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Apoptosis Involvement Of Oxidative Stress And Intracellular Ca2 Homeostasis
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Book Synopsis Apoptosis: Involvement of Oxidative Stress and Intracellular Ca2+ Homeostasis by : Gines Maria Salido
Download or read book Apoptosis: Involvement of Oxidative Stress and Intracellular Ca2+ Homeostasis written by Gines Maria Salido and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2009-03-08 with total page 239 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Apoptosis: Involvement of Oxidative Stress and Intracellular Ca2+ Homeostasis, presents a concise synthesis of the current knowledge and recent advances in the mechanisms of apoptosis in different cells and the role of oxidative stress and Ca2+ signalling. Particular attention is given to the different features of apoptosis in distinct cell types, ranging from hepatocytes to cardiovascular and blood cells, nervous cells or spermatozoa. Cutting-edge and user-friendly, this volume serves as a comprehensive resource for those interested in the fascinating biological processes associated to programmed cell death or apoptosis. The book is divided in two major chapter sections: general mechanisms of the apoptotic pathways and the role of oxidative stress and intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis and a more specific section dedicated to the specificities of apoptosis in a number of excitable and non-excitable cells. All of the contributions are from specialists in the field and the reviews presented, systemically examine the most exciting and innovative aspects of the apoptotic pathways in their particular areas of expertise.
Book Synopsis Magnesium in the Central Nervous System by : Robert Vink
Download or read book Magnesium in the Central Nervous System written by Robert Vink and published by University of Adelaide Press. This book was released on 2011 with total page 354 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The brain is the most complex organ in our body. Indeed, it is perhaps the most complex structure we have ever encountered in nature. Both structurally and functionally, there are many peculiarities that differentiate the brain from all other organs. The brain is our connection to the world around us and by governing nervous system and higher function, any disturbance induces severe neurological and psychiatric disorders that can have a devastating effect on quality of life. Our understanding of the physiology and biochemistry of the brain has improved dramatically in the last two decades. In particular, the critical role of cations, including magnesium, has become evident, even if incompletely understood at a mechanistic level. The exact role and regulation of magnesium, in particular, remains elusive, largely because intracellular levels are so difficult to routinely quantify. Nonetheless, the importance of magnesium to normal central nervous system activity is self-evident given the complicated homeostatic mechanisms that maintain the concentration of this cation within strict limits essential for normal physiology and metabolism. There is also considerable accumulating evidence to suggest alterations to some brain functions in both normal and pathological conditions may be linked to alterations in local magnesium concentration. This book, containing chapters written by some of the foremost experts in the field of magnesium research, brings together the latest in experimental and clinical magnesium research as it relates to the central nervous system. It offers a complete and updated view of magnesiums involvement in central nervous system function and in so doing, brings together two main pillars of contemporary neuroscience research, namely providing an explanation for the molecular mechanisms involved in brain function, and emphasizing the connections between the molecular changes and behavior. It is the untiring efforts of those magnesium researchers who have dedicated their lives to unraveling the mysteries of magnesiums role in biological systems that has inspired the collation of this volume of work.
Book Synopsis The Role of Mitochondria, Oxidative Stress and Altered Calcium Homeostasis in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: From Current Developments in the Laboratory to Clinical Treatments by : Manoj Kumar Jaiswal
Download or read book The Role of Mitochondria, Oxidative Stress and Altered Calcium Homeostasis in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: From Current Developments in the Laboratory to Clinical Treatments written by Manoj Kumar Jaiswal and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2017-04-17 with total page 338 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a rapidly progressive, devastating and fatal disease characterized by selective loss of upper and lower motor neurons of the cerebral cortex, brainstem, spinal cord and muscle atrophy. In spite of many years of research, the pathogenesis of ALS is still not well understood. ALS is a multifaceted genetic disease, in which genetic susceptibility to motor neuron death interacts with environmental factors and there is still no cure for this deleterious disease. At present, there is only one FDA approved drug, Riluzole which according to past studies only modestly slows the progression of the disease, and improves survival by up to three months. The suffering of the ALS patients, and their families is enormous and the economic burden is colossal. There is therefore a pressing need for new therapies. Different molecular pathways and pathological mechanisms have been implicated in ALS. According to past studies, altered calcium homeostasis, abnormal mitochondrial function, protein misfolding, axonal transport defects, excessive production of extracellular superoxide radicals, glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity, inflammatory events, and activation of oxidative stress pathways within the mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum can act as major contributor that eventually leads to loss of connection between muscle and nerve ultimately resulting to ALS. However, the detailed molecular and cellular pathophysiological mechanisms and origin and temporal progression of the disease still remained elusive. Ongoing research and future advances will likely advance our improve understanding about various involved pathological mechanism ultimately leading to discoveries of new therapeutic cures. Importantly, clinical biomarkers of disease onset and progression are thus also urgently needed to support the development of the new therapeutic agents and novel preventive and curative strategies. Effective translation from pre-clinical to clinical studies will further require extensive knowledge regarding drug activity, bioavailability and efficacy in both the pre-clinical and clinical setting, and proof of biological activity in the target tissue. During the last decades, the development of new therapeutic molecules, advance neuroimaging tools, patient derived induced stem cells and new precision medicine approaches to study ALS has significantly improved our understanding of disease. In particular, new genetic tools, neuroimaging methods, cellular probes, biomarker study and molecular techniques that achieve high spatiotemporal resolution have revealed new details about the disease onset and its progression. In our effort to provide the interested reader, clinician and researchers a comprehensive summaries and new findings in this field of ALS research, hereby we have created this electronic book which comprises of twenty seven chapters having various reviews, perspective and original research articles. All these chapters and articles in this book not only summarize the cutting-edge techniques, approaches, cell and animal models to study ALS but also provide unprecedented coverage of the current developments and new hypothesis emerging in ALS research. Some examples are novel genetic and cell culture based models, mitochondria-mediated therapy, oxidative stress and ROS mechanism, development of stem cells and mechanism-based therapies as well as novel biomarkers for designing and testing effective therapeutic strategies that can benefit ALS patients who are at the earlier stages in the disease. I am extremely grateful to all the contributors to this book and want to thank them for their phenomenal efforts. Manoj Kumar Jaiswal, Ph.D. February 5, 2017 New York, NY
Book Synopsis Cell Calcium Metabolism by : Gary Fiskum
Download or read book Cell Calcium Metabolism written by Gary Fiskum and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-04-17 with total page 613 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A widespread appreciation for the role that calcium plays in cell physiology and patho physiology has now been achieved due to the pioneering studies of many of the scientists who attended the VIIth International Spring Symposium on Health Sciences at George Washington University in Washington, D. C. The participants in this unique meeting rep resented diverse fields of basic and clinical research, such as molecular physiology, oncology, molecular genetics, cardiology, bioenergetics, pathology, and endocrinology. The content of the proceedings of the symposium represents work in these and other areas of biomedical research. Organization of the book is aimed at striking a balance between the biochemistry 2 and physiology of normal cell Ca + metabolism and the pathological consequences of al 2 terations in cell Ca + homeostasis. The first section of the book is devoted to the transport mechanisms responsible for 2 2 regulating intracellular Ca + and the pharmacological modalities for controlling cell Ca + . Particular attention is given to the molecular basis for plasma membrane transport activities, 2 2 including the ATP-driven Ca + pump, the Na + -Ca + exchange system, and voltage sensitive 2 Ca + channels. The second section covers the exciting relationships between phosphoinositide metab 2 olism, signal transduction, and cell Ca + metabolism. This section begins with an eloquent overview by Professor Michael Berridge, who was the keynote speaker at the symposium and the recipient of the scientific merit award.
Book Synopsis Mitochondrial Dysfunction by : Lawrence H. Lash
Download or read book Mitochondrial Dysfunction written by Lawrence H. Lash and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2013-10-22 with total page 527 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Methods in Toxicology, Volume 2: Mitochondrial Dysfunction provides a source of methods, techniques, and experimental approaches for studying the role of abnormal mitochondrial function in cell injury. The book discusses the methods for the preparation and basic functional assessment of mitochondria from liver, kidney, muscle, and brain; the methods for assessing mitochondrial dysfunction in vivo and in intact organs; and the structural aspects of mitochondrial dysfunction are addressed. The text also describes chemical detoxification and metabolism as well as specific metabolic reactions that are especially important targets or indicators of damage. The methods for measurement of alterations in fatty acid and phospholipid metabolism and for the analysis and manipulation of oxidative injury and antioxidant systems are also considered. The book further tackles additional methods on mitochondrial energetics and transport processes; approaches for assessing impaired function of mitochondria; and genetic and developmental aspects of mitochondrial disease and toxicology. The text also looks into mitochondrial DNA synthesis, covalent binding to mitochondrial DNA, DNA repair, and mitochondrial dysfunction in the context of developing individuals and cellular differentiation. Microbiologists, toxicologists, biochemists, and molecular pharmacologists will find the book invaluable.
Book Synopsis The Role of Bcl-2 Family Proteins and Calmodulin in Calcium Signalling in Pancreatic Acinar Cells by : Pawel Ferdek
Download or read book The Role of Bcl-2 Family Proteins and Calmodulin in Calcium Signalling in Pancreatic Acinar Cells written by Pawel Ferdek and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bcl-2 proteins are very well known regulators of the programmed cell death. Accumulating evidence suggests that they are also involved in regulation of calcium signalling events. Bcl-2 has been reported to affect calcium release from the intracellular calcium stores through regulation of inositol trisphosphate receptors and endoplasmic reticulum calcium pumps. Physiological and pathological processes in pancreatic acinar cells are controlled by calcium. Intracellular Ca2+ signals regulate not only gene expression and trigger enzyme secretion but also might contribute to premature trypsinogen activation and development of pancreatitis, which is characterised by extensive necrosis of the pancreatic tissue. Detailed investigation of Bcl-2 family-dependent mechanisms of intracellular Ca2+ regulation and its association with cell death induction is required for understanding of the basic physiological signalling pathways as well as pathophysiological processes leading to development of severe diseases of pancreas. This study investigates the effects of Bcl-2 family proteins on intracellular calcium homeostasis, with particular focus on their involvement in Ca2+ fluxes and CICR phenomenon. Also, the Ca2+-related actions of different doses of ethanol in pancreatic acinar cells and their contribution to pancreatitis are presented and assessed. The results indicate that pharmacological inhibition of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL proteins with BH3 mimetics BH3I'-2' or HA14-1 sensitizes pancreatic acinar cells to CICR; and overexpression of Bcl-2 has the opposite effect significantly decreasing rising phase of CICR-types of responses in pancreatic cell line AR42J. Responses to BH3 mimetics are at least partially dependent on both IP3Rs and RyRs, 5 since inhibition of either of them results in a substantial decrease in Ca2+ release from the intracellular stores. However, simultaneous blockade of IP3Rs and RyRs did not completely abolish BH3 mimetic-elicited Ca2+ release, which indicates engagement of other factors in the development of the response. Importantly, the effects of BH3 mimetics on intracellular Ca2+ were effectively inhibited by loss of Bax protein, suggesting Bax involvement in the regulation of Ca2+ release from the ER. Further, the results presented here demonstrate that moderate concentrations of ethanol (10 - 100 mM), although having only a minor effect on intact cells, induce substantial Ca2+ release from both the ER and the acidic store in permeabilized cells, and trigger intracellular trypsinogen activation - the hallmark of acute pancreatitis. The data suggest that calmodulin, which is present in intact cells but is lost in permeabilized cells, constitutes a part of natural defence mechanism responsible for the differences in the severity of the responses to ethanol. What is more, the evidence indicates that specific pre-activation of calmodulin by Ca2+-like peptides boosts this defence and reduces the pathological calcium responses to ethanol as well as to BH3 mimetics in pancreatic acinar cells decreasing necrosis. Finally, the effects of Bcl-2 protein on calcium fluxes in pancreatic acinar cells were investigated. Cells lacking functional Bcl-2 showed substantially more rapid clearance of thapsigargin / high Ca2+-induced cytosolic calcium plateau as compared to wild type cells. This effect has been explained by increased activity of the PMCA that results in a marked increase of apoptosis / necrosis ratio in oxidative stress induced cell death. Overexpression of Bcl-2 in AR42J cells reduces ER calcium content, while silencing of Bcl-2 expression by siRNA results in substantially increased releasable calcium 6 pool in the ER. The data indicate that at least a fraction of Bcl-2 in both AR42J cells and pancreatic acinar cells locates in the ER and is present in close proximity to the plasma membrane, making possible the direct regulation of the PMCA. In conclusion, this study provides new insights into roles of Bcl-2 family proteins and calmodulin in intracellular calcium homeostasis. This thesis presents evidence for involvement of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 members in Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release; demonstrates previously unknown regulation of the PMCA by Bcl-2; and suggests involvement of Bax protein in regulation of Ca2+ release from the intracellular stores. The study also proposes that Ca2+-like peptides can boost natural protective mechanisms and suggests their potential applications as therapeutic agents.
Book Synopsis Fifth-Grade Frankenstein by : Terri Fields
Download or read book Fifth-Grade Frankenstein written by Terri Fields and published by Turtleback. This book was released on 1996-11-01 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: When an anticipated week of easy work with a substitute teacher gives way to terror under the thumb of the meanest substitute in the world, Allen turns to his witch friend for help, with disastrous results.
Book Synopsis Calcium Signalling and Disease by : Ernesto Carafoli
Download or read book Calcium Signalling and Disease written by Ernesto Carafoli and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-09-29 with total page 591 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Authors highlight several promising discoveries in the field of calcium signaling that provide new information about both genetic and acquired pathologies. Their discussions will give you new insights into the underlying causes of congenital and acquired diseases and point the way to new, even more promising research and therapies.
Book Synopsis Mitochondria and Cell Death by : Guy C. Brown
Download or read book Mitochondria and Cell Death written by Guy C. Brown and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 248 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis The Aging Mind by : National Research Council
Download or read book The Aging Mind written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2000-04-18 with total page 285 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Possible new breakthroughs in understanding the aging mind that can be used to benefit older people are now emerging from research. This volume identifies the key scientific advances and the opportunities they bring. For example, science has learned that among older adults who do not suffer from Alzheimer's disease or other dementias, cognitive decline may depend less on loss of brain cells than on changes in the health of neurons and neural networks. Research on the processes that maintain neural health shows promise of revealing new ways to promote cognitive functioning in older people. Research is also showing how cognitive functioning depends on the conjunction of biology and culture. The ways older people adapt to changes in their nervous systems, and perhaps the changes themselves, are shaped by past life experiences, present living situations, changing motives, cultural expectations, and emerging technology, as well as by their physical health status and sensory-motor capabilities. Improved understanding of how physical and contextual factors interact can help explain why some cognitive functions are impaired in aging while others are spared and why cognitive capability is impaired in some older adults and spared in others. On the basis of these exciting findings, the report makes specific recommends that the U.S. government support three major new initiatives as the next steps for research.
Download or read book The Endothelium written by Michel Félétou and published by Morgan & Claypool Publishers. This book was released on 2011 with total page 309 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The endothelium, a monolayer of endothelial cells, constitutes the inner cellular lining of the blood vessels (arteries, veins and capillaries) and the lymphatic system, and therefore is in direct contact with the blood/lymph and the circulating cells. The endothelium is a major player in the control of blood fluidity, platelet aggregation and vascular tone, a major actor in the regulation of immunology, inflammation and angiogenesis, and an important metabolizing and an endocrine organ. Endothelial cells controls vascular tone, and thereby blood flow, by synthesizing and releasing relaxing and contracting factors such as nitric oxide, metabolites of arachidonic acid via the cyclooxygenases, lipoxygenases and cytochrome P450 pathways, various peptides (endothelin, urotensin, CNP, adrenomedullin, etc.), adenosine, purines, reactive oxygen species and so on. Additionally, endothelial ectoenzymes are required steps in the generation of vasoactive hormones such as angiotensin II. An endothelial dysfunction linked to an imbalance in the synthesis and/or the release of these various endothelial factors may explain the initiation of cardiovascular pathologies (from hypertension to atherosclerosis) or their development and perpetuation. Table of Contents: Introduction / Multiple Functions of the Endothelial Cells / Calcium Signaling in Vascular Cells and Cell-to-Cell Communications / Endothelium-Dependent Regulation of Vascular Tone / Conclusion / References
Book Synopsis Handbook of Antioxidant Methodology by : Paul D Prenzler
Download or read book Handbook of Antioxidant Methodology written by Paul D Prenzler and published by Royal Society of Chemistry. This book was released on 2021-10-12 with total page 419 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The field of antioxidant research has grown rapidly over the last 30 years and shows no sign of slowing down. In order to understand how antioxidants work, it is essential to understand how their activity is measured. However, antioxidant activity measurements are controversial and their value has been challenged. This book addresses a number of the controversies on antioxidant testing methods. Specifically, the book highlights the importance of context, helping the reader to decide what methods are most appropriate for different situations, how the results can be interpreted and what information may be inferred from the data. There are a multiplicity of methods for measuring activity, with no standardized method approved for in vitro or in vivo testing. In order to select an appropriate method, a thorough knowledge of the processes associated with reduction-oxidation is essential, leading to an improved understanding and use of activity measurements and the associated data. The book presents background information, in a unique style, which is designed to assist readers to grasp the fundamentals of redox processes, as well as thermodynamics and kinetics, which are essential to later chapters. Recovery and extraction of antioxidants from diverse matrices are presented in a clear and logical fashion along with methods used to determine antioxidant activity from a mechanistic perspective. Other chapters present current methodologies used for activity testing in different sample types ranging from foods and plants, to body fluids and even to packaging, but always with a strong emphasis on the nature of the sample and the underlying chemistry of the method. A number of emerging techniques for assessing antioxidant behaviour, namely, electrochemical methods, chip technology exploiting microfluidic devices, metabolomics plus studies of gene and protein expression, are examined. Ultimately, these techniques will be involved in generation of "big data" for which an understanding of chemometrics will be essential in drawing valid conclusions. The book is written to appeal to a wide audience, but will be particularly helpful for any researchers who are attempting to make sense of the vast literature and often conflicting messages on antioxidant activity.
Book Synopsis Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), Nanoparticles, and Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Stress-Induced Cell Death Mechanisms by : Loutfy H. Madkour
Download or read book Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), Nanoparticles, and Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Stress-Induced Cell Death Mechanisms written by Loutfy H. Madkour and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2020-06-27 with total page 782 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), Nanoparticles, and Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Stress-Induced Cell Death Mechanisms presents the role of ROS?mediated pathways cellular signaling stress, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, oxidative stress, oxidative damage, nanomaterials, and the mechanisms by which metalloids and nanoparticles induce their toxic effects. The book covers the ecotoxicology of environmental heavy metal ions and free radicals on macromolecules cells organisms, heavy metals?induced cell responses, oxidative stress, the source of oxidants, and the roles of ROS, oxidative stress and oxidative damage mechanisms. It also examines the nanotoxicity, cytotoxicity and genotoxicity mechanisms of nanomaterials and the effects of nanoparticle interactions. Antioxidant defense therapy and strategies for treatment round out the book, making it an ideal resource for researchers and professional scientists in toxicology, environmental chemistry, environmental science, nanomaterials and the pharmaceutical sciences. Covers the ecotoxicology of environmental heavy metal ions and the interactions between specific heavy metals?induced cell responses and oxidative stress Provides a better understanding of the mechanism of nanomaterial-induced toxicity as a first defense for hazard prevention Covers recent advances in new nanomedication technologies for the effects of NPs on oxidative stress, ROS and ER stress Discusses the effects of interactions between antioxidant defense therapy, ROS and strategies for treatment
Book Synopsis Oxidative Stress and Signal Transduction by : H.J. Forman
Download or read book Oxidative Stress and Signal Transduction written by H.J. Forman and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 484 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the past few years there has been the increased recognition that the effects of oxidative stress are not limited to the damage of cellular constituents. There is now evidence that reactive oxygen species (ROS) can alter cell function by acting upon the intermediates, or second messengers, in signal transductions. Such effects on signaling mechanisms probably account for the role of oxidative stress in inflammation, aging, and cancer. This volume brings together internationally recognized researchers in both the major areas covered by the book, oxidative stress and signal transduction. The work is organized in three sections. The first deals with the immediate cellular responses to oxidative stress and the production of second messengers. The second details the connection between second messengers and the gene. The third part looks more closely at the level of the gene.
Author :John F. Keaney Jr. Publisher :Springer Science & Business Media ISBN 13 :9780792386780 Total Pages :404 pages Book Rating :4.3/5 (867 download)
Book Synopsis Oxidative Stress and Vascular Disease by : John F. Keaney Jr.
Download or read book Oxidative Stress and Vascular Disease written by John F. Keaney Jr. and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 1999-12-31 with total page 404 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: One of the major biomedical triumphs of the post-World War II era was the defmitive demonstration that hypercholesterolemia is a key causative factor in atherosclerosis; that hypercholesterolemia can be effectively treated; and that treatment significantly reduces not only coronary disease mortality but also all cause mortality. Treatment to lower plasma levels of cholesterol - primarily low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol - is now accepted as best medical practice and both physicians and patients are being educated to take aggressive measures to lower LDL. We can confidently look forward to important decreases in the toll of coronary artery disease over the coming decades. However, there is still uncertainty as to the exact mechanisms by which elevated plasma cholesterol and LDL levels initiate and favor the progression of lesions. There is general consensus that one of the earliest responses to hypercholesterolemia is the adhesion of monocytes to aortic endothelial cells followed by their penetration into the subendothelial space, where they differentiate into macrophages. These cells, and also medial smooth muscle cells that have migrated into the subendothelial space, then become loaded with mUltiple, large droplets of cholesterol esters . . . the hallmark of the earliest visible atherosclerotic lesion, the so-called fatty streak. This lesion is the precursor of the more advanced lesions, both in animal models and in humans. Thus the centrality of hypercholesterolemia cannot be overstated. Still, the atherogenic process is complex and evolves over a long period of time.
Book Synopsis Mechanisms of Cell Death by : Zahra Zakeri
Download or read book Mechanisms of Cell Death written by Zahra Zakeri and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 236 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Contains papers from a July 1998 conference held at the Queens College Campus of the City University of New York. Papers are arranged in sections on mechanisms and general considerations, programmed (developmental) cell death, and cell death and pathological and clinical situations. Specific topics
Book Synopsis Active Oxygen in Biochemistry by : Valentine Angelou
Download or read book Active Oxygen in Biochemistry written by Valentine Angelou and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-09 with total page 480 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The field of "Oxygen Activation" has attracted considerable interest recently, not only because it presents challenges in those fields of basic research that aim to understand the fundamental aspects of chemical and biological reactions that involve dioxygen, but also because of its wide range of practical implications in such diverse fields as medicine, synthesis of pharmaceuticals and other organic compounds, materials science, and atmospheric science. This is the second of two volumes that focus on the subject of oxygen activation, the first slanted toward chemistry and the second toward biological chemistry. We planned these volumes to be more general than many monographs of this sort, not as detailed summaries of the authors' own research but rather as general overviews of the field. Our choice of topics was strongly influenced by our syllabus for a course entitled "Oxygen Chemistry," which two of us have twice taught jointly at UCLA. Definition of important issues, horizons, and future prospects was an important goal, and, although totally comprehensive coverage was not possible, we believe that we have chosen a representative selection of research topics current to the field. We have targeted this work to a diverse audience ranging from professionals in fields from physics to medicine to beginning graduate students who are interested in rapidly acquiring the basics of this field.
