraction of fast pyrolysis bio-oils using nanofiltration (NF) and reverse osmosis (RO) membranes was studied. Experiments were carried out with a single solute solutions of acetic acid and glucose, binary solute solutions containing both acetic acid and glucose, and a model aqueous fraction of bio-oil (AFBO). Retention factors above 90% for glucose and below 0% for acetic acid were observed at feed pressures near 40 bar for single and binary solutions, so that their separation in the model AFBO was expected to be feasible. However, all of the membranes were irreversibly damaged when experiments were conducted with the model AFBO due to the presence of guaiacol in the feed solution. Experiments with model AFBO excluding guaiacol were also conducted. NF membranes showed retention factors of glucose greater than 80% and of acetic acid less than 15% when operated at transmembrane pressures near 60 bar. Task 3.0 Acid Removal by Catalytic Processing It was found that the TAN reduction in bio-oil was very difficult using low temperature hydrogenation in flow and batch reactors. Acetic acid is very resilient to hydrogenation and we could only achieve about 16% conversion for acetic acid. Although it was observed that acetic acid was not responsible for instability of aqueous fraction of bio-oil during ageing studies (described in task 5). The bimetallic catalyst PtRe/ceria-zirconia was found to be best catalyst because its ability to convert the acid functionality with low conversion to gas phase carbon. Hydrogenation of the whole bio-oil was carried out at 125°C, 1450 psi over Ru/C catalyst in a flow reactor. Again, negligible acetic acid conversion was obtained in low temperature hydrogenation. Hydrogenation experiments with whole bio-oil were difficult to perform because of difficulty to pumping the high viscosity oil and reactor clogging. Task 4.0 Acid Removal using Ion Exchange Resins DOWEX M43 resin was used to carry out the neutralization of bio-oil using a packed bed column. The pH of the bio-oil increased from 2.43 to 3.7. The GC analysis of the samples showed that acetic acid was removed from the bio-oil during the neutralization and recovered in the methanol washing. But it was concluded that process would not be economical at large scale as it is extremely difficult to regenerate the resin once the bio-oil is passed over it. Task 5.0 Characterization of Upgraded Bio-oils We investigated the viscosity, microstructure, and chemical composition of bio-oils prepared by a fast pyrolysis approach, upon aging these fuels at 90ðC for periods of several days. Our results suggest that the viscosity increase is not correlated with the acids or char present in th ...

Catalytic Biomass to Renewable Biofuels and Biomaterials

Author : Yi-Tong Wang
Publisher : MDPI
ISBN 13 : 3039363123
Total Pages : 208 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (393 download)

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Book Synopsis Catalytic Biomass to Renewable Biofuels and Biomaterials by : Yi-Tong Wang

Download or read book Catalytic Biomass to Renewable Biofuels and Biomaterials written by Yi-Tong Wang and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2020-11-13 with total page 208 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Biomass is the only renewable carbon source that can be converted into high value-added carbon products. This book presents a collection of studies on the conversion of catalytic biomass to renewable biofuels and biomaterials by chemical conversion, co-combustion technology, and biological conversion technology. The fundamentals and mechanisms of catalytic materials design, process optimization, product development, and by-product utilization are outlined. All articles were contributed by experts in catalysis and bioenergy fields to provide readers with a broad range of perspectives on cutting-edge applications. This book is an ideal reference guide for academic researchers and engineering technicians in the fields of catalytic material synthesis, biomass energy conversion, enzyme catalysis, pyrolysis, combustion, vaporization, and fermentation. It can also be used as a comprehensive reference source for university students in renewable energy science and engineering, agricultural engineering, thermal engineering, chemical engineering, material science, and environmental engineering. This book contains 12 articles: (1) “Catalytic Biomass to Renewable Biofuels and Biomaterials”; (2) “Experimental Design to Improve Cell Growth and Ethanol Production in Syngas Fermentation by Clostridium carboxidivorans”; (3) “Glycerol Acetylation Mediated by Thermally Hydrolysed Biosolids-Based Material”; (4) “Influence of Base-Catalyzed Organosolv Fractionation of Larch Wood Sawdust on Fraction Yields and Lignin Properties”; (5) “Ca-based Catalysts for the Production of High-Quality Bio-Oils from the Catalytic Co-Pyrolysis of Grape Seeds and Waste Tyres”; (6) “Synthesis of Diesel and Jet Fuel Range Cycloalkanes with Cyclopentanone and Furfural”; (7) “Gel-Type and Macroporous Cross-Linked Copolymers Functionalized with Acid Groups for the Hydrolysis of Wheat Straw Pretreated with an Ionic Liquid”; (8) “Role of Humic Acid Chemical Structure Derived from Different Biomass Feedstocks on Fe(III) Bioreduction Activity: Implication for Sustainable Use of Bioresources”; (9) “Selective Production of Terephthalonitrile and Benzonitrile via Pyrolysis of Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) with Ammonia over Ca(OH)2/Al2O3 Catalysts”; (10) “Experimental Studies on Co-Combustion of Sludge and Wheat Straw”; (11) “Carbonate-Catalyzed Room-Temperature Selective Reduction of Biomass-Derived 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural into 2,5-Bis(hydroxymethyl)furan”; (12) “Clostridium sp. as Bio-Catalyst for Fuels and Chemicals Production in a Biorefinery Context”.