A.F.C. Kollmann's Quarterly Musical Register (1812)

Download A.F.C. Kollmann's Quarterly Musical Register (1812) PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.
ISBN 13 : 9780754660644
Total Pages : 522 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (66 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis A.F.C. Kollmann's Quarterly Musical Register (1812) by : Michael Kassler

Download or read book A.F.C. Kollmann's Quarterly Musical Register (1812) written by Michael Kassler and published by Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.. This book was released on 2008 with total page 522 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A.F.C. Kollmann (1756-1829) was born in Germany and moved to London in 1782, where he was organist and schoolmaster of His Majesty's German Chapel. He was one of the most profound music theorists of his time, and a pioneer in introducing Bach's music to England. His most extensive effort to inform the public about developments in the whole field of music was The Quarterly Musical Register--the first number of which is dated 1 January 1812. The journal folded after its second number. Only eight copies of the first number and six of the second appear to be extant. This book reproduces in facsimile both numbers, and presents new information about Kollmann's life and works.

A.F.C. Kollmann's Quarterly Musical Register (1812)

Download A.F.C. Kollmann's Quarterly Musical Register (1812) PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 9781138265455
Total Pages : 460 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (654 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis A.F.C. Kollmann's Quarterly Musical Register (1812) by : Michael Kassler

Download or read book A.F.C. Kollmann's Quarterly Musical Register (1812) written by Michael Kassler and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2018-01-29 with total page 460 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Augustus Frederic Christopher Kollmann (1756-1829) was born in Germany and lived from 1782 at St James's Palace, London, where he was organist and schoolmaster of His Majesty's German Chapel. He was one of the most profound music theorists of his time, and a pioneer in introducing Bach's music to England. His most extensive effort to inform the public about developments in the whole field of music - from acoustics to concert performance, from musical patents to books about music - was The Quarterly Musical Register, the first number of which is dated 1 January 1812. It can be regarded as England's first musicological journal. Written almost entirely by Kollmann, this journal included the first substantial English-language biography of Bach, identified anonymous music reviewers in English literary periodicals, gave a retrospect of the state of music in Great Britain and Germany, discussed efforts to improve organs and pianos, critically reviewed two editions of John Wall Callcott's Musical Grammar, and provided an account of Kollmann's own theory and much more. The Quarterly Musical Register folded after its second number. Only eight copies of the first number and six of the second appear to be extant, and just two libraries have the covering wrappers with which each number was issued. This book reproduces in facsimile both numbers and their wrappers, and presents new information about Kollmann's life and works.

The Music Trade in Georgian England

Download The Music Trade in Georgian England PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1351542168
Total Pages : 419 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (515 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Music Trade in Georgian England by : Michael Kassler

Download or read book The Music Trade in Georgian England written by Michael Kassler and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-07-05 with total page 419 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In contrast to today's music industry, whose principal products are recorded songs sold to customers round the world, the music trade in Georgian England was based upon London firms that published and sold printed music and manufactured and sold instruments on which this music could be played. The destruction of business records and other primary sources has hampered investigation of this trade, but recent research into legal proceedings, apprenticeship registers, surviving correspondence and other archived documentation has enabled aspects of its workings to be reconstructed. The first part of the book deals with Longman & Broderip, arguably the foremost English music seller in the late eighteenth century, and the firm's two successors - Broderip & Wilkinson and Muzio Clementi's variously styled partnerships - who carried on after Longman & Broderip's assets were divided in 1798. The next part shows how a rival music seller, John Bland, and his successors, used textual and thematic catalogues to advertise their publications. This is followed by a comprehensive review of the development of musical copyright in this period, a report of efforts by a leading inventor, Charles 3rd Earl Stanhope, to transform the ways in which music was printed and recorded, and a study of Georg Jacob Vollweiler's endeavour to introduce music lithography into England. The book should appeal not only to music historians but also to readers interested in English business history, publishing history and legal history between 1714 and 1830.

Bach's Feet

Download Bach's Feet PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 0521199018
Total Pages : 313 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (211 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Bach's Feet by : David Yearsley

Download or read book Bach's Feet written by David Yearsley and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2012-01-19 with total page 313 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Yearsley explores the cultural significance of making music with hands and feet, a mode of performance unique to the organ.

John Gunn

Download John Gunn PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Boydell & Brewer
ISBN 13 : 178327641X
Total Pages : 255 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (832 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis John Gunn by : George Kennaway

Download or read book John Gunn written by George Kennaway and published by Boydell & Brewer. This book was released on 2021 with total page 255 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Examines the life and work of Scottish cellist and antiquarian John Gunn (1766-1824) through newly discovered sources.The Scottish cellist and antiquarian John Gunn (1766-1824) is unique among British writers on music in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century. Learned and practical, at home in classical and modern languages, knowledgeable in a wide range of musical topics and with even wider-ranging interests, and committed to the ideal of progress through rational thought, he typified the Enlightenment. His published output was large and diverse: a cello treatise in two quite different editions; two books on the flute and one on the piano; a treatise on figured bass; a history of the harp in the Highlands; and a translation of a French work of music theory. The list of his unrealised publications is even longer, including a proof of the oriental origins of the Scots. He married Anne Young, a well-known Edinburgh piano teacher, and his letters cast new light on the circumstances and date of her death. Taking account of Gunn's diverse experiences as a musician-scholar in Cambridge, London and Edinburgh, studying his sundry occupations, and exploring his social connections through a recently unearthed cache of his letters, this study moves away from 'treatise archaeology' and offers a broader view than is usually possible with such figures. The book will be of interest to those studying historical performance practice, music education in Enlightenment Britain, and the dissemination of Enlightenment thought.h. Taking account of Gunn's diverse experiences as a musician-scholar in Cambridge, London and Edinburgh, studying his sundry occupations, and exploring his social connections through a recently unearthed cache of his letters, this study moves away from 'treatise archaeology' and offers a broader view than is usually possible with such figures. The book will be of interest to those studying historical performance practice, music education in Enlightenment Britain, and the dissemination of Enlightenment thought.h. Taking account of Gunn's diverse experiences as a musician-scholar in Cambridge, London and Edinburgh, studying his sundry occupations, and exploring his social connections through a recently unearthed cache of his letters, this study moves away from 'treatise archaeology' and offers a broader view than is usually possible with such figures. The book will be of interest to those studying historical performance practice, music education in Enlightenment Britain, and the dissemination of Enlightenment thought.h. Taking account of Gunn's diverse experiences as a musician-scholar in Cambridge, London and Edinburgh, studying his sundry occupations, and exploring his social connections through a recently unearthed cache of his letters, this study moves away from 'treatise archaeology' and offers a broader view than is usually possible with such figures. The book will be of interest to those studying historical performance practice, music education in Enlightenment Britain, and the dissemination of Enlightenment thought.thought.

The English Bach Awakening

Download The English Bach Awakening PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 135154487X
Total Pages : 478 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (515 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The English Bach Awakening by : Michael Kassler

Download or read book The English Bach Awakening written by Michael Kassler and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-07-05 with total page 478 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The English Bach Awakening concerns the introduction into England of J.S. Bach's music and information about him. Hitherto this subject has been called 'the English Bach revival', but that is a misnomer. 'Revival' implies prior life, yet no reference to Bach or to his music is known to have been made in England during his lifetime (1685-1750). The book begins with a comprehensive chronology of the English Bach Awakening. Eight chapters follow, written by Dr Philip Olleson, Dr Yo Tomita and the editor, Michael Kassler, which treat particular parts of the Awakening and show how they developed. A focus of the book is the history of the manuscripts and the printed editions of Bach's '48' - The Well-tempered Clavier - in England at this time, and its culmination in the 'analysed' edition that Samuel Wesley and Charles Frederick Horn published in 1810-1813 and later revised. Wesley's multifaceted role in the Bach Awakening is detailed, as are the several efforts that were made to translate Forkel's biography of Bach into English. A chapter is devoted to A.F.C. Kollmann's endeavour to prove the regularity of Bach's Chromatic Fantasy, and the book concludes with a discussion of portraits of Bach in England before 1830.

Music & the British Military in the Long Nineteenth Century

Download Music & the British Military in the Long Nineteenth Century PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0199898316
Total Pages : 368 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (998 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Music & the British Military in the Long Nineteenth Century by : Trevor Herbert

Download or read book Music & the British Military in the Long Nineteenth Century written by Trevor Herbert and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2013-08-15 with total page 368 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The first book to explore the contribution made by the military to British music history, Music & the British Military in the Long Nineteenth Century shows that military bands reached far beyond the official ceremonial duties they are often primarily associated with and had a significant impact on wider spheres of musical and cultural life.

A Social History of English Music

Download A Social History of English Music PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1134563388
Total Pages : 289 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (345 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis A Social History of English Music by : Eric David Mackerness

Download or read book A Social History of English Music written by Eric David Mackerness and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2013-10-28 with total page 289 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: First published in 2006. The social history of music first makes an appearance—even if only sporadically—in treatises which during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries gave some account of the manners and morals of specific periods, and of these socio-historical writings one of the most comprehensive is Voltaire's Siele de Louis XIV (1751). In this volume the author, without going over too much familiar ground, presents a view of English musical history from the Middle Ages.

Muzio Clementi and British Musical Culture

Download Muzio Clementi and British Musical Culture PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1351800884
Total Pages : 258 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (518 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Muzio Clementi and British Musical Culture by : Luca Lévi Sala

Download or read book Muzio Clementi and British Musical Culture written by Luca Lévi Sala and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2018-06-14 with total page 258 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recent scholarship has vanquished the traditional perception of nineteenth-century Britain as a musical wasteland. In addition to attempting more balanced assessments of the achievements of British composers of this period, scholars have begun to explore the web of reciprocal relationships between the societal, economic and cultural dynamics arising from the industrial revolution, the Napoleonic wars, and the ever-changing contours of British music publishing, music consumption, concert life, instrument design, performance practice, pedagogy and composition. Muzio Clementi (1752–1832) provides an ideal case-study for continued exploration of this web of relationships. Based in London for much of his life, whilst still maintaining contact with continental developments, Clementi achieved notable success in a diversity of activities that centred mainly on the piano. The present book explores Clementi’s multivalent contribution to piano performance, pedagogy, composition and manufacture in relation to British musical life and its international dimensions. An overriding purpose is to interrogate when, how and to what extent a distinctive British musical culture emerged in the early nineteenth century. Much recent work on Clementi has centred on the Italian National Edition of his complete works (MiBACT); several chapters report on this project, whilst continuing to pursue the book’s broader themes.

Music by Subscription

Download Music by Subscription PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1000519988
Total Pages : 310 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (5 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Music by Subscription by : Simon D.I. Fleming

Download or read book Music by Subscription written by Simon D.I. Fleming and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2021-12-30 with total page 310 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book breaks new ground in the social and cultural history of eighteenth-century music in Britain through the study of a hitherto neglected resource, the lists of subscribers that were attached to a wide variety of publications, including musical works. These lists shed considerable light on the nature of those who subscribed to music, including their social status, place of employment, residence, and musical interests. Through broad analysis of subscription data, the contributors reveal insights into social and economic changes during the period, and the types of music favoured by groups like music clubs, the aristocracy, the clergy, and by men and women. With chapters on female composers and listeners, music and the slave economy, musical patronage, the print trade, and nationality, this book provides innovative perspectives that enhance our understanding of music’s social spheres, the emergence of music publishing, and the potential of digital musicology research.

The Memoirs of Charlotte Papendiek (1765–1840): Court, Musical and Artistic Life in the Time of King George III

Download The Memoirs of Charlotte Papendiek (1765–1840): Court, Musical and Artistic Life in the Time of King George III PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 100041986X
Total Pages : 428 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (4 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Memoirs of Charlotte Papendiek (1765–1840): Court, Musical and Artistic Life in the Time of King George III by : Michael Kassler

Download or read book The Memoirs of Charlotte Papendiek (1765–1840): Court, Musical and Artistic Life in the Time of King George III written by Michael Kassler and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2021-03-24 with total page 428 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mrs Papendiek’s Memoirs record events at court from 1761 – when the future Queen Charlotte came to England to marry King George – until 1792. The Papendieks knew many musicians, including John Christian Bach (son of Johann Sebastian), William Herschel (who became an astronomer) and Haydn. The memoirs also record meetings with artists of the day, such as Thomas Lawrence and Thomas Gainsborough. They are a unique resource, recording significant information about living conditions, dress, education and Anglo-German relations.Volume 1 spans 1765–1840.

An Oxford Companion to the Romantic Age

Download An Oxford Companion to the Romantic Age PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : OUP Oxford
ISBN 13 : 0191518212
Total Pages : 794 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (915 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis An Oxford Companion to the Romantic Age by : Iain McCalman

Download or read book An Oxford Companion to the Romantic Age written by Iain McCalman and published by OUP Oxford. This book was released on 1999-07-01 with total page 794 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For the first time in this innovative reference book the Romantic Age is surveyed across all aspects of British culture, rather than in literary or artistic terms alone. The Companion's two-part structure presents forty-two essays on major topics, by leading international experts, cross-referenced to an extensive alphabetical section covering all the principal figures, events, and movements in the broad culture of the period. Aimed at students and general readers as well as scholars, the essays constitute an accessible, pluralistic, and modern social history of the epoch; the alphabetical entries can either be used alongside them, for deeper information on specific subjects, or as a free-standing reference tool. The volume as a whole embraces both high and low culture, and explores its subject across the whole breadth of England, Scotland, Wales, and Ireland. The book's multi-disciplinary approach treats Romanticism both in aesthetic terms-its meaning for painting, music, design, architecture, and above all literature-and as a historical epoch of 'revolutionary' transformations which ushered in modern democratic and industrialized society. In this period Wedgwood turned taste into a commercial enterprise, Pierce Egan took Britain by storm with his sensational accounts of low-life in the capital, and Mary Shelley created, in Frankenstein, one of the enduring myths of scientific advance. The Companion revitalizes canonical Romantic figures in the context of the historical events, political and linguistic debates, commercial pressures, and plebeian subcultures of their day, as well as bringing back into historical focus individuals and events whose impact has often been muffled or forgotten. With over 100 integrated illustrations, bibliographies accompanying all the major essays, and an index to Part 1, this is the most comprehensive volume of its kind, offering a unique breadth of information to scholars and students of eighteenth- and nineteenth-century British culture, literature, and history. EDITORIAL BOARD: John Brewer (University of California) Marilyn Butler (Exeter College, University of Oxford) James Chandler (University of Chicago) Jerome J. McGann ( University of Virginia, Charlottesville) Mark Philp (Oriel College, Oxford) Robert Webb (University of Maryland)

Refugees and Cultural Transfer to Britain

Download Refugees and Cultural Transfer to Britain PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317965930
Total Pages : 242 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (179 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Refugees and Cultural Transfer to Britain by : Stefan Manz

Download or read book Refugees and Cultural Transfer to Britain written by Stefan Manz and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2013-10-18 with total page 242 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is the first to focus specifically upon the relationship between refugees and intercultural transfer over an extensive period of time. Since circa 1830, a series of groups have made their way to Britain, beginning with exiles from the failed European revolutions of the mid-nineteenth century and ending with refugees who have increasingly come from beyond Europe. The book addresses four specific questions. First, what roles have individuals or groups of refugees played in cultural and political transfers to Britain since 1830? Second, can we identify a novel form of cultural production which differs from that in the homeland? Third, to what extent has dissemination within and transformation of the receiving culture occurred? Fourth, to what extent do refugee groups, themselves, undergo a process of cultural restructuring? The coverage of the individual essays ranges from high culture, through politics and everyday practices. The volume moves away from general perceptions of refugees as ‘problem groups’ and rather focuses on the way they have shaped, and indeed enriched, British cultural and political life. This book was previously published as a special issue of Immigrants and Minorities.

Before the Baton

Download Before the Baton PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Boydell & Brewer
ISBN 13 : 1783274565
Total Pages : 434 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (832 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Before the Baton by : Peter Holman

Download or read book Before the Baton written by Peter Holman and published by Boydell & Brewer. This book was released on 2020 with total page 434 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How was large-scale music directed or conducted in Britain before baton conducting took hold in the 1830s?

The Musical Times

Download The Musical Times PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 836 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 ( download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Musical Times by :

Download or read book The Musical Times written by and published by . This book was released on 1907 with total page 836 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

The Diary of Queen Charlotte, 1789 and 1794

Download The Diary of Queen Charlotte, 1789 and 1794 PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1000419835
Total Pages : 399 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (4 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Diary of Queen Charlotte, 1789 and 1794 by : Michael Kassler

Download or read book The Diary of Queen Charlotte, 1789 and 1794 written by Michael Kassler and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2021-03-24 with total page 399 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Queen Charlotte kept a diary in which she recorded her daily activities as well as those of George III and other members of the royal family. Only her volumes for 1789 and 1794 survive, in the Royal Archives at Windsor Castle. Her 1789 diary shows how the king’s illness and recovery impacted upon their lives. Both diary volumes provide hitherto unpublished information about court life and the royal family. Volume 4 of the Memoirs of the Court of George III.

An Ocean of Literature: John Henry Bohte and the Anglo-German Book Trade in the Early Nineteenth Century

Download An Ocean of Literature: John Henry Bohte and the Anglo-German Book Trade in the Early Nineteenth Century PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Georg Olms Verlag
ISBN 13 : 348715840X
Total Pages : 576 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (871 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis An Ocean of Literature: John Henry Bohte and the Anglo-German Book Trade in the Early Nineteenth Century by : Graham Jefcoate

Download or read book An Ocean of Literature: John Henry Bohte and the Anglo-German Book Trade in the Early Nineteenth Century written by Graham Jefcoate and published by Georg Olms Verlag. This book was released on 2020-01-13 with total page 576 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In den Jahren nach den Napoleonischen Kriegen gewann der in Bremen geborene John Henry Bohte (1784–1824) als Buchverkäufer und Verleger mit einem in London angesiedelten Import/Export-Geschäft und einer Präsenz in Leipzig schnell an Ansehen. Anfang 1813 eröffnete Bohte als noch Zwanzigjähriger seinen Laden in der York Street, Covent Garden. Er spezialisierte sich auf den Import deutscher Bücher und deutscher Ausgaben der griechischen und römischen Klassiker, vereinigte sein Einzelhandelsgeschäft aber schnell mit der „Deutschen Lesebibliothek“. Anfang 1820 wurde er als „Ausländischer Buchhändler seiner Majestät, dem König“ mit einem „Royal Warrant“, dem Hoflieferantenstatus, ausgezeichnet. Das Portfolio der Produkte und Dienstleistungen von Bohtes Geschäft umfasste nicht nur den Import deutscher Bücher, sondern auch ein ambitioniertes Verlagsprogramm für die Bereiche der deutschen und englischen Literatur, der klassischen Philologie und Naturgeschichte. Bohtes regelmäßige und lange Reisen nach Deutschland zur Leipziger Buchmesse reflektierten seine Ambition, zudem einer der Hauptexporteure englischer Bücher für den Kontinent zu werden. In den Worten eines anonymen Rezensenten wurde Bohte als „der temperamentvollste und nützlichste Buchverkäufer“ betrachtet. Trotz seines frühen Todes im Alter von 40 Jahren in London im Jahr 1824 hinterließ er wichtige Nachlässe sowohl in London als auch in Leipzig. In seiner Biografie von J. H. Bohte, "An Ocean of Literature", nutzt Graham Jefcoate eine umfangreiche Auswahl von Materialien aus Sammlungen in Großbritannien, Deutschland und weiteren Ländern, um die Rolle des Buchhandels im Laufe des deutsch-britischen Austauschs des frühen 19. Jahrhunderts zu veranschaulichen. ****** In the years following the Napoleonic Wars, the Bremen-born John Henry Bohte (1784-1824) quite rapidly acquired a reputation as a bookseller and publisher, with an import/export business based in London and also a presence in Leipzig. Bohte opened his shop in York Street, Covent Garden, in early 1813, while still in his twenties. He specialised in importing German books and German editions of the Greek and Roman classics, but soon combined his retail business with a German circulating library, the “Deutsche Lesebibliothek”. In early 1820, he was awarded a Royal Warrant as “Foreign Bookseller to His Majesty the King”. The portfolio of products and services offered by Bohte’s business included not just the importation of German books, but also an ambitious publishing programme in the fields of German and English literature, classical philology and natural history. Bohte’s regular and prolonged trips to Germany to attend the Leipzig Easter Book Fairs reflected his ambition to become a major exporter of English books to the continent too. In the words of one anonymous reviewer, Bohte was considered “a most spirited and most useful bookseller”. Although he died suddenly in London in 1824, aged only forty, he left an important legacy in both London and Leipzig. In his biography of J. H. Bohte, An Ocean of Literature, Graham Jefcoate has used a wide range of materials from collections in Britain, Germany and elsewhere to illuminate the role of the book trade in the process of Anglo-German exchange in the early nineteenth century.