Analogy-making as Perception

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Publisher : Bradford Books
ISBN 13 : 9780262132893
Total Pages : 275 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (328 download)

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Book Synopsis Analogy-making as Perception by : Melanie Mitchell

Download or read book Analogy-making as Perception written by Melanie Mitchell and published by Bradford Books. This book was released on 1993 with total page 275 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The psychologist William James observed that "a native talent for perceiving analogies is ... the leading fact in genius of every order." The centrality and the ubiquity of analogy in creative thought have been noted again and again by scientists, artists, and writers, and understanding and modeling analogical thought have emerged as two of the most important challenges for cognitive science. Analogy-Making as Perception is based on the premise that analogy-making is fundamentally a high-level perceptual process in which the interaction of perception and concepts gives rise to "conceptual slippages" which allow analogies to be made. It describes Copycat - a computer model of analogymaking, developed by the author with Douglas Hofstadter, that models the complex, subconscious interaction between perception and concepts that underlies the creation of analogies. In Copycat, both concepts and high-level perception are emergent phenomena, arising from large numbers of low-level, parallel, non-deterministic activities. In the spectrum of cognitive modeling approaches, Copycat occupies a unique intermediate position between symbolic systems and connectionist systems a position that is at present the most useful one for understanding the fluidity of concepts and high-level perception. On one level the work described here is about analogy-making, but on another level it is about cognition in general. It explores such issues as the nature of concepts and perception and the emergence of highly flexible concepts from a lower-level "subcognitive" substrate. Melanie Mitchell, Assistant Professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at the University of Michigan, is a Fellow of the Michigan Society of Fellows. She is also Director of the Adaptive Computation Program at the Santa Fe Institute.

The Subtlety of Sameness

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Publisher : MIT Press
ISBN 13 : 9780262061803
Total Pages : 218 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (618 download)

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Book Synopsis The Subtlety of Sameness by : Robert Matthew French

Download or read book The Subtlety of Sameness written by Robert Matthew French and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 1995 with total page 218 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The research described in this book is based on the premise that human analogy-making is an extension of our constant background process of perceiving--in other words, that analogy-making and the perception of sameness are two sides of the same coin. Foreword by Daniel Dennett While it is fashionable today to dismiss the "bad old days" of artificial intelligence and rave about emergent self-organizing systems, Robert French has created a model of human analogy-making that attempts to bridge the gap between classical top-down AI and more recent bottom-up approaches. The research described in this book is based on the premise that human analogy-making is an extension of our constant background process of perceiving--in other words, that analogy-making and the perception of sameness are two sides of the same coin. At the heart of the author's theory and computer model of analogy-making is the idea that the building-up and the manipulation of representations are inseparable aspects of mental functioning, in contrast to traditional AI models of high-level cognitive processes, which have almost always depended on a clean separation. A computer program called Tabletop forms analogies in a microdomain consisting of everyday objects on a table set for a meal. The theory and the program rely on the idea that myriad stochastic choices made on the microlevel can add up to statistical robustness on a macrolevel. To illustrate this, French includes the results of thousands of runs of his program on several dozen interrelated analogy problems in the Tabletop microworld. French's work is exciting not only because it reveals analogy-making to be an extension of our complex and subtle ability to perceive sameness but also because it offers a computational model of mechanisms underlying these processes. This model makes significant strides in putting into practice microlevel stochastic processing, distributed processing, simulated parallelism, and the integration of representation-building and representation-processing. A Bradford Book

Surfaces and Essences

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Publisher : Basic Books (AZ)
ISBN 13 : 0465018475
Total Pages : 594 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (65 download)

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Book Synopsis Surfaces and Essences by : Douglas Hofstadter

Download or read book Surfaces and Essences written by Douglas Hofstadter and published by Basic Books (AZ). This book was released on 2013-04-23 with total page 594 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Shows how analogy-making pervades human thought at all levels, influencing the choice of words and phrases in speech, providing guidance in unfamiliar situations, and giving rise to great acts of imagination.

Fluid Concepts And Creative Analogies

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 536 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Fluid Concepts And Creative Analogies by : Douglas R. Hofstadter

Download or read book Fluid Concepts And Creative Analogies written by Douglas R. Hofstadter and published by . This book was released on 1995-02-08 with total page 536 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Hofstadter has developed a sophisticated vision of the mind in which perception, at an abstract level, is the key.

Perception and analogy

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Publisher : Manchester University Press
ISBN 13 : 1526157039
Total Pages : 218 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (261 download)

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Book Synopsis Perception and analogy by : Rosalind Powell

Download or read book Perception and analogy written by Rosalind Powell and published by Manchester University Press. This book was released on 2021-10-19 with total page 218 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Perception and analogy explores ways of seeing scientifically in the eighteenth century. The book examines how sensory experience is conceptualised during the period, drawing novel connections between treatments of perception as an embodied phenomenon and the creative methods employed by natural philosophers. Covering a wealth of literary, theological, and pedagogical texts that engage with astronomy, optics, ophthalmology, and the body, it argues for the significance of analogies for conceptualising and explaining new scientific ideas. As well as identifying their use in religious and topographical poetry, the book addresses how analogies are visible in material culture through objects such as orreries, camera obscuras, and aeolian harps. It makes the vital claim that scientific concepts become intertwined with Christian discourse through reinterpretations of origins and signs, the scope of the created universe, and the limits of embodied knowledge.

Metaphor and Analogy in the Sciences

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Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9780792365600
Total Pages : 260 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (656 download)

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Book Synopsis Metaphor and Analogy in the Sciences by : F. Hallyn

Download or read book Metaphor and Analogy in the Sciences written by F. Hallyn and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2000-10-31 with total page 260 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This collection of papers contains historical case studies, systematic contributions of a general nature, and applications to specific sciences. The bibliographies of the contributions contain references to all central items from the traditions that are relevant today. While providing access to contemporary views on the issue, the papers illustrate the wide variety of functions of metaphors and analogies, as well as the many connections between the study of some of these functions and other subjects and disciplines.

The Analogical Mind

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Publisher : MIT Press
ISBN 13 : 9780262571395
Total Pages : 562 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (713 download)

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Book Synopsis The Analogical Mind by : Dedre Gentner

Download or read book The Analogical Mind written by Dedre Gentner and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2001-03-02 with total page 562 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Analogy has been the focus of extensive research in cognitive science over the past two decades. Through analogy, novel situations and problems can be understood in terms of familiar ones. Indeed, a case can be made for analogical processing as the very core of cognition. This is the first book to span the full range of disciplines concerned with analogy. Its contributors represent cognitive, developmental, and comparative psychology; neuroscience; artificial intelligence; linguistics; and philosophy. The book is divided into three parts. The first part describes computational models of analogy as well as their relation to computational models of other cognitive processes. The second part addresses the role of analogy in a wide range of cognitive tasks, such as forming complex cognitive structures, conveying emotion, making decisions, and solving problems. The third part looks at the development of analogy in children and the possible use of analogy in nonhuman primates. Contributors Miriam Bassok, Consuelo B. Boronat, Brian Bowdle, Fintan Costello, Kevin Dunbar, Gilles Fauconnier, Kenneth D. Forbus, Dedre Gentner, Usha Goswami, Brett Gray, Graeme S. Halford, Douglas Hofstadter, Keith J. Holyoak, John E. Hummel, Mark T. Keane, Boicho N. Kokinov, Arthur B. Markman, C. Page Moreau, David L. Oden, Alexander A. Petrov, Steven Phillips, David Premack, Cameron Shelley, Paul Thagard, Roger K.R. Thompson, William H. Wilson, Phillip Wolff

Shortcut

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Publisher : Penguin
ISBN 13 : 1592409474
Total Pages : 258 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (924 download)

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Book Synopsis Shortcut by : John Pollack

Download or read book Shortcut written by John Pollack and published by Penguin. This book was released on 2015-09-29 with total page 258 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A former presidential speechwriter for Bill Clinton explores the hidden power of analogy to fuel thought, connect ideas, spark innovation, and shape outcomes. From the meatpacking plants that inspired Henry Ford’s first moving assembly line to the domino theory that led America into Vietnam to the “bicycle for the mind” that Steve Jobs envisioned as the Macintosh computer, analogies have played a dynamic role in shaping the world around us—and still do today. Analogies are far more complex than their SAT stereotype and lie at the very core of human cognition and creativity. Once we become aware of this, we start seeing them everywhere—in ads, apps, political debates, legal arguments, logos, and euphemisms, to name just a few. At their very best, analogies inspire new ways of thinking, enable invention, and motivate people to action. Unfortunately, not every analogy that rings true is true. That’s why, at their worst, analogies can deceive, manipulate, or mislead us into disaster. The challenge? Spotting the difference before it’s too late. Rich with engaging stories, surprising examples, and a practical method to evaluate the truth or effectiveness of any analogy, Shortcut will improve critical thinking, enhance creativity, and offer readers a fresh approach to resolving some of today’s most intractable challenges.

Mental Leaps

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Publisher : MIT Press
ISBN 13 : 9780262581448
Total Pages : 340 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (814 download)

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Book Synopsis Mental Leaps by : Keith J. Holyoak

Download or read book Mental Leaps written by Keith J. Holyoak and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 1996-01-31 with total page 340 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Analogy—recalling familiar past situations to deal with novel ones—is a mental tool that everyone uses. Analogy can provide invaluable creative insights, but it can also lead to dangerous errors. In Mental Leaps two leading cognitive scientists show how analogy works and how it can be used most effectively. Keith Holyoak and Paul Thagard provide a unified, comprehensive account of the diverse operations and applications of analogy, including problem solving, decision making, explanation, and communication. Holyoak and Thagard present their own theory of analogy, considering its implications for cognitive science in general, and survey examples from many other domains. These include animal cognition, developmental and social psychology, political science, philosophy, history of science, anthropology, and literature. Understanding how we draw analogies is important for people interested in the evolution of thinking in animals and in children; for those whose focus is on either creative thinking or errors of everyday reasoning; for those concerned with how decisions are made in law, business, and politics; and for those striving to improve education. Mental Leaps covers all of this ground, emphasizing the principles that govern the use of analogy and keeping technical matters to a minimum. A Bradford Book

Surfaces and Essences

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Publisher : Basic Books
ISBN 13 : 0465021581
Total Pages : 594 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (65 download)

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Book Synopsis Surfaces and Essences by : Douglas R Hofstadter

Download or read book Surfaces and Essences written by Douglas R Hofstadter and published by Basic Books. This book was released on 2013-04-23 with total page 594 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Analogy is the core of all thinking. This is the simple but unorthodox premise that Pulitzer Prize -- winning author Douglas Hofstadter and French psychologist Emmanuel Sander defend in their new work. Hofstadter has been grappling with the mysteries of human thought for over thirty years. Now, with his trademark wit and special talent for making complex ideas vivid, he has partnered with Sander to put forth a highly novel perspective on cognition. We are constantly faced with a swirling and intermingling multitude of ill-defined situations. Our brain's job is to try to make sense of this unpredictable, swarming chaos of stimuli. How does it do so? The ceaseless hail of input triggers analogies galore, helping us to pinpoint the essence of what is going on. Often this means the spontaneous evocation of words, sometimes idioms, sometimes the triggering of nameless, long-buried memories. Why did two-year-old Camille proudly exclaim, "I undressed the banana!"? Why do people who hear a story often blurt out, "Exactly the same thing happened to me!" when it was a completely different event? How do we recognize an aggressive driver from a split-second glance in our rearview mirror? What in a friend's remark triggers the offhand reply, "That's just sour grapes"? What did Albert Einstein see that made him suspect that light consists of particles when a century of research had driven the final nail in the coffin of that long-dead idea? The answer to all these questions, of course, is analogy-making -- the meat and potatoes, the heart and soul, the fuel and fire, the gist and the crux, the lifeblood and the wellsprings of thought. Analogy-making, far from happening at rare intervals, occurs at all moments, defining thinking from top to toe, from the tiniest and most fleeting thoughts to the most creative scientific insights. Like Gö, Escher, Bach before it, Surfaces and Essences will profoundly enrich our understanding of our own minds. By plunging the reader into an extraordinary variety of colorful situations involving language, thought, and memory, by revealing bit by bit the constantly churning cognitive mechanisms normally completely hidden from view, and by discovering in them one central, invariant core -- the incessant, unconscious quest for strong analogical links to past experiences -- this book puts forth a radical and deeply surprising new vision of the act of thinking.

The Changing English Language

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Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1107086868
Total Pages : 431 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (7 download)

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Book Synopsis The Changing English Language by : Marianne Hundt

Download or read book The Changing English Language written by Marianne Hundt and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2017-07-20 with total page 431 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Experts from psycholinguistics and English historical linguistics address core factors in language change.

Philosophy of Olfactory Perception

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Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319336452
Total Pages : 209 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (193 download)

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Book Synopsis Philosophy of Olfactory Perception by : Andreas Keller

Download or read book Philosophy of Olfactory Perception written by Andreas Keller and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-01-05 with total page 209 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book reconsiders the major current topics in the philosophy of perception using olfaction as the paradigm sense. The author reveals how many of the most basic concepts of philosophy of perception are based on peculiarities of visual perception not found in other modalities, and addresses how different the philosophy of perception would be if based on olfaction. The book addresses several aspects of olfaction, including perceptual qualities, percepts, olfaction and cognitive processes, and consciousness. The first part of the book considers perception with respect to its ability to guide behaviors and to make information available to cognitive processes. The author continues by addressing the differences between conscious and non-conscious olfactory perception, and presents an argument for an important role of attention in conscious processes. The book concludes by discussing the function of conscious brain processes and their link to guiding behaviors in complex situations.

Understanding Cyber Conflict

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Publisher : Georgetown University Press
ISBN 13 : 1626164983
Total Pages : 310 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (261 download)

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Book Synopsis Understanding Cyber Conflict by : George Perkovich

Download or read book Understanding Cyber Conflict written by George Perkovich and published by Georgetown University Press. This book was released on 2017 with total page 310 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Analogies help us think, learn, and communicate. The fourteen case studies in this volume help readers make sense of contemporary cyber conflict through historical analogies to past military-technological problems. The chapters are divided into three groups. The first--What Are Cyber Weapons Like?--examines the characteristics of cyber capabilities and how their use for intelligence gathering, signaling, and precision strike compares with earlier technologies for such missions. The second section--What Might Cyber Wars Be Like?--explores how lessons from several wars since the early 19th century, including the World Wars, could apply or not apply to cyber conflict in the 21st century. The final section--What Is Preventing and/or Managing Cyber Conflict Like?--offers lessons from 19th and 20th century cases of managing threatening actors and technologies.

Making Sense

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Publisher : Farrar, Straus & Giroux (BYR)
ISBN 13 : 9780374347420
Total Pages : 73 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (474 download)

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Book Synopsis Making Sense by : Bruce Brooks

Download or read book Making Sense written by Bruce Brooks and published by Farrar, Straus & Giroux (BYR). This book was released on 1993 with total page 73 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Discusses animals' six senses--seeing, hearing, smelling, tasting, touching, and feeling--and how they use them to perceive and react to the world around them.

Metaphor and Analogy in Science Education

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Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9781402038297
Total Pages : 226 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (382 download)

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Book Synopsis Metaphor and Analogy in Science Education by : Peter J. Aubusson

Download or read book Metaphor and Analogy in Science Education written by Peter J. Aubusson and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2006 with total page 226 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book brings together powerful ideas and new developments from internationally recognised scholars and classroom practitioners to provide theoretical and practical knowledge to inform progress in science education. This is achieved through a series of related chapters reporting research on analogy and metaphor in science education. Throughout the book, contributors not only highlight successful applications of analogies and metaphors, but also foreshadow exciting developments for research and practice. Themes include metaphor and analogy: best practice, as reasoning; for learning; applications in teacher development; in science education research; philosophical and theoretical foundations. Accordingly, the book is likely to appeal to a wide audience of science educators –classroom practitioners, student teachers, teacher educators and researchers.

Systematicity and Surface Similarity in the Development of Analogy

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Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 32 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (31 download)

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Book Synopsis Systematicity and Surface Similarity in the Development of Analogy by : Dedre Gentner

Download or read book Systematicity and Surface Similarity in the Development of Analogy written by Dedre Gentner and published by . This book was released on 1985 with total page 32 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Phenomenology of Perception

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Publisher : Motilal Banarsidass Publishe
ISBN 13 : 9788120813465
Total Pages : 494 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (134 download)

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Book Synopsis Phenomenology of Perception by : Maurice Merleau-Ponty

Download or read book Phenomenology of Perception written by Maurice Merleau-Ponty and published by Motilal Banarsidass Publishe. This book was released on 1996 with total page 494 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Buddhist philosophy of Anicca (impermanence), Dukkha (suffering), and