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Book Synopsis Whole Algae Hydrothermal Liquefaction Technology Pathway by : Mary Biddy
Download or read book Whole Algae Hydrothermal Liquefaction Technology Pathway written by Mary Biddy and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 7 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This technology pathway case investigates the feasibility of using whole wet microalgae as a feedstock for conversion via hydrothermal liquefaction. Technical barriers and key research needs have been assessed in order for the hydrothermal liquefaction of microalgae to be competitive with petroleum-derived gasoline-, diesel-, and jet-range hydrocarbon blendstocks.
Book Synopsis Whole Algae Hydrothermal Liquefaction Technology Pathway by :
Download or read book Whole Algae Hydrothermal Liquefaction Technology Pathway written by and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In support of the Bioenergy Technologies Office, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) and the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) are undertaking studies of biomass conversion technologies to hydrocarbon fuels to identify barriers and target research toward reducing conversion costs. Process designs and preliminary economic estimates for each of these pathway cases were developed using rigorous modeling tools (Aspen Plus and Chemcad). These analyses incorporated the best information available at the time of development, including data from recent pilot and bench-scale demonstrations, collaborative industrial and academic partners, and published literature and patents. This pathway case investigates the feasibility of using whole wet microalgae as a feedstock for conversion via hydrothermal liquefaction. Technical barriers and key research needs have been assessed in order for the hydrothermal liquefaction of microalgae to be competitive with petroleum-derived gasoline, diesel and jet range blendstocks.
Book Synopsis Supply Chain Sustainability Analysis of Whole Algae Hydrothermal Liquefaction and Upgrading by :
Download or read book Supply Chain Sustainability Analysis of Whole Algae Hydrothermal Liquefaction and Upgrading written by and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Department of Energy's Bioenergy Technology Office (BETO) collaborates with a wide range of institutions towards the development and deployment of biofuels and bioproducts. To facilitate this effort, BETO and its partner national laboratories develop detailed techno-economic assessments (TEA) of biofuel production technologies as part of the development of design cases and state of technology (SOT) analyses. A design case is a TEA that outlines a target case for a particular biofuel pathway. It enables preliminary identification of data gaps and research and development needs and provides goals and targets against which technology progress is assessed. On the other hand, an SOT analysis assesses progress within and across relevant technology areas based on actual experimental results relative to technical targets and cost goals from design cases and includes technical, economic, and environmental criteria as available. (SOT) analyses. A design case is a TEA that outlines a target case for a particular biofuel pathway. It enables preliminary identification of data gaps and research and development needs and provides goals and targets against which technology progress is assessed. On the other hand, an SOT analysis assesses progress within and across relevant technology areas based on actual experimental results relative to technical targets and cost goals from design cases and includes technical, economic, and environmental criteria as available. (SOT) analyses. A design case is a TEA that outlines a target case for a particular biofuel pathway. It enables preliminary identification of data gaps and research and development needs and provides goals and targets against which technology progress is assessed. On the other hand, an SOT analysis assesses progress within and across relevant technology areas based on actual experimental results relative to technical targets and cost goals from design cases and includes technical, economic, and environmental criteria as available.
Book Synopsis Algal Biofuels by : Sanjay Kumar Gupta
Download or read book Algal Biofuels written by Sanjay Kumar Gupta and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-02-26 with total page 468 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This edited volume focuses on comprehensive state-of-the-art information about the practical aspects of cultivation, harvesting, biomass processing and biofuel production from algae. Chapters cover topics such as synthetic ecological engineering approaches towards sustainable production of biofuel feedstock, and algal biofuel production processes using wastewater. Readers will also discover more about the role of biotechnological engineering in improving ecophysiology, biomass and lipid yields. Particular attention is given to opportunities of commercialization of algal biofuels that provides a realistic assessment of various techno-economical aspects of pilot scale algal biofuel production. The authors also explore the pre-treatment of biomass, catalytic conversion of algal lipids and hydrothermal liquefaction with the biorefinery approach in detail. In a nut shell, this volume will provide a wealth of information based on a realistic evaluation of contemporary developments in algal biofuel research with an emphasis on pilot scale studies. Researchers studying and working in the areas of environmental science, biotechnology, genetic engineering and biochemistry will find this work instructive and informative.
Book Synopsis Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Algae for the Production of Biofuels by : Tapaswy Muppaneni
Download or read book Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Algae for the Production of Biofuels written by Tapaswy Muppaneni and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 372 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Hydrothermal liquefaction is one of the conversion processes for the production of biofuels that is gaining attention form last decade. Several researchers studied this process for biofuel production using different feedstock. HTL directly converts whole algae into fuel. This process also extracts sugars and lipids when operated at lower temperatures and converts algae directly into fuel intermediate when operated at high temperatures. Hydrothermal liquefaction of Chlorella sorokiniana, Coelastrella and Galdieria Sulphuraria algae. These three algal species were hydrothermally liquefied separately to do a comparative study of different algal species with different chemical composition. The carbon content for all the biocrude oils increased to above 75% where the initial carbon content in the raw materials was less than 55% in all the cases. The nitrogen content in the biocrude oil was lower than the fresh and the oxygen content was significantly reduced during the HTL process. The higher heating value of the biocrude oil was above 34 MJ kg−1 and is higher than the HHV of all the micro algae which were less than 24 MJ kg−1. The HHV's of the biochar ranged from 17 to 23 MJ kg−1. For all the algae, the ammoniacal and total nitrogen levels increased with temperature and the phosphate levels decreased with the temperature rise. The total and ammoniacal nitrogen extracted from galdieria at 300°C are 2-4 times higher than the other two algal species. The phosphate levels extracted at 180°C for galdieria were 7 times higher than the other two species. The introduction of catalysts into HTL system increases both the biocrude oil yield and the water soluble compounds yield and delivers better quality fuel. Four homogeneous catalysts including two base catalysts and two acid catalysts were used in the catalytic HTL process in this study. A maximum biocrude yield of 21.22% was obtained using catalytic HTL. The HHV's of biocrude oil ranged from 26-32 MJ/Kg without catalysts and increased to 33.76 MJ/Kg with catalysts. The introduction of catalysts into the reaction mixture increased the biocrude oil yield as well as high heating values. The HHV's of biochar ranged from 20 to 27.78 MJ/Kg without catalyst and dropped as 11.74 MJ/Kg with catalysts. The algal species and biocrude oil was analyzed with thermo gravimetric analyzer for the stability. The high heating values of biocrude oil and biochar were determined using bomb calorimeter. Qualitative analysis of biocrude oil using TOFMS revealed the compounds present in the biocrude oil and are convinced with the assumed HTL reaction pathways. Aqueous phase analysis was conducted for the presence of nutrients and valuable co products. Around 20000 mg/L of carbohydrates was extracted during the HTL of Cyanidioschyzon merolae algal species. The increase in temperature increased the extraction of ammonical nitrogen, total nitrogen but decreased the phosphate, carbohydrate and soluble protein levels. The catalyst in the reaction mixture decreased the nutrient extraction and increased the coproducts extraction. Hydrothermal liquefaction of Galdieria sulphuraria algal species was also conducted. A maximum biocrude yield of 18.92% was obtained using direct HTL. The increase in temperature increased the extraction of ammonical nitrogen, total nitrogen but decreased the phosphate, carbohydrate and soluble protein levels. Based on the water analysis, a second step sequential HTL was conducted to extract carbohydrates and soluble proteins at lower temperatures and to convert the remaining residue to biocrude oil at higher temperatures. Sequential hydrothermal liquefaction process helps extracting valuable co products at lower temperatures and biocrude oil at higher temperatures. The biocrude oil obtained using the 2step process is higher than the biocrude oil obtained using direct HTL when galdieria algal biomass was used. The HHV's of the two biocrude oils are similar. The toxicity studies showed that the biocrude oil is more toxic than the biochar, aqueous phase and the microalgae. The nitrogen levels in the aqueous phase increased with temperature and the phosphate levels increased initially but showed less extraction at higher temperatures. The ICP-OES analysis revealed that the elemental phosphorous in the biochar was less than the raw material at lower temperatures. The phosphorous concentration in the biochar increased with the temperature and further increased with the sequential HTL. A high lipid algal biomass was used for hydrothermal liquefaction in batch and continuous processes. The biomass has 21.2% lipid content with high heating value of 23.86 MJ.kg. The biocrude oil yields obtained were 38.25% for batch process and 21.51% for continuous process based on the ash free dry weight. The reaction times were 30 min and 10 min for batch and continuous process respectively. The continuous process seems to be helpful for solvent free extraction by separating biochar at high temperature and pressure conditions. The compounds detected in the biocrude oils were similar but the major compounds with high area% were different in both the batch and continuous processes. The effect of coliquefaction and process water recycle on biocrude oil yield was studied with different algal species. In the coliquefaction experiments, the biocrude oil obtained when pure Coelastrella was used is 15.63% and biocrude oil obtained when pure chlorella was used is 24.6%. The 80-20 mixture tend to decrease the biocrude oil yield but the increase in the percentage of chlorella algae in the mixture increased the yield. Synergetic effect was observed with Coe-Chl: 40-60 where the biocrude oil increased to 25.89% which is greater than the biocrude oil when pure species was used. In the process water experiments, the biocrude oil obtained at 300°C with Nannochloropsis and chlorella are 30.44 and 30.17% respectively with the initial run without HTL water recycle. For Nannochloropsis, the biocrude oil increased when the HTL was recycled from 30.44% to 38.87% after three recycles. For chlorella, the biocrude oil yield increased from 30.17 to 40.43 with two recycles and the third recycle reduced the biocrude oil yield to 35.21%. This increase was due to the catalytic effect of the water soluble compounds such as acetic acid on the conversion process.
Book Synopsis Sustainable Bioprocessing for a Clean and Green Environment by : M. Jerold
Download or read book Sustainable Bioprocessing for a Clean and Green Environment written by M. Jerold and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2021-09-17 with total page 330 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sustainable Bioprocessing for a Clean and Green Environment: Concepts and Applications highlights the importance of waste to health in which waste is safely converted to value-added products via bioprocess technologies. Providing fundamental concepts and applications, this book also offers readers the methodology behind the operation of a variety of biological processes used in developing valuable products from waste. Features: Discusses synthesis and use of environmentally friendly biobased materials, such as biopolymer films and biobased plasticizers Highlights nanotechnology applications in the treatment of pollution and emphasizes the synthesis of biogenic nanomaterials for environmental remediation Describes the use of biosurfactants and emerging algal technologies, such as applications of microalgae in nutraceuticals and biofuel production Details delignification for lignocellulosic biomass This interdisciplinary book offers researchers and practitioners in chemical engineering, environmental engineering, and related fields a broad perspective on fundamentals, technologies, and environmental applications of sustainable bioprocessing.
Book Synopsis Hydrothermal Liquefaction Pathways for Low-nitrogen Biocrude from Wet Algae by :
Download or read book Hydrothermal Liquefaction Pathways for Low-nitrogen Biocrude from Wet Algae written by and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 70 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Our SRI International (SRI) team has developed a new two-step hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) process to convert wet algal biomass into biocrude oil. The first step in the process (low-temperature HTL or HTL1) yields crude oil but, most importantly, it selectively dissolves nitrogen-containing compounds in the aqueous phase. Once the oil and the aqueous phase are separated, the low-nitrogen soft solids left behind can be taken to the second step (high-temperature HTL or HTL2) for full conversion to biocrude. HTL2 will hence yield low-nitrogen biocrude, which can be hydro-processed to yield transportation fuels. The expected high carbon yield and low nitrogen content can lead to a transportation fuel from algae that avoids two problems common to existing algae-to-fuel processes: (1) poisoning of the hydro-processing catalyst; and (2) inefficient conversion of algae-to-liquid fuels. The process we studied would yield a new route to strategic energy production from domestic sources.
Book Synopsis Direct Thermochemical Liquefaction for Energy Applications by : Lasse Rosendahl
Download or read book Direct Thermochemical Liquefaction for Energy Applications written by Lasse Rosendahl and published by Woodhead Publishing. This book was released on 2017-11-14 with total page 372 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Direct Thermochemical Liquefaction for Energy Applications presents the state-of-the-art of the value chains associated with these biomass conversion technologies. It covers multiple feedstock availability and feedstock composition impact on process chemistry and product quality and composition. Expert authors from around the world explore co-processing benefits, process parameters, implementation and scaling, upgrading to drop-in liquid biofuels or integration into existing petrochemical refinery infrastructure. Finally, these topics are put into a sustainability perspective by establishing an LCA framework for this type of process. Its focus on implementation based on the most comprehensive knowledge makes this book particularly useful for researchers and graduate students from all sorts of background working in the field of biomass and biofuels. It is also a valuable reference for engineers working to commercialize DTL technologies, engineering specialists designing process equipment, refinery professionals and developers. - Focuses on implementation and scaling of direct thermochemical liquefaction technologies for biomass conversion into biofuels - Covers the state-of-the-art of the technologies, as well as technical and sustainability implementation aspects - Includes new approaches and concepts developed around the world within the different DTL technologies
Book Synopsis The Production of Biodiesel and Related Fuel Additives by : Pratibha S. Agrawal
Download or read book The Production of Biodiesel and Related Fuel Additives written by Pratibha S. Agrawal and published by Bentham Science Publishers. This book was released on 2024-07-04 with total page 456 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume is a review of recent developments, opportunities, and challenges in the conversion of biomass from different sources to biodiesel or related fuel additives. Key features of the book include fully referenced chapters edited by experts, a blend of basic and current information on biodiesel and a summary of sustainable use of biodiesel byproducts like glycerol. The volume presents a comprehensive range of 13 topics related to biodiesel production and fuel additives. It begins with a historical overview of biodiesel and related additives, followed by detailed chapters on biodiesel production from various sources such as soybean oil, palm oil, and Jatropha curcas oil. Recent advancements in catalytic thermochemical conversions of biomass into biofuels are explored, alongside discussions on algal biocrude as a feedstock. The role of homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis in biodiesel production is examined, along with innovative techniques such as microwave and ultrasound-assisted synthesis. The book also presents information about the utilization of waste cooking oil and waste-derived catalysts, concluding with insights into solketal synthesis and catalytic biodiesel production via simultaneous esterification and transesterification. The book imparts the technical know-how on biodiesel and relevant fuel additives for engineering and sustainability students, professionals and apprentices. It also informs policymakers in the energy sector on the benefits of biodiesel as a renewable energy resource.
Download or read book Algae Energy written by Ayhan Demirbas and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2010-07-10 with total page 204 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Algae Energy covers the production of algae culture and the usage of algal biomass conversion products. It also reviews modern biomass-based transportation fuels, including biodiesel, bio-oil, biomethane and biohydrogen. Each chapter opens with fundamental explanations suitable for those with a general interest in algae energy and goes on to provide in-depth scientific details for more expert readers. Algae energy is discussed within the wider context of green energy, with chapters covering topics such as: green energy facilities, algae technology, energy from algae and biodiesel from algae. Algae Energy addresses the needs of energy researchers, chemical engineers, fuel and environmental engineers, postgraduate and advanced undergraduate students, and others interested in a practical tool for pursuing their interest in bio-energy.
Book Synopsis Biomass and Biofuels from Microalgae by : Navid R. Moheimani
Download or read book Biomass and Biofuels from Microalgae written by Navid R. Moheimani and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-04-11 with total page 373 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This comprehensive book details the most recent advances in the microalgae biological sciences and engineering technologies for biomass and biofuel production in order to meet the ongoing need for new and affordable sources of food, chemicals and energy for future generations. The chapters explore new microalgae cultivation techniques, including solid (biofilm) systems, and heterotrophic production methods, while also critically investigating topics such as combining wastewater as a source of nutrients, the effect of CO2 on growth, and converting biomass to methane through anaerobic digestion. The book highlights innovative bioproduct optimization and molecular genetic techniques, applications of genomics and metabolomics, and the genetic engineering of microalgae strains targeting biocrude production. The latest developments in microalgae harvesting and dewatering technologies, which combine biomass production with electricity generation, are presented, along with detailed techno-economic modeling. This extensive volume was written by respected experts in their fields and is intended for a wide audience of researchers and engineers.
Book Synopsis Hydrogen Production from Renewable Resources and Wastes by : Mohammad Reza Rahimpour
Download or read book Hydrogen Production from Renewable Resources and Wastes written by Mohammad Reza Rahimpour and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2024-11-08 with total page 369 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides readers with a comprehensive overview of the processes and technologies utilized for producing hydrogen from renewable sources. It discusses common methods like gasification, pyrolysis, and liquefaction, along with novel methods like water thermochemical splitting, biophotolysis, biological water‐gas shift reaction, and fermentation processing. The application of various renewable sources, including wind, solar, and geothermal energy, is covered in detail. Introduces water splitting conversion processes for hydrogen production in detail Uniquely provides different pyrolysis, gasification, and liquefaction processes for hydrogen generation Covers different biomass and waste sources for producing hydrogen Discusses biochemical methods for converting biomass to hydrogen Provides the application of renewable energy sources in hydrogen production Part of the multivolume Handbook of Hydrogen Production and Applications, this standalone book guides researchers and academics in chemical, environmental, energy, and related areas of engineering interested in the development and implementation of hydrogen production technologies.
Book Synopsis Sustainable Development of Algal Biofuels in the United States by : National Research Council
Download or read book Sustainable Development of Algal Biofuels in the United States written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2013-01-18 with total page 247 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Biofuels made from algae are gaining attention as a domestic source of renewable fuel. However, with current technologies, scaling up production of algal biofuels to meet even 5 percent of U.S. transportation fuel needs could create unsustainable demands for energy, water, and nutrient resources. Continued research and development could yield innovations to address these challenges, but determining if algal biofuel is a viable fuel alternative will involve comparing the environmental, economic and social impacts of algal biofuel production and use to those associated with petroleum-based fuels and other fuel sources. Sustainable Development of Algal Biofuels was produced at the request of the U.S. Department of Energy.
Book Synopsis Seaweed Sustainability by : Brijesh K. Tiwari
Download or read book Seaweed Sustainability written by Brijesh K. Tiwari and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2015-08-27 with total page 488 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Seaweed Sustainability: Food and Non-Food Applications is the only evidence-based resource that offers an abundance of information on the applications of seaweed as a solution to meet an increasing global demand for sustainable food source. The book uncovers seaweed potential and describes the various sources of seaweed, the role of seaweeds as a sustainable source for human food and animal feeds, and the role of seaweed farming for sustainability. In addition to harvesting and processing information, the book discusses the benefits of seaweed in human nutrition and its nutraceutical properties. - Offers different perspectives by presenting examples of commercial utilization of wild-harvested or cultivated algae, marine and freshwater seaweeds - Discusses seasonal and cultivar variations in seaweeds for a better understanding of their implications in commercial applications - Includes a wide range of micro and macro algae for food and feed production and provides perspectives on seaweed as a potential energy source
Book Synopsis Fundamentals of Thermochemical Biomass Conversion by : R.P. Overend
Download or read book Fundamentals of Thermochemical Biomass Conversion written by R.P. Overend and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 1155 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Throughout the world many projects have been underway to investigate the conversion of renewable biomass into energy and synthetic fuels by thermo chemical methods such as combustion, pyrolysis, gasification and lique faction. While many of these represent prior art used during the early 20th century, the recent decade since the 1970s oil shock has immeasurably increased the knowledge base for such processes. Much of the new knowledge has been gained by persons who were not trained in classical wood chemistry and there have not yet been many attempts to synthesize the knowledge into a corpus of systematic information. To bring this about the International Energy Agency's Forestry Energy collaboration, the Gas Research Institute, the National Research Council of Canada and the US Department of Energy jointly sponsored a conference on the Fundamentals of Thermochemical Biomass Conversion in Estes Park, Colorado which was held on October 18-22, 1982. The Conference, which was structured around invited plenary papers and contributions from researchers, served as the basis for the papers in this volume which reflect the substantial conclusions of the Conference. During the planning for the Conference, it was realized by the editors in their capacity as Co-chairmen that a major problem in biomass research was the lack of reproducibility between reported experiments and their inter comparison on account of the heterogeneity of biomass materials. A well known wood chemist, George M.
Book Synopsis Green Materials for Wastewater Treatment by : Mu. Naushad
Download or read book Green Materials for Wastewater Treatment written by Mu. Naushad and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-07-03 with total page 366 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book reviews health hazards associated with wastewater use and water pollutants. Chapters present applications of green materials made of agricultural waste, activated carbon and magnetic materials for wastewater treatment. The removal of toxic metals using algal biomass and the removal of toxic dyes using chitosan composite materials are also discussed. The book includes reviews on the removal of phenols, pesticides, and on the use of ionic liquid-modified activated carbon for the treatment of textile wastewater.
Book Synopsis Advanced Biofuels and Bioproducts by : James W. Lee
Download or read book Advanced Biofuels and Bioproducts written by James W. Lee and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-08-30 with total page 1110 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Designed as a text not only for students and researchers, but anyone interested in green technology, Advanced Biofuels and Bioproducts offers the reader a vast overview of the state-of-the-art in renewable energies. The typical chapter sets out to explain the fundamentals of a new technology as well as providing its context in the greater field. With contributions from nearly 100 leading researchers across the globe, the text serves as an important and timely look into this rapidly expanding field. The 40 chapters that comprise Advanced Biofuels and Bioproducts are handily organized into the following 8 sections: · Introduction and Brazil's biofuel success · Smokeless biomass pyrolysis for advanced biofuels production and global biochar carbon sequestration · Cellulosic Biofuels · Photobiological production of advanced biofuels with synthetic biology · Lipids-based biodiesels · Life-cycle energy and economics analysis · High-value algal products and biomethane · Electrofuels
