Agricultural Mechanization And Automation Volume Ii

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Agricultural Mechanization and Automation - Volume II

Author : Paul McNulty
Publisher : EOLSS Publications
ISBN 13 : 1848260970
Total Pages : 516 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (482 download)

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Book Synopsis Agricultural Mechanization and Automation - Volume II by : Paul McNulty

Download or read book Agricultural Mechanization and Automation - Volume II written by Paul McNulty and published by EOLSS Publications. This book was released on 2009-07-23 with total page 516 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Agricultural Mechanization and Automation is a component of Encyclopedia of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Engineering and Technology Resources in the global Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS), which is an integrated compendium of twenty one Encyclopedias. The mechanization of farming practices throughout the world has revolutionized food production, enabling it to maintain pace with population growth except in some less-developed countries, most notably in Africa. Agricultural mechanization has involved the partial or full replacement of human energy and animal-powered equipment (e.g. plows, seeders and harvesters) by engine-driven equipment. The theme on Agricultural Mechanization and Automation cover six main topics: Technology and Power in Agriculture; Farm Machinery; Facilities and Equipment for Livestock Management; Environmental Monitoring; Recovery and Use of Wastes and by-Products; Slaughtering and Processing of Livestock, which are then expanded into multiple subtopics, each as a chapter. These two volumes are aimed at the following five major target audiences: University and College students Educators, Professional practitioners, Research personnel and Policy analysts, managers, and decision makers and NGOs

Agricultural Mechanization and Automation

Author : Paul McNulty
Publisher : Eolss Publishers
ISBN 13 : 9781848265479
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (654 download)

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Book Synopsis Agricultural Mechanization and Automation by : Paul McNulty

Download or read book Agricultural Mechanization and Automation written by Paul McNulty and published by Eolss Publishers. This book was released on 2009 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: *Farm Machinary*Tractors and Transport Vehicles*Tillage and Seeding Machines*Fertilizer Applicators and Plant Protection Equipment*Harvesters*Equipment for Post-Harvest Preservation and Treatment of Produce

Fundamentals of Agricultural and Field Robotics

Author : Manoj Karkee
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030704009
Total Pages : 462 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (37 download)

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Book Synopsis Fundamentals of Agricultural and Field Robotics by : Manoj Karkee

Download or read book Fundamentals of Agricultural and Field Robotics written by Manoj Karkee and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021 with total page 462 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over the past century, mechanization has been an important means for optimizing resource utilization, improving worker health and safety and reducing labor requirements in farming while increasing productivity and quality of 4F (Food, Fuel, Fiber, Feed). Recognizing this contribution, agricultural mechanization was considered as one of the top ten engineering achievements of 20th century by the National Academy of Engineering. Accordingly farming communities have adopted increasing level of automation and robotics to further improve the precision management of crops (including input resources), increase productivity and reduce farm labor beyond what has been possible with conventional mechanization technologies. It is more important than ever to continue to develop and adopt novel automation and robotic solutions into farming so that some of the most complex agricultural tasks, which require huge amount of seasonal labor such as fruit and vegetable harvesting, could be automated while meeting the rapidly increasing need for 4F. In addition, continual innovation in and adoption of agricultural automation and robotic technologies is essential to minimize the use of depleting resources including water, minerals and other chemicals so that sufficient amount of safe and healthy food can be produced for current generation while not compromising the potential for the future generation. This book aims at presenting the fundamental principles of various aspects of automation and robotics as they relate to production agriculture (the branch of agriculture dealing with farming operations from field preparation to seeding, to harvesting and field logistics). The building blocks of agricultural automation and robotics that are discussed in the book include sensing and machine vision, control, guidance, manipulation and end-effector technologies. The fundamentals and operating principles of these technologies are explained with examples from cutting-edge research and development currently going on around the word. This book brings together scientists, engineers, students and professionals working in these and related technologies to present their latest examples of agricultural automation and robotics research, innovation and development while explaining the fundamentals of the technology. The book, therefore, benefits those who wish to develop novel agricultural engineering solutions and/or to adopt them in the future. .

Agricultural Sciences - Volume II

Author : Rattan Lal
Publisher : EOLSS Publications
ISBN 13 : 184826092X
Total Pages : 516 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (482 download)

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Book Synopsis Agricultural Sciences - Volume II by : Rattan Lal

Download or read book Agricultural Sciences - Volume II written by Rattan Lal and published by EOLSS Publications. This book was released on 2009-10-13 with total page 516 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Agricultural Sciences is a component of Encyclopedia of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Engineering and Technology Resources in the global Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS), which is an integrated compendium of twenty one Encyclopedias. The theme on Agricultural Sciences with contributions from distinguished experts in the field discusses this multi-disciplinary field that encompasses the parts of exact, natural, economic and social sciences that are used in the practice and understanding of agriculture. These two volumes are aimed at the following five major target audiences: University and College students Educators, Professional practitioners, Research personnel and Policy analysts, managers, and decision makers and NGOs

Agricultural Land Improvement: Amelioration and Reclamation - Volume II

Author : Boris Stepanovich Maslov
Publisher : EOLSS Publications
ISBN 13 : 1848260997
Total Pages : 478 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (482 download)

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Book Synopsis Agricultural Land Improvement: Amelioration and Reclamation - Volume II by : Boris Stepanovich Maslov

Download or read book Agricultural Land Improvement: Amelioration and Reclamation - Volume II written by Boris Stepanovich Maslov and published by EOLSS Publications. This book was released on 2009-09-23 with total page 478 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Agricultural Land Improvement: Amelioration and Reclamation theme is a component of Encyclopedia of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Engineering and Technology Resources in the global Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS), which is an integrated compendium of twenty one Encyclopedias. The theme on Agricultural Land Improvement: Amelioration and Reclamation has two volumes with contributions from distinguished experts in the field, discusses amelioration practices and measures for radical improvement of unfavorable hydrologic, soil, and agroclimatic conditions, with a view to the most efficient use of land resources. The content of the theme is organized with state-of-the-art presentations covering the following aspects of the subject: Necessity of Development of Land Reclamation; Irrigation; Drainage of Farmlands; Chemical Amelioration of Soils; Biological and Agrotechnical Amelioration, which are then expanded into multiple subtopics, each as a chapter. These volumes are aimed at the following five major target audiences: University and College Students Educators, Professional Practitioners, Research Personnel and Policy Analysts, Managers, and Decision Makers and NGOs

Interactions: Food, Agriculture And Environment - Volume II

Author : G. Lysenko
Publisher : EOLSS Publications
ISBN 13 : 1848263341
Total Pages : 452 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (482 download)

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Book Synopsis Interactions: Food, Agriculture And Environment - Volume II by : G. Lysenko

Download or read book Interactions: Food, Agriculture And Environment - Volume II written by G. Lysenko and published by EOLSS Publications. This book was released on 2010-07-29 with total page 452 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Interactions: Food, Agriculture And Environment is a component of Encyclopedia of Environmental and Ecological Sciences, Engineering and Technology Resources in the global Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS), which is an integrated compendium of twenty one Encyclopedias. The Theme on Interactions: Food, Agriculture and Environment focuses on methods to ensure the development of agriculture and food production to be in dialectic unity with the surrounding natural environment. In every country of the world agriculture always faces complex problems: how to significantly increase production of agricultural products to supply the population with sufficient food, and industry with sufficient raw materials, and how to satisfy the permanently growing demand. The acuteness of this task has always been linked with the demographic factor and the need to guarantee the population with a high living standard free of starvation and poverty. These two volumes are aimed at the following five major target audiences: University and College students Educators, Professional practitioners, Research personnel and Policy analysts, managers, and decision makers and NGOs.

Management of Agricultural, Forestry, Fisheries and Rural Enterprise - Volume II

Author : Robert J. Hudson
Publisher : EOLSS Publications
ISBN 13 : 1848262000
Total Pages : 388 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (482 download)

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Book Synopsis Management of Agricultural, Forestry, Fisheries and Rural Enterprise - Volume II by : Robert J. Hudson

Download or read book Management of Agricultural, Forestry, Fisheries and Rural Enterprise - Volume II written by Robert J. Hudson and published by EOLSS Publications. This book was released on 2009-12-10 with total page 388 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Management of Agricultural, Forestry and Fisheries Enterprises theme is a component of Encyclopedia of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Engineering and Technology Resources in the global Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS), which is an integrated compendium of twenty one Encyclopedias. Growing populations and expectations have placed extreme pressure on agricultural, forestry and fisheries resources. Sustainability of resources and resource industries will be achieved only with commitment, ingenuity and cooperation at unprecedented scale. The theme on Management of Agricultural, Forestry and Fisheries Enterprises begins with an assessment of the organization of agricultural, forestry, fisheries and rural enterprises introducing community-based management, traditional small farms, cooperatives and marketing boards, collective and state enterprises, and integrated global corporate systems. This is followed by thorough assessments of management systems for plants, livestock, forests and fisheries. Plant management systems are based on genetic resources, water management, nutrient management and agronomic systems. Livestock production systems are considered from the standpoints of genetic resources, range and pasture-based systems, landless systems, and options for diversification. Trends in the forest industry are revealed in terms of demand for a variety of products from forests, evolving policy regimens and sylvicultural developments. The final topic addresses the complex issues surrounding sustainability of the world's fisheries. This theme assess the evolving state of the main resource industries interpreting trends and identifying challenges and opportunities. Contributors have attempted to project these developments and raise questions about their impact and role in a changing world. Clearly, they are part of an unfolding story of adaptation of the resource industries in an increasingly global society. These two volumes are aimed at the following five major target audiences: University and College Students Educators, Professional Practitioners, Research Personnel and Policy Analysts, Managers, and Decision Makers, NGOs and GOs.

Water Interactions with Energy, Environment, Food and Agriculture - Volume II

Author : Maria Concepcion Donoso
Publisher : EOLSS Publications
ISBN 13 : 1848261969
Total Pages : 438 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (482 download)

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Book Synopsis Water Interactions with Energy, Environment, Food and Agriculture - Volume II by : Maria Concepcion Donoso

Download or read book Water Interactions with Energy, Environment, Food and Agriculture - Volume II written by Maria Concepcion Donoso and published by EOLSS Publications. This book was released on 2009-02-25 with total page 438 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Water Interactions with Energy, Environment, Food and Agriculture is a component of Encyclopedia of Water Sciences, Engineering and Technology Resources in the global Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS), which is an integrated compendium of twenty one Encyclopedias. The theme discusses water's importance to energy generation, the environment, food, and agriculture. It begins with an analysis of the interrelations between water and the environment. Consideration is given to the relationship between water and human health. Water's dynamic role in the food production process; Ecosystem Character; Water Quality and Environment; Climate Change and Water Resources; Water Resources For Agricultural and Food Production; Water Balance in Agriculture Areas; Water Contamination from Rural Production Systems; Water Interactions with Human Development ;Economic Development; and Cultural Development are considered. These two volumes are aimed at the following five major target audiences: University and College students Educators, Professional practitioners, Research personnel and Policy analysts, Managers, and Decision makers and NGOs

Interdisciplinary and Sustainability Issues in Food and Agriculture - Volume II

Author : Olaf Christen
Publisher : EOLSS Publications
ISBN 13 : 1848263368
Total Pages : 478 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (482 download)

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Book Synopsis Interdisciplinary and Sustainability Issues in Food and Agriculture - Volume II by : Olaf Christen

Download or read book Interdisciplinary and Sustainability Issues in Food and Agriculture - Volume II written by Olaf Christen and published by EOLSS Publications. This book was released on 2010-05-24 with total page 478 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Interdisciplinary and Sustainability Issues in Food and Agriculture is a component of Encyclopedia of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Engineering and Technology Resources in the global Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS), which is an integrated compendium of twenty one Encyclopedias. The Theme on Interdisciplinary and Sustainability Issues in Food and Agriculture provides the essential aspects and discusses a number of issues of importance in the development of specific agriculture and food supply systems that are closely related to general developmental trends of humankind. In this context technology and economic development as well as socio-cultural developments affect productivity and a secure supply with food. These three volumes are aimed at the following five major target audiences: University and College students Educators, Professional practitioners, Research personnel and Policy analysts, managers, and decision makers and NGOs.

Agricultural Automation

Author : Qin Zhang
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1439880581
Total Pages : 411 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (398 download)

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Book Synopsis Agricultural Automation by : Qin Zhang

Download or read book Agricultural Automation written by Qin Zhang and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2016-04-19 with total page 411 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Agricultural automation is the core technology for computer-aided agricultural production management and implementation. An integration of equipment, infotronics, and precision farming technologies, it creates viable solutions for challenges facing the food, fiber, feed, and fuel needs of the human race now and into the future. Agricultural Automat

ARCHAEOLOGY – Volume II

Author : Donald L. Hardesty
Publisher : EOLSS Publications
ISBN 13 : 1848260032
Total Pages : 388 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (482 download)

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Book Synopsis ARCHAEOLOGY – Volume II by : Donald L. Hardesty

Download or read book ARCHAEOLOGY – Volume II written by Donald L. Hardesty and published by EOLSS Publications. This book was released on 2010-06-15 with total page 388 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Archaeology is a component of Encyclopedia of Social Sciences and Humanities in the global Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS), which is an integrated compendium of twenty one Encyclopedias. Archaeology is a road for traveling into the past that is independent of and complementary to documents and memory. The archaeological record provides historical perspectives on variability and change in human life support systems with the potential for use in planning for future sustainable development. The Theme is organized into four different topics which represent the main scientific areas of the theme: - Foundations of Archaeology; - The Archaeology of Life Support Systems; - World Cultural Heritage; - Preserving Archaeological Sites and Monuments which are then expanded into multiple subtopics, each as a chapter. The first topic deals with historical, methodological, and theoretical foundations of archaeology. The second topic explores the archaeological record of human life support systems and includes chapters on foraging, food production such as farming and nomadic lifestyles, civilizations, water-management systems, and sustainability. World cultural heritage is the third topic. Finally, the fourth topic covers the preservation of cultural memorials such as archaeological sites, landscapes, and monuments. These two volumes are aimed at the following five major target audiences: University and College Students Educators, Professional Practitioners, Research Personnel and Policy Analysts, Managers, and Decision Makers, NGOs and GOs.

GEOINFORMATICS - Volume II

Author : Peter Atkinson
Publisher : EOLSS Publications
ISBN 13 : 1905839871
Total Pages : 258 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (58 download)

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Book Synopsis GEOINFORMATICS - Volume II by : Peter Atkinson

Download or read book GEOINFORMATICS - Volume II written by Peter Atkinson and published by EOLSS Publications. This book was released on 2009-11-05 with total page 258 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Geoinformatics is a component of Encyclopedia of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences in the global Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS), which is an integrated compendium of twenty one Encyclopedias. Geoinformatics is a science which develops and uses information science infrastructure to address the problems of geosciences and related branches of engineering. The content of the theme on Geoinformatics is organized with state-of-the-art presentations covering the following aspects of the subject: Sample Data and Survey; Remote Sensing and Environmental Monitoring; Statistical Analysis in the Geosciences; International Cooperation for Data Acquisition and Use, which are then expanded into multiple subtopics, each as a chapter.. These two volumes are aimed at the following five major target audiences: University and College Students Educators, Professional Practitioners, Research Personnel and Policy Analysts, Managers, and Decision Makers and NGOs.

Ecology - Volume II

Author : Antonio Bodini
Publisher : EOLSS Publications
ISBN 13 : 1848262914
Total Pages : 428 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (482 download)

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Book Synopsis Ecology - Volume II by : Antonio Bodini

Download or read book Ecology - Volume II written by Antonio Bodini and published by EOLSS Publications. This book was released on 2009-10-20 with total page 428 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ecology is a component of Encyclopedia of Environmental and Ecological Sciences, Engineering and Technology Resources in the global Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS), which is an integrated compendium of twenty one Encyclopedias. Ecology is the study of the interrelationships between living organisms and their environment. The term "ecology" was introduced by Ernst Haeckel, at the end of the nineteenth century. Since that time spectacular advances have been made. Much has been learned about the relationship between organisms and environmental factors, and about the processes that regulate the abundance and distribution of species. The Theme on Ecology with contributions from distinguished experts in the field discusses the Science of Ecology for a Sustainable World. The two volumes are aimed at the following five major target audiences: University and College students Educators, Professional practitioners, Research personnel and Policy analysts, managers, and decision makers and NGOs.

Pharmacology - Volume II

Author : Harry Majewski
Publisher : EOLSS Publications
ISBN 13 : 184826254X
Total Pages : 428 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (482 download)

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Book Synopsis Pharmacology - Volume II by : Harry Majewski

Download or read book Pharmacology - Volume II written by Harry Majewski and published by EOLSS Publications. This book was released on 2009-10-29 with total page 428 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Pharmacology is a component of Encyclopedia of Biological, Physiological and Health Sciences in the global Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS), which is an integrated compendium of twenty one Encyclopedias. Pharmacology is the study of the actions of chemicals on the body and most usually it is defined as chemicals that can have a therapeutic action to treat disease. Since it looks at the interaction between chemicals and body systems pharmacology utilizes the basic disciplines of chemistry, biochemistry, physiology, pathology and microbiology in its practice. Pharmacology is a foundation science for pharmacy which is the rational prescribing of drugs to treat disease and the foundation science for toxicology which is the study of the toxic actions of chemicals on the body. The two volumes are organized in groups of chapters as follows: The first group of chapters discuss pharmacological principles and these include chapters on Pharmacodynamics; Pharmacokinetics, Neuropharmacology, Autonomic Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology. The second group of chapters discusses the processes of Drug discovery and the Safety requirements for drugs to be used therapeutically and include Drug Discovery and Safety Pharmacology assessment. The largest group of chapters discuss different therapeutic areas and include Cardiovascular and renal pharmacology; Endocrine pharmacology; Neuropsychopharmacology; Pulmonary Pharmacology; Gastrointestinal pharmacology; Poisons venoms and toxins; Drugs on skeletal muscle; the Pharmacotherapy of inflammation; Reproductive pharmacology; Pain pharmacology and analgesia. The final group of chapters discuss new approaches and include Pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics; Immunopharmacology and Gene therapy. These two volumes are aimed at the following a wide spectrum of audiences from the merely curious to those seeking in-depth knowledge: University and College students Educators, Professional practitioners, Research personnel and Policy analysts, managers, and decision makers and NGOs.

GEOLOGY- Volume II

Author : Benedetto De Vivo
Publisher : EOLSS Publications
ISBN 13 : 1848260059
Total Pages : 446 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (482 download)

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Book Synopsis GEOLOGY- Volume II by : Benedetto De Vivo

Download or read book GEOLOGY- Volume II written by Benedetto De Vivo and published by EOLSS Publications. This book was released on 2009-12-11 with total page 446 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Geology is the Component of Encyclopedia of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, in the global Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS)), which is an integrated compendium of twenty Encyclopedias. The theme on geology in the Encyclopedia of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, presents many aspects of geology under the following nine different topics: The Organized Earth.; Tectonics and Geodynamics; Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology; Sedimentary Geology and Paleontology; Overview of the Mineralogical Sciences; Geology of Metallic and Non-Metallic Mineral Resources; Regional Geology; Geology of Petroleum, Gas, and Coal; Environmental and Engineering Geology.

OCEANOGRAPHY– Volume II

Author : Chen-Tung Arthur Chen
Publisher : EOLSS Publications
ISBN 13 : 1905839634
Total Pages : 360 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (58 download)

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Book Synopsis OCEANOGRAPHY– Volume II by : Chen-Tung Arthur Chen

Download or read book OCEANOGRAPHY– Volume II written by Chen-Tung Arthur Chen and published by EOLSS Publications. This book was released on 2009-04-16 with total page 360 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Oceanography is a component of Encyclopedia of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences in the global Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS), which is an integrated compendium of twenty one Encyclopedias. These volumes deal with the oceans as an integrated dynamic system, characterized by a delicate, complex system of interactions among the biota, the ocean boundaries with the solid earth and the atmosphere. This set of volumes is designed to be a very authoritative reference for state-of-the-art knowledge on the various aspects such as: Physical Oceanography, Chemistry of the oceans, Biological Oceanography, Geological oceanography, Coral Reefs as a Life Supporting System, Human Uses of the Oceans, Ocean Engineering, and Modeling the Ocean System from a Sustainable Development perspective. These volumes are aimed at the following five major target audiences: University and College students Educators, Professional practitioners, Research personnel and Policy analysts, managers, and decision makers and NGOs.

GEOGRAPHY - Volume II

Author : Maria Sala
Publisher : EOLSS Publications
ISBN 13 : 1905839618
Total Pages : 390 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (58 download)

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Book Synopsis GEOGRAPHY - Volume II by : Maria Sala

Download or read book GEOGRAPHY - Volume II written by Maria Sala and published by EOLSS Publications. This book was released on 2009-07-17 with total page 390 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Geography is a component of Encyclopedia of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences in the global Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS), which is an integrated compendium of twenty one Encyclopedias. Geographical perceptions can be traced from very ancient cultures, although geography as a science started its development during the eighteen century, it was firmly established after the Darwinian revolution and many of its fundamentals appeared during the nineteenth century. The history of geography is closely connected with the history of human society Geography embraces both the physical and human worlds, and aims to bridge natural and human sciences. For a geographer, although the environment and its conservation is a crucial item, it is also fundamentally concerned with the living standards of humankind. Although its wide embrace may be seen as a weakness, diversification is also strength and an attraction. Approaches are multidisciplinary, exploring the complex linkages between the cultural and the natural. These favor cross-cultural communication and mutual understanding at a global scale. There is a geographical basis to most of the outstanding political problems, and geographical reasons to explain them. The subject matter of the geography theme is presented basically on how the subject matter is taught presently at the universities, and following the many paths its practitioners are following in doing research. It introduces modern subject matters and goes much further than a simple description of places and travels. The theme has been divided into four main topics: Foundations, Physical Geography, Human Geography, and Technical matters. The scope of the foundation topic is to present an overview of the basis of the geographical field, its scope, history, methods, and its importance in education. The chapters included are Main Stages of the Development, Theory and Methods, and Geographical Education. The Physical Geography topic includes the historical background of the geographical study of the Earth natural environment, and the main fields cultivated by geographers. It consists of eight chapters on basic research fields, which are Geomorphology, Climatology, Hydrology, Biogeography, Soil Geography, Coastal Systems, Ocean Geography, Mountain Geoecology, and two chapters on environmental issues: Natural Hazards and Land Degradation and Desertification. In the Human Geography topic six chapters discuss the more current fields, that is: Population, Cultural and Social, Agricultural and Rural, Industries and Transport, Economic Activities and Urban Geography. Three chapters present subjects developed more recently: Medical, Political and Tourism geographies. Finally, the Regional approach is presented as the most traditional and integrative field. These volumes are aimed at the following five major target audiences: University and College students Educators, Professional practitioners, Research personnel and Policy analysts, managers, and decision makers and NGOs.