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X Ray Absorption Studies Of Vanadium Containing Metal Oxide Nanocrystals
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Book Synopsis X-Ray Absorption Studies of Vanadium-Containing Metal Oxide Nanocrystals by :
Download or read book X-Ray Absorption Studies of Vanadium-Containing Metal Oxide Nanocrystals written by and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 15 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Metal oxide nanocrystals offer significant potential for use as catalysts or catalyst supports due to their high surface areas and unique chemical properties that result from the high number of exposed corners and edges. However, little is known about the catalytic activity of these materials, especially as oxidation catalysts. This research focused on the preparation, characterization and use of vanadium-containing nanocrystals as selective oxidation catalysts. Three vanadium-containing nanocrystals were prepared using a modified sol-gel procedure: V/MgO, V/SiO2, and vanadium phosphate (VPO). These represent active oxidation catalysts for a number of industrially relevant reactions. The catalysts were characterized by x-ray diffraction and Raman, UV-VIS, infrared and x-ray absorption spectroscopies with the goal of determining the primary structural and chemical differences between nanocrystals and microcrystals. The catalytic activity of these catalysts was also studied in oxidative dehydrogenation of butane and methanol oxidation to formaldehyde. V/MgO nanocrystals were investigated for activity in oxidative dehydrogenation of butane and compared to conventional V/MgO catalysts. Characterization of V/MgO catalysts using Raman spectroscopy and x-ray absorption spectroscopy showed that both types of catalysts contained magnesium orthovanadate at vanadium loadings below 15 weight%, but above that loading, magnesium pyrovanadate may have been present. In general, MgO nanocrystals had roughly half the crystal size and double the surface area of the conventional MgO. In oxidative dehydrogenation of butane, nanocrystalline V/MgO gave higher selectivity to butene than conventional V/MgO at the same conversion. This difference was attributed to differences in vanadium domain size resulting from the higher surface areas of the nanocrystalline support, since characterization suggested that similar vanadium phases were present on both types of catalysts. Experiments in methanol oxidation were used to probe the chemical differences between sol-gel prepared and conventionally prepared metal oxides. Both V/MgO and V/SiO2 were studied. For both catalysts, similar product selectivities were noted for either preparation method, suggesting similar acid/base and redox properties for the catalysts. At lower weight loadings (
Book Synopsis Phase Stability and Transformations in Vanadium Oxide Nanocrystals by : Amy Jo Bergerud
Download or read book Phase Stability and Transformations in Vanadium Oxide Nanocrystals written by Amy Jo Bergerud and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 127 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Vanadium oxides are both fascinating and complex, due in part to the many compounds and phases that can be stabilized as well as the phase transformations which occur between them. The metal to insulator transitions (MITs) that take place in vanadium oxides are particularly interesting for both fundamental and applied study as they can be induced by a variety of stimuli (i.e., temperature, pressure, doping) and utilized in many applications (i.e., smart windows, sensors, phase change memory). Nanocrystals also tend to demonstrate interesting phase behavior, due in part to the enhanced influence of surface energy on material thermodynamics. Vanadium oxide nanocrystals are thus expected to demonstrate very interesting properties in regard to phase stability and phase transformations, although synthesizing vanadium oxides in nanocrystal form remains a challenge. Vanadium sesquioxide (V2O3) is an example of a material that undergoes a MIT. For decades, the low temperature monoclinic phase and high temperature corundum phase were the only known crystal structures of V2O3. However, in 2011, a new metastable polymorph of V2O3 was reported with a cubic, bixbyite crystal structure. In Chapter 2, a colloidal route to bixbyite V2O3 nanocrystals is presented. In addition to being one of the first reported observations of the bixbyite phase in V2O3, it is also one of the first successful colloidal syntheses of any of the vanadium oxides. The nanocrystals possess a flower-like morphology, the size and shape of which are dependent on synthesis time and temperature, respectively. An aminolysis reaction mechanism is determined from Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy data and the bixbyite crystal structure is confirmed by Rietveld refinement of X-ray diffraction (XRD) data. Phase stability is assessed in both air and inert environments, confirming the metastable nature of the material. Upon heating in an inert atmosphere above 700 C, the nanocrystals irreversibly transform to the bulk stable corundum phase of V2O3 with concurrent particle coarsening. This, in combination with the enhanced stability of the nanocrystals over bulk, suggests that the bixbyite phase may be stabilized due to surface energy effects, a well-known phenomenon in nanocrystal research. In Chapter 3, the reversible incorporation of oxygen in bixbyite V2O3 is reported, which can be controlled by varying temperature and oxygen partial pressure. Based on XRD and thermogravimetric analysis, it is found that oxygen occupies interstitial sites in the bixbyite lattice. Two oxygen atoms per unit cell can be incorporated rapidly and with minimal changes to the structure while the addition of three or more oxygen atoms destabilizes the structure, resulting in a phase change that can be reversed upon oxygen removal. Density functional theory (DFT) supports the reversible occupation of interstitial sites in bixbyite by oxygen and the 1.1 eV barrier to oxygen diffusion predicted by DFT matches the activation energy of the oxidation process derived from observations by in situ XRD. The observed rapid oxidation kinetics are thus facilitated by short diffusion paths through the bixbyite nanocrystals. Due to the exceptionally low temperatures of oxidation and reduction, this material, made from earth-abundant atoms, is proposed for use in oxygen storage applications, where oxygen is reversibly stored and released. Further oxidation of bixbyite V2O3 under controlled oxygen partial pressure can lead to the formation of nanocrystalline vanadium dioxide (VO2), a material that is studied for its MIT that occurs at 68 C in the bulk. This transformation is accompanied by a change in crystal structure, from monoclinic to rutile phase, and a change in optical properties, from infrared transparent to infrared blocking. Because of this, VO2 is promising for thermochromic smart window applications, where optical properties vary with temperature. Recently, alternative stimuli have been utilized to trigger MITs in VO2, including electrochemical gating. Rather than inducing the expected monoclinic to rutile phase transition as originally proposed, electrochemical gating of the insulating phase was recently shown to induce oxygen vacancy formation in VO2, thereby inducing metallization, while the characteristic V-V dimerization of the monoclinic phase was retained. In Chapter 4, the preparation and electrochemical reduction of VO2 nanocrystal films is presented. The nanocrystalline morphology allows for the study of transformations under conditions that enhance the gating effect by creating a large VO2-electrolyte interfacial area and by reducing the path length for diffusion. The resulting transitions are observed optically, from insulator to metal to insulator and back, with in situ visible-near infrared spectroelectrochemistry and correlated with structural changes monitored by Raman and X-ray absorption spectroscopies. The never-before-seen transition to an insulating phase under progressive electrochemical reduction is attributed to an oxygen defect induced phase transition to a new phase. This is likely enabled by the nanocrystalline nature of the sample, which may enhance the kinetics of oxygen diffusion, support a higher degree of lattice expansion-induced strain, or simply alter the thermodynamics of the system.
Book Synopsis Vanadium K X-ray Absorption Spectra from the Pure Metal and the Oxides by : Farrokh Keyvan
Download or read book Vanadium K X-ray Absorption Spectra from the Pure Metal and the Oxides written by Farrokh Keyvan and published by . This book was released on 1974 with total page 70 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Metal Oxide Nanoparticles, 2 Volume Set by : Oliver Diwald
Download or read book Metal Oxide Nanoparticles, 2 Volume Set written by Oliver Diwald and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2021-09-14 with total page 903 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Metal Oxide Nanoparticles A complete nanoparticle resource for chemists and industry professionals Metal oxide nanoparticles are integral to a wide range of natural and technological processes—from mineral transformation to electronics. Additionally, the fields of engineering, electronics, energy technology, and electronics all utilize metal oxide nanoparticle powders. Metal Oxide Nanoparticles: Formation, Functional Properties, and Interfaces presents readers with the most relevant synthesis and formulation approaches for using metal oxide nanoparticles as functional materials. It covers common processing routes and the assessment of physical and chemical particle properties through comprehensive and complementary characterization methods. This book will serve as an introduction to nanoparticle formulation, their interface chemistry and functional properties at the nanoscale. It will also act as an in-depth resource, sharing detailed information on advanced approaches to the physical, chemical, surface, and interface characterization of metal oxide nanoparticle powders and dispersions. Addresses the application of metal oxide nanoparticles and its economic impact Examines particle synthesis, including the principles of selected bottom-up strategies Explores nanoparticle formulation—a selection of processing and application routes Discusses the significance of particle surfaces and interfaces on structure formation, stability and functional materials properties Covers metal oxide nanoparticle characterization at different length scales With this valuable resource, academic researchers, industrial chemists, and PhD students can all gain insight into the synthesis, properties, and applications of metal oxide nanoparticles.
Book Synopsis Vanadium L(ii, Iii) X-ray Emission and Absorption Spectra from Metal, Oxides, Nitride, Carbide and Boride by : David W. Fischer
Download or read book Vanadium L(ii, Iii) X-ray Emission and Absorption Spectra from Metal, Oxides, Nitride, Carbide and Boride written by David W. Fischer and published by . This book was released on 1969 with total page 57 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The vanadium L(II, III) X-ray emission and absorption spectra (wavelength about 24A) from pure metal, oxides, nitride, carbide, and boride were investigated using a plane-crystal vacuum spectrometer with electron beam excitation and flow-proportional detection. Emission spectra were studied over a wide range of accelerating voltages and takeoff angles, showing that satellite emission and self-absorption effects can cause gross distortion in band shapes. A replica of the L(II, III) absorption spectrum can be constructed solely from emission spectra afflicted with widely different amounts of self-absorption. The L(II, III) emission spectra from the oxides and nitride exhibit an anomalous crossover transition from the 2p level of the anion to the L(II) and L(III) levels of vanadium. This transition appears to be related to the degree of anion-cation orbital overlap and to the electrical properties of the material. Energy shifts of emission bands and absorption edges indicate the charge flow from vanadium to anion in the oxides and nitride. The L(III) edges are used to estimate the width of the forbidden gap in V2O5. Oxygen K emission from the oxides exhibits a peculiar dependence on the dispersing crystal used and is also influenced by satellite emission and self-absorption. (Author).
Book Synopsis Nanochemistry by : Kenneth J. Klabunde
Download or read book Nanochemistry written by Kenneth J. Klabunde and published by Newnes. This book was released on 2013-02-07 with total page 373 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The second edition of Nanochemistry covers the main studies of nanoparticle production, reactions, and compounds, and reviews the work of leading scientists from around the world. This book is the first monograph on nanochemistry, giving perspectives on the present status and future possibilities in this rapidly advancing discipline. It provides the solid fundamentals and theory of nanoscience, and progress through topics including synthesis and stabilization of nanoparticles, cryochemistry of metal atoms and nanoparticles, chemical nanoreactors, and more. Nanoparticles are capable of transformations that have already led to revolutionary applications, including reagents for self-cleaning glass surfaces and fabrics, different antiseptic coverings, sensors for monitoring the environment and catalysts mitigating pollution. Leads the reader through the theory, research and key applications of nanochemistry, providing a thorough reference for researchers 40% more content than the first edition and an expanded author team Reviews new advances in the field, including organic nanoparticles and key methods for making nanoparticles (e.g. solvated metal atom dispersion and self-assembly techniques)
Download or read book Treatise on Geochemistry written by and published by Newnes. This book was released on 2013-10-19 with total page 14787 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This extensively updated new edition of the widely acclaimed Treatise on Geochemistry has increased its coverage beyond the wide range of geochemical subject areas in the first edition, with five new volumes which include: the history of the atmosphere, geochemistry of mineral deposits, archaeology and anthropology, organic geochemistry and analytical geochemistry. In addition, the original Volume 1 on "Meteorites, Comets, and Planets" was expanded into two separate volumes dealing with meteorites and planets, respectively. These additions increased the number of volumes in the Treatise from 9 to 15 with the index/appendices volume remaining as the last volume (Volume 16). Each of the original volumes was scrutinized by the appropriate volume editors, with respect to necessary revisions as well as additions and deletions. As a result, 27% were republished without major changes, 66% were revised and 126 new chapters were added. In a many-faceted field such as Geochemistry, explaining and understanding how one sub-field relates to another is key. Instructors will find the complete overviews with extensive cross-referencing useful additions to their course packs and students will benefit from the contextual organization of the subject matter Six new volumes added and 66% updated from 1st edition. The Editors of this work have taken every measure to include the many suggestions received from readers and ensure comprehensiveness of coverage and added value in this 2nd edition The esteemed Board of Volume Editors and Editors-in-Chief worked cohesively to ensure a uniform and consistent approach to the content, which is an amazing accomplishment for a 15-volume work (16 volumes including index volume)!
Book Synopsis Vanadium Compounds—Advances in Research and Application: 2013 Edition by :
Download or read book Vanadium Compounds—Advances in Research and Application: 2013 Edition written by and published by ScholarlyEditions. This book was released on 2013-06-21 with total page 93 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Vanadium Compounds—Advances in Research and Application: 2013 Edition is a ScholarlyBrief™ that delivers timely, authoritative, comprehensive, and specialized information about ZZZAdditional Research in a concise format. The editors have built Vanadium Compounds—Advances in Research and Application: 2013 Edition on the vast information databases of ScholarlyNews.™ You can expect the information about ZZZAdditional Research in this book to be deeper than what you can access anywhere else, as well as consistently reliable, authoritative, informed, and relevant. The content of Vanadium Compounds—Advances in Research and Application: 2013 Edition has been produced by the world’s leading scientists, engineers, analysts, research institutions, and companies. All of the content is from peer-reviewed sources, and all of it is written, assembled, and edited by the editors at ScholarlyEditions™ and available exclusively from us. You now have a source you can cite with authority, confidence, and credibility. More information is available at http://www.ScholarlyEditions.com/.
Book Synopsis X-Ray Absorption and X-Ray Emission Spectroscopy by : Jeroen A. van Bokhoven
Download or read book X-Ray Absorption and X-Ray Emission Spectroscopy written by Jeroen A. van Bokhoven and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2016-03-21 with total page 940 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: During the last two decades, remarkable and often spectacular progress has been made in the methodological and instrumental aspects of x–ray absorption and emission spectroscopy. This progress includes considerable technological improvements in the design and production of detectors especially with the development and expansion of large-scale synchrotron reactors All this has resulted in improved analytical performance and new applications, as well as in the perspective of a dramatic enhancement in the potential of x–ray based analysis techniques for the near future. This comprehensive two-volume treatise features articles that explain the phenomena and describe examples of X–ray absorption and emission applications in several fields, including chemistry, biochemistry, catalysis, amorphous and liquid systems, synchrotron radiation, and surface phenomena. Contributors explain the underlying theory, how to set up X–ray absorption experiments, and how to analyze the details of the resulting spectra. X-Ray Absorption and X-ray Emission Spectroscopy: Theory and Applications: Combines the theory, instrumentation and applications of x-ray absorption and emission spectroscopies which offer unique diagnostics to study almost any object in the Universe. Is the go-to reference book in the subject for all researchers across multi-disciplines since intense beams from modern sources have revolutionized x-ray science in recent years Is relevant to students, postdocurates and researchers working on x-rays and related synchrotron sources and applications in materials, physics, medicine, environment/geology, and biomedical materials
Book Synopsis Handbook Of Advanced Methods And Processes In Oxidation Catalysis: From Laboratory To Industry by : Daniel Duprez
Download or read book Handbook Of Advanced Methods And Processes In Oxidation Catalysis: From Laboratory To Industry written by Daniel Duprez and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2014-07-24 with total page 1035 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book offers a comprehensive overview of the most recent developments in both total oxidation and combustion and also in selective oxidation. For each topic, fundamental aspects are paralleled with industrial applications. The book covers oxidation catalysis, one of the major areas of industrial chemistry, outlining recent achievements, current challenges and future opportunities. One distinguishing feature of the book is the selection of arguments which are emblematic of current trends in the chemical industry, such as miniaturization, use of alternative, greener oxidants, and innovative systems for pollutant abatement. Topics outlined are described in terms of both catalyst and reaction chemistry, and also reactor and process technology.
Book Synopsis Nanoparticles and the Environment by : Jillian F. Banfield
Download or read book Nanoparticles and the Environment written by Jillian F. Banfield and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2018-12-17 with total page 364 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Volume 44 of Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry contains descriptions of the inorganic and biological processes by which nanoparticles form, information about the distribution of nanoparticles in the atmosphere, aqueous environments, and soils, discussion of the impact of size on nanoparticle structure, thermodynamics, and reaction kinetics, consideration of the nature of the smallest nanoparticles and molecular clusters, pathways for crystal growth and colloid formation, analysis of the size-dependence of phase stability and magnetic properties, and descriptions of methods for the study of nanoparticles. These questions are explored through both theoretical and experimental approaches. This volume was prepared in conjunction with a short course, "Nanoparticles in the Environment and Technology," convened on the campus of the University of California, Davis, CA on December 8 and 9, 2001.
Book Synopsis Surface Studies of Thin Films with a Focus on Potentially Protective Films on Vanadium by :
Download or read book Surface Studies of Thin Films with a Focus on Potentially Protective Films on Vanadium written by and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Thin films can be created on the surface of a metal, protecting it from oxidation and corrosion. Phosphate films have historically been a common choice for these corrosion resistant films. In this dissertation, the oxidation of vanadium metal by water and atmosphere is studied. Also, a series of phosphate films on the surface of vanadium metal were created and are studied as potential corrosion resistant films. Lastly, an independent study identifying the oxidation state of copper in a biological sample is carried out. To characterize these thin films, X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) is employed. The reaction of vanadium metal with the atmosphere and distilled, de-ionized, water is studied. The core level and valence band results are explored and compared to calculated valence band spectra for some vanadium oxides. The etching of vanadium metal and reaction of the etched metal with a phosphoric acid solution are studied. Synthesized vanadium phosphate compounds serve as model compounds for the analysis of a phosphate coating created on the surface of vanadium metal by the reaction of vanadium metal with phosphoric acid by a newly developed bench top method. The core level and valence band regions for the compounds and coating are discussed along with cluster and band structure calculations for interpretation. The variation in the coating on vanadium metal by biasing the metal at different potentials during reaction is also studied. Coatings are also created on vanadium metal using different forms of phosphorus oxy-acid. An analysis of the various coatings is performed by XPS and accompanied by predictive calculations. In an additional study, the oxidation state of copper in a biological compound is identified. The analysis makes use of satellite features commonly seen in XPS to make the determination. A discussion of the origin of these features and the energy of the shifts is given, along with the results for the other core level XPS regions for the compound.
Book Synopsis Oxide-based Systems at the Crossroads of Chemistry by : C. Colella
Download or read book Oxide-based Systems at the Crossroads of Chemistry written by C. Colella and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2001-11-27 with total page 453 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume includes papers presented at the second International Workshop on Oxide-based Systems at the Crossroads of Chemistry, held at Villa Olmo in Como, Italy, 8-11 October.The selected papers present the highlights of recent research in the field of oxide structure. A wide range of oxidic materials, including real oxides, zeolites and layer-structured systems, is considered and described in terms of preparation methods, structural characterization and the relation between active sites, structure and catalytic properties. The application of the most powerful simulation and physical-chemical techniques show their usefulness in discovering and explaining structural and dynamic properties of complex materials. Moreover the development of sophisticated spectroscopical and analytical techniques are shown to significantly improve the growth of surface oxide science, generating new tools for the knowledge of catalyst structure and reaction mechanisms. An interesting feature is the inclusion of papers which show the mutual roles of experiment and theoretical models.
Book Synopsis Investigation of Structural Changes in Vanadium Containing Transition Metal Oxides by : Matthew Austin Davenport
Download or read book Investigation of Structural Changes in Vanadium Containing Transition Metal Oxides written by Matthew Austin Davenport and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 110 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We have completed an experiment to obtain diffuse scattering data for use in a comprehensive study of the local-structure changes as a function of molybdenum composition and have made large strides in interpreting some of the major changes found in this study. For these experiments, single crystals of molybdenum substituted VO2 with the formula V1-xMoxO2 were synthesized, with molybdenum compositions up to x = 0.60, using a novel, two-step chemical vapor transport synthesis. Using these large single crystals for total scattering experiments, we report the discovery of the sudden collapse of three-dimensional order in the low-temperature phase of V1-xMoxO2 at x = 0.17 and the emergence of a novel frustrated two-dimensional order at x = 0.19, with only a slight change in electronic properties. Single crystal diffuse x-ray scattering reveals that this transition from the 3D M1 phase to a 2D variant of the M2 phase results in long-range structural correlations along symmetry-equivalent (11L) planes of the tetragonal rutile structure, yet extremely short-range correlations transverse to these planes. Additionally, we report a combined study using single crystal X-ray diffraction, powder X-ray diffraction, and representational analysis to examine both the local and crystallographically averaged atomic structures simultaneously near x = 0.50. Between about x = 0.50 and 0.60, the average structure of V1-xMoxO2 is the parent rutile phase, but the local symmetry is broken by atomic displacements that are best described by an orthorhombic cell in the spacegroup Fmmm. This model is locally identical to the two-dimensionally ordered 2D-M2 phase except the correlation length is much shorter in the 2D plane, and longer in the frustrated one, making it more isotropic.
Download or read book Oxide Surfaces written by and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2001-05-21 with total page 677 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book is a multi-author survey (in 15 chapters) of the current state of knowledge and recent developments in our understanding of oxide surfaces. The author list includes most of the acknowledged world experts in this field. The material covered includes fundamental theory and experimental studies of the geometrical, vibrational and electronic structure of such surfaces, but with a special emphasis on the chemical properties and associated reactivity. The main focus is on metal oxides but coverage extends from 'simple' rocksalt materials such as MgO through to complex transition metal oxides with different valencies.
Book Synopsis Renewable Polymers and Polymer-Metal Oxide Composites by : Sajjad Haider
Download or read book Renewable Polymers and Polymer-Metal Oxide Composites written by Sajjad Haider and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2022-03-17 with total page 516 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Renewable Polymers and Polymer-Metal Oxide Composites: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications serves as a reference on the key concepts of the advances of polymer-oxide composites. The book reviews knowledge on polymer-composite theory, properties, structure, synthesis, and their characterization and applications. There is an emphasis on coupling metal oxides with polymers from renewable sources. Also, the latest advances in the relationship between the microstructure of the composites and the resulting improvement of the material’s properties and performance are covered. The applications addressed include desalination, tissue engineering, energy storage, hybrid energy systems, food, and agriculture. This book is suitable for early-career researchers in academia and R&D in industry who are working in the disciplines of materials science, engineering, chemistry and physics. Provides basic principles, theory and synthetic methods of composite materials, polymer composites and metal oxides Reviews the latest advances in polymer-oxide-based applications in medicine, water treatment, energy and sensing Discusses materials from renewable resources, including lifecycle assessment, economic aspects and potential application in tissue engineering, photovoltaics and food packaging
Book Synopsis Vanadium: The Versatile Metal by : Kenneth Kustin
Download or read book Vanadium: The Versatile Metal written by Kenneth Kustin and published by American Chemical Society. This book was released on 2007 with total page 506 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book describes recent developments in techniques for studying vanadium, new vanadium compounds, and new advances in fundamental studies of vanadium, and includes applications to the enzymology, toxicology, and anit-carcinogenic and insulin-enhancing abilities of vanadium compounds.
