Biophysico Chemical Processes Involving Natural Nonliving Organic Matter In Environmental Systems

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Biophysico-Chemical Processes Involving Natural Nonliving Organic Matter in Environmental Systems

Author : Nicola Senesi
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 0470494948
Total Pages : 905 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (74 download)

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Book Synopsis Biophysico-Chemical Processes Involving Natural Nonliving Organic Matter in Environmental Systems by : Nicola Senesi

Download or read book Biophysico-Chemical Processes Involving Natural Nonliving Organic Matter in Environmental Systems written by Nicola Senesi and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2009-07-23 with total page 905 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An up-to-date resource on natural nonliving organic matter Bringing together world-renowned researchers to explore natural nonliving organic matter (NOM) and its chemical, biological, and ecological importance, Biophysico-Chemical Processes Involving Natural Nonliving Organic Matter in Environmental Systems offers an integrated view of the dynamics and processes of NOM. This multidisciplinary approach allows for a comprehensive treatment encompassing all the formation processes, properties, reactions, environments, and analytical techniques associated with the latest research on NOM. After briefly outlining the historical background, current ideas, and future prospects of the study of NOM, the coverage examines: The formation mechanisms of humic substances Organo-clay complexes The effects of organic matter amendment Black carbon in the environment Carbon sequestration and dynamics in soil Biological activities of humic substances Dissolved organic matter Humic substances in the rhizosphere Marine organic matter Organic matter in atmospheric particles In addition to the above topics, the coverage includes such relevant analytical techniques as separation technology; analytical pyrolysis and soft-ionization mass spectrometry; nuclear magnetic resonance; EPR, FTIR, Raman, UV-visible adsorption, fluorescence, and X-ray spectroscopies; and thermal analysis. Hundreds of illustrations and photographs further illuminate the various chapters. An essential resource for both students and professionals in environmental science, environmental engineering, water science, soil science, geology, and environmental chemistry, Biophysico-Chemical Processes Involving Natural Nonliving Organic Matter in Environmental Systems provides a unique combination of the latest discoveries, developments, and future prospects in this field.

Biophysico-Chemical Processes of Anthropogenic Organic Compounds in Environmental Systems

Author : Baoshan Xing
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118002113
Total Pages : 922 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (18 download)

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Book Synopsis Biophysico-Chemical Processes of Anthropogenic Organic Compounds in Environmental Systems by : Baoshan Xing

Download or read book Biophysico-Chemical Processes of Anthropogenic Organic Compounds in Environmental Systems written by Baoshan Xing and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2011-05-16 with total page 922 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In contrast to the classical books which largely focus on separate, individual physicochemical and biological aspects, this book aims to integrate the frontiers of knowledge on the fundamentals and the impact of physicochemical and biological interactions and processes of AOCs in soil, sediment, water and air. The specific objectives of this book are to address: (1) fundamental biophysico-chemical processes of AOCs in the environment, (2) occurrence and distribution of AOCs in air, water, and soil, and their global cycling, (3) the state-of-the-art analytical techniques of AOCs, and (4) restoration of natural environments contaminated by AOCs. The book also identifies the gaps in knowledge on the subject matter and as such provides future directions to stimulate scientific research to advance the chemical science on biophysico-chemical interfacial reactions in natural habitats. By virtue of complex nature of the interactions of AOCs with different environmental components and matrixes, no single available technique and instrument is satisfactory yet for determining their fate, transport, availability, and risk in the environment. In order to fully understand the biophysico-chemical interactions and processes of AOCs in the environment, it is critical to know chemical, physical and biological properties of AOCs and their analytical techniques. The book is unique because of its multidisciplinary approach as it provides a comprehensive and integrated coverage of biophysico-chemical reactions and processes of AOCs in various environments, associated analytical techniques, and restoration of natural environments contaminated by AOCs.

Functions of Natural Organic Matter in Changing Environment

Author : Jianming Xu
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9400756348
Total Pages : 1149 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (7 download)

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Book Synopsis Functions of Natural Organic Matter in Changing Environment by : Jianming Xu

Download or read book Functions of Natural Organic Matter in Changing Environment written by Jianming Xu and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-02-15 with total page 1149 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Functions of Natural Organic Matter in Changing Environment presents contributions from the 16th Meeting of the International Humic Substances Society (IHSS 16) held in Hangzhou, China on September 9-14, 2012. It provides a comprehensive and updated research advance in the field of characterization, function, application of humic substances (HS) and natural organic matter (NOM) in environment, agriculture, and industry. A broad range of topics are covered: i) formation, structure and characteristics of HS and NOM; ii) HS/NOM and carbon sequestration; iii) HS/NOM and biogeochemical cycling of nutrients; iv) HS/NOM and the environmental processes of toxic elements and anthropogenic organics; v) HS/NOM, naturally occurring and engineered nanoparticles; vi) HS/NOM, biodiversity and ecosystem health; vii) HS/NOM in water and water treatment; viii) characterization and function of biochar in the environment; and ix) industrial products and application of HS. The book will be an invaluable reference for chemists, biologists, environmental scientists, ecologists, soil scientists, water scientists, agronomists, global change researchers and policy makers. Jianming Xu is Professor and Director at the Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China. Jianjun Wu is Professor at the Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China. Yan He is Associate Professor at the Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.

Encyclopedia of Analytical Science

Author :
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 008101984X
Total Pages : 5142 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (81 download)

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Book Synopsis Encyclopedia of Analytical Science by :

Download or read book Encyclopedia of Analytical Science written by and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2019-04-02 with total page 5142 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The third edition of the Encyclopedia of Analytical Science, Ten Volume Set is a definitive collection of articles covering the latest technologies in application areas such as medicine, environmental science, food science and geology. Meticulously organized, clearly written and fully interdisciplinary, the Encyclopedia of Analytical Science, Ten Volume Set provides foundational knowledge across the scope of modern analytical chemistry, linking fundamental topics with the latest methodologies. Articles will cover three broad areas: analytical techniques (e.g., mass spectrometry, liquid chromatography, atomic spectrometry); areas of application (e.g., forensic, environmental and clinical); and analytes (e.g., arsenic, nucleic acids and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons), providing a one-stop resource for analytical scientists. Offers readers a one-stop resource with access to information across the entire scope of modern analytical science Presents articles split into three broad areas: analytical techniques, areas of application and and analytes, creating an ideal resource for students, researchers and professionals Provides concise and accessible information that is ideal for non-specialists and readers from undergraduate levels and higher

Advances in Agronomy

Author : Donald L. Sparks
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0128207701
Total Pages : 300 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (282 download)

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Book Synopsis Advances in Agronomy by : Donald L. Sparks

Download or read book Advances in Agronomy written by Donald L. Sparks and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2020-07-24 with total page 300 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Advances in Agronomy, Volume 163, continues to be recognized as a leading reference and first-rate source for the latest research in agronomy. Each volume contains an eclectic group of reviews by leading scientists throughout the world. As always, the subjects covered are rich, varied and exemplary of the abundant subject matter addressed by this long-running serial. Includes numerous, timely, state-of-the-art reviews on the latest advancements in agronomy Features distinguished, well-recognized authors from around the world Builds upon this venerable and iconic review series Covers the extensive variety and breadth of subject matter in the crop and soil sciences

Engineered Nanoparticles and the Environment

Author : Baoshan Xing
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119275822
Total Pages : 506 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (192 download)

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Book Synopsis Engineered Nanoparticles and the Environment by : Baoshan Xing

Download or read book Engineered Nanoparticles and the Environment written by Baoshan Xing and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2016-10-10 with total page 506 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Details the source, release, exposure, adsorption, aggregation, bioavailability, transport, transformation, and modeling of engineered nanoparticles found in many common products and applications Covers synthesis, environmental application, detection, and characterization of engineered nanoparticles Details the toxicity and risk assessment of engineered nanoparticles Includes topics on the transport, transformation, and modeling of engineered nanoparticles Presents the latest developments and knowledge of engineered nanoparticles Written by world leading experts from prestigious universities and companies

Multi-Scale Biogeochemical Processes in Soil Ecosystems

Author : Yu Yang
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119480345
Total Pages : 353 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (194 download)

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Book Synopsis Multi-Scale Biogeochemical Processes in Soil Ecosystems by : Yu Yang

Download or read book Multi-Scale Biogeochemical Processes in Soil Ecosystems written by Yu Yang and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2022-04-12 with total page 353 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: MULTI-SCALE BIOGEOCHEMICAL PROCESSES IN SOIL ECOSYSTEMS Provides a state-of-the-art overview of research in soil biogeochemical processes and strategies for greenhouse gas mitigation under climate change Food security and soil health for the rapidly growing human population are threatened by increased temperature and drought, soil erosion and soil quality degradation, and other problems caused by human activities and a changing climate. Because greenhouse gas emission is the primary driver of climate change, a complete understanding of the cycles of carbon and major nutritional elements is critical for developing innovative strategies to sustain agricultural development and environmental conservation. Multi-Scale Biogeochemical Processes in Soil Ecosystems: Critical Reactions and Resilience to Climate Changes is an up-to-date overview of recent research in soil biogeochemical processes and applications in ecosystem management. Organized into three parts, the text examines molecular-scale processes and critical reactions, presents ecosystem-scale studies of ecological hotspots, and discusses large-scale modeling and prediction of global biogeochemical cycles. Part of the Wiley - IUPAC Series on Biophysico-Chemical Processes in Environmental Systems, this authoritative volume: Provides readers with a systematic and interdisciplinary approach to sustainable agricultural development and management of soil ecosystems in a changing climate Features contributions from an international team of leading scientists Examines topics such as soil organic matter stabilization, soil biogeochemistry modeling, and soil responses to environmental changes Discusses strategies for mitigating greenhouse gas emission and improving soil health and ecosystems resilience Includes an introduction to working across scales to project soil biogeochemical responses to climatic change Multi-Scale Biogeochemical Processes in Soil Ecosystems: Critical Reactions and Resilience to Climate Changes is essential reading for scientists, engineers, agronomists, chemists, biologists, academic researchers, consultants, and other professionals whose work involves the nutrient cycle, ecosystem management, and climate change.

Marine Analytical Chemistry

Author : Julián Blasco
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3031144864
Total Pages : 459 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (311 download)

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Book Synopsis Marine Analytical Chemistry by : Julián Blasco

Download or read book Marine Analytical Chemistry written by Julián Blasco and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-11-03 with total page 459 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This textbook offers a comprehensive and authoritative introduction to the latest analytical methods, tools and techniques used in the marine environment, bringing together the two fields of chemical oceanography and analytical chemistry. Divided into 11 chapters, the book starts with an overview of the main parameters of the marine carbon system, and it covers different sampling strategies used by the marine scientific community, and the different chemical analyses to measure trace metals, radionuclides and organic matter in the marine environment. Particular attention is given to the identification and quantification of marine persistent organic pollutants, emerging organic contaminants and microplastics. Readers will also find accessible explanations and real life examples of the application of remote sensing and in-situ sensing technologies to monitor the marine environment. The textbook finishes with a chapter on data treatment that outlines the relevant statistical approaches, uncertainty estimation and quality assurance of marine chemical measurements. This textbook provides both students and professionals alike with a transdisciplinary and comprehensive foundation for the chemical analysis of our oceans and seas.

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

Author : Krystyna Kamienska-Trela
Publisher : Royal Society of Chemistry
ISBN 13 : 1849732795
Total Pages : 552 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (497 download)

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Book Synopsis Nuclear Magnetic Resonance by : Krystyna Kamienska-Trela

Download or read book Nuclear Magnetic Resonance written by Krystyna Kamienska-Trela and published by Royal Society of Chemistry. This book was released on 2011-04-04 with total page 552 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As a spectroscopic method, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) has seen spectacular growth, both as a technique and in its applications. Today's applications of NMR span a wide range of scientific disciplines, from physics to biology to medicine. Each volume of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance comprises a combination of annual and biennial reports which together provide comprehensive coverage of the literature on this topic. This Specialist Periodical Report reflects the growing volume of published work involving NMR techniques and applications, in particular NMR of natural macromolecules, which is covered in two reports: NMR of Proteins and Nucleic Acids and NMR of Carbohydrates, Lipids and Membranes. In his foreword to the first volume, the then editor, Professor Robin Harris announced that the series would be a discussion on the phenomena of NMR and that articles will be critical surveys of the literature. This has certainly remained the case throughout the series, and in line with its predecessors, Volume 40 aims to provide a comprehensive coverage of the relevant NMR literature. For the current volume this relates to publications appearing between June 2009 and May 2010 (the nominal period of coverage in volume 1 was July 1970 to June 1971). Compared to the previous volume there are some new members of the reporting team. Theoretical Aspects of Spin-Spin Couplings are covered by J. Jazwinski, while E. Swiezewska and J.W3⁄4jcik provide an account of NMR of Carbohydrates, Lipids and Membranes.

Multidimensional Analytical Techniques in Environmental Research

Author : Regina Duarte
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0128188979
Total Pages : 314 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (281 download)

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Book Synopsis Multidimensional Analytical Techniques in Environmental Research by : Regina Duarte

Download or read book Multidimensional Analytical Techniques in Environmental Research written by Regina Duarte and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2020-06-06 with total page 314 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Multidimensional Analytical Techniques in Environmental Research is a comprehensive resource on the many multidimensional analytical strategies to qualitatively and quantitatively assess and map the organic and inorganic pollutants in complex atmospheric, water and soil matrices. During the past two decades, the rapidly-evolving field of analytical instrumentation has produced sophisticated multidimensional tools capable of providing unique and in-depth knowledge on the chemical features of complex mixtures from these different environmental matrices. This book brings together the wealth of information in the current literature, assisting in the decision-making process by covering both the fundamentals and applications of these methodologies. Sections cover the wide variety of multidimensional analytical techniques, including multidimensional solution- and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry (MS), two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy, two-dimensional liquid and gas chromatography and capillary electrophoresis coupled to high-resolution detection techniques, and excitation-emission (EEM) fluorescence spectroscopy assisted by multiway data analysis tools, and the use of synchrotron-radiation-based techniques combined with other spectroscopic approaches to explore and map the speciation of elements. Identifies state-of-the-art multidimensional analytical methods for targeted and untargeted profiling of complex mixtures from different environmental matrices (soil, sediment, water, and air) Assesses the advantages and limitations of the most modern and sophisticated multidimensional analytical methods in environmental research Highlights the current challenges and potential future directions in the application of multidimensional analytical tools to advance the current understanding on the dynamics and fate of environmental pollutants in different environmental matrices

Reaction Mechanisms in Environmental Engineering

Author : James G. Speight
Publisher : Butterworth-Heinemann
ISBN 13 : 0128006676
Total Pages : 456 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (28 download)

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Book Synopsis Reaction Mechanisms in Environmental Engineering by : James G. Speight

Download or read book Reaction Mechanisms in Environmental Engineering written by James G. Speight and published by Butterworth-Heinemann. This book was released on 2018-08-13 with total page 456 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Reaction Mechanisms in Environmental Engineering: Analysis and Prediction describes the principles that govern chemical reactivity and demonstrates how these principles are used to yield more accurate predictions. The book will help users increase accuracy in analyzing and predicting the speed of pollutant conversion in engineered systems, such as water and wastewater treatment plants, or in natural systems, such as lakes and aquifers receiving industrial pollution. Using examples from air, water and soil, the book begins with a clear exposition of the properties of environmental and inorganic organic chemicals that is followed by partitioning and sorption processes and sorption and transformation processes. Kinetic principles are used to calculate or estimate the pollutants' half-lives, while physical-chemical properties of organic pollutants are used to estimate transformation mechanisms and rates. The book emphasizes how to develop an understanding of how physico-chemical and structural properties relate to transformations of organic pollutants. Offers a one-stop source for analyzing and predicting the speed of organic and inorganic reaction mechanisms for air, water and soil Provides the tools and methods for increased accuracy in analyzing and predicting the speed of pollutant conversion in engineered systems Uses kinetic principles and the physical-chemical properties of organic pollutants to estimate transformation mechanisms and rates

Sustainable Agrochemistry

Author : Sílvio Vaz Jr.
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3030178919
Total Pages : 393 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (31 download)

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Book Synopsis Sustainable Agrochemistry by : Sílvio Vaz Jr.

Download or read book Sustainable Agrochemistry written by Sílvio Vaz Jr. and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-05-28 with total page 393 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents a broad range of technologies for sustainable agrochemistry, e.g. semiochemicals for pest management, nanotechnology for release of eco-friendly agrochemicals, and green chemistry principles for agriculture. It provides a concise introduction to sustainable agrochemistry for a professional audience, and highlights the main scientific and technological approaches that can be applied to modern agrochemistry. It also discusses various available technologies for reducing the negative impacts of agrochemicals on the environment and human health.

Treatise on Water Science

Author :
Publisher : Newnes
ISBN 13 : 0444531998
Total Pages : 2131 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (445 download)

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Book Synopsis Treatise on Water Science by :

Download or read book Treatise on Water Science written by and published by Newnes. This book was released on 2010-09-01 with total page 2131 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Water quality and management are of great significance globally, as the demand for clean, potable water far exceeds the availability. Water science research brings together the natural and applied sciences, engineering, chemistry, law and policy, and economics, and the Treatise on Water Science seeks to unite these areas through contributions from a global team of author-experts. The 4-volume set examines topics in depth, with an emphasis on innovative research and technologies for those working in applied areas. Published in partnership with and endorsed by the International Water Association (IWA), demonstrating the authority of the content Editor-in-Chief Peter Wilderer, a Stockholm Water Prize recipient, has assembled a world-class team of volume editors and contributing authors Topics related to water resource management, water quality and supply, and handling of wastewater are treated in depth

Advances in Agronomy

Author :
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0124077986
Total Pages : 476 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (24 download)

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Book Synopsis Advances in Agronomy by :

Download or read book Advances in Agronomy written by and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2013-01-08 with total page 476 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Advances in Agronomy continues to be recognized as a leading reference and a first-rate source for the latest research in agronomy. As always, the subjects covered are varied and exemplary of the myriad of subject matter dealt with by this long-running serial Maintains the highest impact factor among serial publications in agriculture Presents timely reviews on important agronomy issues Enjoys a long-standing reputation for excellence in the field

Climate Change Impacts on Soil Processes and Ecosystem Properties

Author :
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0444638687
Total Pages : 238 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (446 download)

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Book Synopsis Climate Change Impacts on Soil Processes and Ecosystem Properties by :

Download or read book Climate Change Impacts on Soil Processes and Ecosystem Properties written by and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2017-06-01 with total page 238 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Climate Change Impacts on Soil Processes and Ecosystem Properties, Volume 35 presents current and emerging soil science research around the areas of soil processes and climate change, also evaluating future research needs. The book combines the five areas of soil science (microbiology, physics, fertility, pedology, and chemistry) to give a comprehensive assessment. This integration of topics is rarely done in a single publication due to the disciplinary nature of the soil science areas, so users will find it to be a comprehensive resource on the topic. Provides an analysis of all areas of soil science in the context of climate change impact on soil processes and ecosystem properties Presents information that is displayed in an accessible form for practitioners and disciplines outside of soil science Contains a concluding section in each chapter which assesses key areas Includes a discussion on future research and direction

Soil Microbiology, Ecology and Biochemistry

Author : Eldor A. Paul
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0123914116
Total Pages : 598 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (239 download)

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Book Synopsis Soil Microbiology, Ecology and Biochemistry by : Eldor A. Paul

Download or read book Soil Microbiology, Ecology and Biochemistry written by Eldor A. Paul and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2014-11-14 with total page 598 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The fourth edition of Soil Microbiology, Ecology and Biochemistry updates this widely used reference as the study and understanding of soil biota, their function, and the dynamics of soil organic matter has been revolutionized by molecular and instrumental techniques, and information technology. Knowledge of soil microbiology, ecology and biochemistry is central to our understanding of organisms and their processes and interactions with their environment. In a time of great global change and increased emphasis on biodiversity and food security, soil microbiology and ecology has become an increasingly important topic. Revised by a group of world-renowned authors in many institutions and disciplines, this work relates the breakthroughs in knowledge in this important field to its history as well as future applications. The new edition provides readable, practical, impactful information for its many applied and fundamental disciplines. Professionals turn to this text as a reference for fundamental knowledge in their field or to inform management practices. New section on "Methods in Studying Soil Organic Matter Formation and Nutrient Dynamics" to balance the two successful chapters on microbial and physiological methodology Includes expanded information on soil interactions with organisms involved in human and plant disease Improved readability and integration for an ever-widening audience in his field Integrated concepts related to soil biota, diversity, and function allow readers in multiple disciplines to understand the complex soil biota and their function

Recarbonization of the Biosphere

Author : Rattan Lal
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9400741588
Total Pages : 578 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (7 download)

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Book Synopsis Recarbonization of the Biosphere by : Rattan Lal

Download or read book Recarbonization of the Biosphere written by Rattan Lal and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-03-30 with total page 578 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Human activities are significantly modifying the natural global carbon (C) cycles, and concomitantly influence climate, ecosystems, and state and function of the Earth system. Ever increasing amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2) are added to the atmosphere by fossil fuel combustion but the biosphere is a potential C sink. Thus, a comprehensive understanding of C cycling in the biosphere is crucial for identifying and managing biospheric C sinks. Ecosystems with large C stocks which must be protected and sustainably managed are wetlands, peatlands, tropical rainforests, tropical savannas, grasslands, degraded/desertified lands, agricultural lands, and urban lands. However, land-based sinks require long-term management and a protection strategy because C stocks grow with a progressive improvement in ecosystem health.