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Author : Luther Jose
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 124 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (774 download)
Download or read book Analysis of Counterfactual Conditionals written by Luther Jose and published by . This book was released on 1971 with total page 124 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Renaat Declerck
Publisher : Walter de Gruyter
ISBN 13 : 3110851741
Total Pages : 556 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (18 download)
Download or read book Conditionals written by Renaat Declerck and published by Walter de Gruyter. This book was released on 2012-08-09 with total page 556 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is an extremely detailed and comprehensive examination of conditional sentences in English, using many examples from actual language-use. The syntax and semantics of conditionals (including tense and mood options) and the functions of conditionals in discourse are examined in depth, producing an all-round linguistic view of the subject which contains a wealth of original observations and analyses. Not only linguists specializing in grammar but also those interested in pragmatics and the philosophy of language will find this book a rewarding and illuminating source.
Author : David Lewis
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118696417
Total Pages : 183 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (186 download)
Download or read book Counterfactuals written by David Lewis and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2013-05-28 with total page 183 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Counterfactuals is David Lewis' forceful presentation of and sustained argument for a particular view about propositions which express contrary to fact conditionals, including his famous defense of realism about possible worlds.
Author : Timothy Williamson
Publisher : Oxford University Press, USA
ISBN 13 : 0198860668
Total Pages : 287 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (988 download)
Download or read book Suppose and Tell written by Timothy Williamson and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2020 with total page 287 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: What does 'if' mean? Timothy Williamson presents a controversial new approach to understanding conditional thinking, which is central to human cognitive life. He argues that in using 'if' we rely on psychological heuristics, fast and frugal methods which can lead us to trust faulty data and prematurely reject simple theories.
Author : Christoph Hoerl
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0199590699
Total Pages : 279 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (995 download)
Download or read book Understanding Counterfactuals, Understanding Causation written by Christoph Hoerl and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2011-11-03 with total page 279 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Twelve essays explore what bearing empirical findings might have on philosophical concerns about counterfactuals and causation, and how, in turn, work in philosophy might help clarify issues in empirical work on the relationships between causal and counterfactual thought.
Author : Christoph Molnar
Publisher : Lulu.com
ISBN 13 : 0244768528
Total Pages : 320 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (447 download)
Download or read book Interpretable Machine Learning written by Christoph Molnar and published by Lulu.com. This book was released on 2020 with total page 320 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is about making machine learning models and their decisions interpretable. After exploring the concepts of interpretability, you will learn about simple, interpretable models such as decision trees, decision rules and linear regression. Later chapters focus on general model-agnostic methods for interpreting black box models like feature importance and accumulated local effects and explaining individual predictions with Shapley values and LIME. All interpretation methods are explained in depth and discussed critically. How do they work under the hood? What are their strengths and weaknesses? How can their outputs be interpreted? This book will enable you to select and correctly apply the interpretation method that is most suitable for your machine learning project.
Author : Poonam Dohutia
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (13 download)
Download or read book Thinking the Impossible written by Poonam Dohutia and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Ph D. Noel Hendrickson
Publisher : Lulu.com
ISBN 13 : 1105055639
Total Pages : 87 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (5 download)
Download or read book Counterfactual Reasoning written by Ph D. Noel Hendrickson and published by Lulu.com. This book was released on 2011-09-16 with total page 87 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Counterfactual reasoning evaluates conditional claims about alternate possibilities and their consequences (i.e., ?What If? statements). Counterfactuals are essential to intelligence analysis. The process of counterfactual reasoning has three stages. First, one must establish the particular way in which the alternate possibility comes to be (i.e., develop its ?back-story?). Second, one must evaluate the events that occur between the time of the alternate possibility and the time for which one is considering its consequences. And third, one must examine the possible consequences of the alternate possibility's back-story and the events that follow it. In doing so, an analyst must connect conclusions to speci
Author : Gilles Fauconnier
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780521599535
Total Pages : 228 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (995 download)
Download or read book Mappings in Thought and Language written by Gilles Fauconnier and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 1997-06-13 with total page 228 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Meaning in everyday thought and language is constructed at lightning speed. We are not conscious of the staggering complexity of the cognitive operations that drive our simplest behavior. This 1997 book examines a central component of meaning construction: the mappings that link mental spaces. A deep result of the research is that the same principles operate at the highest levels of scientific, artistic, and literary thought, and at the lower levels of elementary understanding and sentence meaning. Some key cognitive operations are analogical mappings, conceptual integration and blending, discourse management, induction and recursion. The analyses are based on a rich array of attested data in ordinary language, humor, action and design, science, and narratives. Phenomena that receive attention include counterfactuals; time, tense, and mood; opacity; metaphor; fictive motion; grammatical constructions; quantification over cognitive domains.
Author : Angelika Kratzer
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0191636983
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (916 download)
Download or read book Modals and Conditionals written by Angelika Kratzer and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2012-01-12 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book contains updated and substantially revised versions of Angelika Kratzer's classic papers on modals and conditionals, including 'What "must" and "can" must and can mean', 'Partition and Revision', 'The Notional Category of Modality', 'Conditionals', 'An Investigation of the Lumps of Thought', and 'Facts: Particulars or Information Units?'. The book's contents add up to some of the most important work on modals and conditionals in particular and on the semantics-syntax interface more generally. It will be of central interest to linguists and philosophers of language of all theoretical persuasions.
Author : John Collins
Publisher : MIT Press
ISBN 13 : 9780262532563
Total Pages : 500 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (325 download)
Download or read book Causation and Counterfactuals written by John Collins and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2004-06-25 with total page 500 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: One philosophical approach to causation sees counterfactual dependence as the key to the explanation of causal facts: for example, events c (the cause) and e (the effect) both occur, but had c not occurred, e would not have occurred either. The counterfactual analysis of causation became a focus of philosophical debate after the 1973 publication of the late David Lewis's groundbreaking paper, "Causation," which argues against the previously accepted "regularity" analysis and in favor of what he called the "promising alternative" of the counterfactual analysis. Thirty years after Lewis's paper, this book brings together some of the most important recent work connecting—or, in some cases, disputing the connection between—counterfactuals and causation, including the complete version of Lewis's Whitehead lectures, "Causation as Influence," a major reworking of his original paper. Also included is a more recent essay by Lewis, "Void and Object," on causation by omission. Several of the essays first appeared in a special issue of the Journal of Philosophy, but most, including the unabridged version of "Causation as Influence," are published for the first time or in updated forms. Other topics considered include the "trumping" of one event over another in determining causation; de facto dependence; challenges to the transitivity of causation; the possibility that entities other than events are the fundamental causal relata; the distinction between dependence and production in accounts of causation; the distinction between causation and causal explanation; the context-dependence of causation; probabilistic analyses of causation; and a singularist theory of causation.
Author : Bob Hale
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118972082
Total Pages : 1176 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (189 download)
Download or read book A Companion to the Philosophy of Language written by Bob Hale and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2017-02-15 with total page 1176 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: “Providing up-to-date, in-depth coverage of the central question, and written and edited by some of the foremost practitioners in the field, this timely new edition will no doubt be a go-to reference for anyone with a serious interest in the philosophy of language.” Kathrin Glüer-Pagin, Stockholm University Now published in two volumes, the second edition of the best-selling Companion to the Philosophy of Language provides a complete survey of contemporary philosophy of language. The Companion has been greatly extended and now includes a monumental 17 new essays – with topics chosen by the editors, who curated suggestions from current contributors – and almost all of the 25 original chapters have been updated to take account of recent developments in the field. In addition to providing a synoptic view of the key issues, figures, concepts, and debates, each essay introduces new and original contributions to ongoing debates, as well as addressing a number of new areas of interest, including two-dimensional semantics, modality and epistemic modals, and semantic relationism. The extended “state-of-the-art” chapter format allows the authors, all of whom are internationally eminent scholars in the field, to incorporate original research to a far greater degree than competitor volumes. Unrivaled in scope, this volume represents the best contemporary critical thinking relating to the philosophy of language.
Author : Tyrus Kares Fisher
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781085565479
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (654 download)
Download or read book Counterfactual Dependence and Causation's Arrows written by Tyrus Kares Fisher and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The dissertation is about the meanings and logics of conditionals. It is comprised of two parts. Part I concerns subjunctive conditionals, backtrackers, and Modus Ponens. Part II explores some ideas to do with the truth conditions of indicative conditionals; in particular, the direct-arguments for the material-conditional analysis and, again, Modus Ponens. Causal-model frameworks are utilized and discussed throughout. A summary of results follows. Backtracking and Counterlegals: A backtracker is a subjunctive conditional such that a time implicated in its antecedent is later than a time implicated in its consequent. A counterlegal is a subjunctive conditional the antecedent of which is inconsistent with some set of laws or invariances. Theories that handle backtrackers well typically handle counterlegals poorly and vice versa. A semantic theory that handles both backtrackers and counterlegals is motivated and presented, demonstrating that despite the difficulties here, a single semantic framework can be used to evaluate both backtracking and counterlegal counterfactuals. Modus Ponens and Conditionals in Natural Language: The apparent counterexamples to Modus Ponens for indicative and subjunctive conditionals (McGee 1985; Briggs 2012) do not have the logical form of Modus Ponens if the standard truth-conditional theory of conditionals in linguistics (Kratzer's [1986, 2012] Restrictor View) is correct. Modus Ponens and Backtracking: (1) In typical causal-model frameworks, such as that of Briggs 2012, invalidating Modus Ponens causes the misevaluation of a class of right-embedded conditionals. (2) Changing the semantics to fix for this problem makes Modus Ponens valid and results in many more backtrackers coming out true. Modus Ponens and the Material Conditional: Even granting to proponents of the material-conditional analysis many core features of their view--including the validity of Modus Ponens--the controversial principles appealed to in the direct arguments do not force the truth conditional equivalence of the indicative and the material conditional.
Author : Tomasz F. Bigaj
Publisher : Walter de Gruyter
ISBN 13 : 3110323303
Total Pages : 295 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (13 download)
Download or read book Non-locality and Possible World written by Tomasz F. Bigaj and published by Walter de Gruyter. This book was released on 2013-05-02 with total page 295 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book uses the formal semantics of counterfactual conditionals to analyze the problem of non-locality in quantum mechanics. Counterfactual conditionals (subjunctive conditionals) enter the analysis of quantum entangled systems in that they enable us to precisely formulate the locality condition that purports to exclude the existence of causal interactions between spatially separated parts of a system. They also make it possible to speak consistently about alternative measuring settings, and to explicate what is meant by quantum property attributions. The book develops the possible-world semantics of quantum counterfactuals using David Lewis’s famous approach as a starting point but modifying it significantly in order to achieve compatibility with the demands of the special theory of relativity as well as quantum mechanics. There have been several attempts to use counterfactual semantics to strengthen Bell’s theorem and its cognates such as the GHZ and Hardy theorems. These are critically evaluated in the book. Finally, a counterfactual reconstruction of the EPR argument and Bell’s theorem is proposed that sheds a new light on their philosophical consequences regarding the relations between realism and local causation.
Author : Dorothee Birke
Publisher : Walter de Gruyter
ISBN 13 : 3110268663
Total Pages : 264 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (12 download)
Download or read book Counterfactual Thinking - Counterfactual Writing written by Dorothee Birke and published by Walter de Gruyter. This book was released on 2011-11-30 with total page 264 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Counterfactuality is currently a hotly debated topic. While for some disciplines such as linguistics, cognitive science, or psychology counterfactual scenarios have been an important object of study for quite a while, counterfactual thinking has in recent years emerged as a method of study for other disciplines, most notably the social sciences. This volume provides an overview of the current definitions and uses of the concept of counterfactuality in philosophy, historiography, political sciences, psychology, linguistics, physics, and literary studies. The individual contributions not only engage the controversies that the deployment of counterfactual thinking as a method still generates, they also highlight the concept’s potential to promote interdisciplinary exchange without neglecting the limitations and pitfalls of such a project. Moreover, the essays from literary studies, which make up about half of the volume, provide both a historical and a systematic perspective on the manifold ways in which counterfactual scenarios can be incorporated into and deployed in literary texts.
Author : Nelson Goodman
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 490 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)
Download or read book Problems and Projects written by Nelson Goodman and published by . This book was released on 1972 with total page 490 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Tomasz F. Bigaj
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9783110322866
Total Pages : 286 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (228 download)
Download or read book Non-Locality and Possible World written by Tomasz F. Bigaj and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 286 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book uses the formal semantics of counterfactual conditionals to analyze the problem of non-locality in quantum mechanics. Counterfactual conditionals (subjunctive conditionals) enter the analysis of quantum entangled systems in that they enable us to precisely formulate the locality condition that purports to exclude the existence of causal interactions between spatially separated parts of a system. They also make it possible to speak consistently about alternative measuring settings, and to explicate what is meant by quantum property attributions. The book develops the possible-world semantics of quantum counterfactuals using David Lewis s famous approach as a starting point but modifying it significantly in order to achieve compatibility with the demands of the special theory of relativity as well as quantum mechanics. There have been several attempts to use counterfactual semantics to strengthen Bell s theorem and its cognates such as the GHZ and Hardy theorems. These are critically evaluated in the book. Finally, a counterfactual reconstruction of the EPR argument and Bell s theorem is proposed that sheds a new light on their philosophical consequences regarding the relations between realism and local causation."
