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Weak Spatiotemporal Response Of Prey To Predation Risk In A Freely Interacting System
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Book Synopsis Weak Spatiotemporal Response of Prey to Predation Risk in a Freely Interacting System by : Jeremy J. Cusack
Download or read book Weak Spatiotemporal Response of Prey to Predation Risk in a Freely Interacting System written by Jeremy J. Cusack and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 12 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: 1. The extent to which prey space use actively minimizes predation risk continues to ignite controversy. Methodological reasons that have hindered consensus include inconsistent measurements of predation risk, biased spatiotemporal scales at which responses are measured and lack of robust null expectations. 2. We addressed all three challenges in a comprehensive analysis of the spatiotemporal responses of adult female elk (Cervus elaphus) to the risk of predation by wolves (Canis lupus) during winter in northern Yellowstone, USA. 3. We quantified spatial overlap between the winter home ranges of GPS-collared elk and three measures of predation risk: the intensity of wolf space use, the distribution of wolf-killed elk and vegetation openness. We also assessed whether elk varied their use of areas characterized by more or less predation risk across hours of the day, and estimated encounter rates between simultaneous elk and wolf pack trajectories. We determined whether observed values were significantly lower than expected if elk movements were random with reference to predation risk using a null model approach. 4. Although a small proportion of elk did show a tendency to minimize use of open vegetation at specific times of the day, overall we highlight a notable absence of spatiotemporal response by female elk to the risk of predation posed by wolves in northern Yellowstone. 5. Our results suggest that predator?prey interactions may not always result in strong spatiotemporal patterns of avoidance.
Book Synopsis Examining how Spatial-temporal Interactions Between Predators Influence the Distribution, Vigilance, and Survival of White-tailed Deer (Odocoileus Virginianus) Fawns by : Asia Murphy
Download or read book Examining how Spatial-temporal Interactions Between Predators Influence the Distribution, Vigilance, and Survival of White-tailed Deer (Odocoileus Virginianus) Fawns written by Asia Murphy and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Predator-prey interactions are among one of the most important community-structuring interspecific relationships. It is well known that predators have direct (i.e., consumptive) effects (CEs), influencing population density [1] and survival [2, 3], and indirect (i.e., non-consumptive) effects (NCEs) on prey. Typically, NCEs are caused by the prey's antipredator behaviors, and can range from changes in distribution and habitat use [4-8] to changes in morphology [9] and decreased reproductive success and recruitment [10-13] to increased vigilance and group size [14, 15]. Based on their strength, CEs and NCEs can scale up to affecting entire ecosystems through trophic cascades [16, 17]. Antipredator behaviors are often tied to the prey's perception of predation risk, which is the probability of prey encountering a predator and/or being killed [7] and varies across space and time [18, 19]. Prey perception of predation risk is based on predator identity and hunting style [20-23], and prey often connect the risk of being killed by an ambush predator to specific habitat features [4], while the risk of being killed by a wide-ranging predator is often not tied to habitat features [17], although these types of predators might find more success in open habitats [24]. This suggests that prey will use different antipredator strategies to avoid different predators. Whereas prey might avoid risky habitats when avoiding ambush predators, prey might avoid being active and/or increase vigilance during risky hours when coursing predators might be active and hunting [25]. While many studies focus on the effect of a single predator on prey [i.e., 8], in most ecological communities, there are often multiple predators preying on the same species [26-28]. The number of predatory species in an ecological community can influence the strength of predator effects on prey [27, 29]. If the antipredator strategies that prey use to reduce predation risk by one predator indirectly increases its chance of being killed by another predator [i.e., predator faciliation; 30], predators can more effectively suppress prey populations [29, 31]. Prey in multi-predator systems often seem unable to completely avoid all predators, and instead focus their energies on using antipredator behaviors meant to avoid predators in order of lethality [32]. The interactions between predators, and the interactions between predators and humans, can also influence predation pressure on prey [33]. A comprehensive study on antipredator behavior and survival in a multi-predator system would determine not only the spatiotemporal distributions, antipredator behavior, and survival probability of the prey, but the spatiotemporal distributions of the predators. The white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) are culturally and economically important species across much of the United States [34] in Pennsylvania. The number one cause of mortality in white-tailed deer fawns is predation [3, 35]; in Pennsylvania, black bears (Ursus americanus), coyotes (Canis latrans), and bobcats (Lynx rufus; Vreeland et al. 2004, McLean et al. 2005) are all known to prey on fawns. All three predators use different habitats [37-39], can be active at different times [40-42], and have different hunting styles [43, 44], creating a landscape of predation risk that varies spatially and temporally [45]. In addition, these predators--particularly coyotes and bobcats [46-48]--can compete with and influence the habitat use and activity patterns of the other predators, further complicating the landscape that fawns must navigate to survive. While this landscape of multi-predator predation risk has been characterized before for white-tailed deer fawns [see 49, 50], no one has attempted to do so in Pennsylvania. In this dissertation, I examine how habitat relationships (Chapter 1) and spatiotemporal interactions of and between humans, fawns, black bears, coyotes, and bobcats influence the vigilance (Chapter 2) and survival (Chapter 3) of fawns during their first three months of life. In Chapter 1, I find that differing matrix types can influence the similarity of coyote and fawn habitat use. In Chapter 2, I posit that the risk allocation hypothesis can explain why a number of studies--including my own--have found that, in more anthropogenically disturbed habitats, species that would normally avoid spatiotemporal overlap with each other increase in spatiotemporal overlap. In Chapter 3, I estimate fawn survival, examine its relationship to fawn antipredator behavior and habitat, and find that data from camera trap surveys could be a feasible alternative to radio-collaring when the goal is to estimate fawn survival. My research provides new insights into species interactions are influenced by anthropogenic disturbance and a template for noninvasively and inexpensively examining these interactions.
Book Synopsis Contingency of Predation Risk-induced Trait Responses in a Model Fish-zooplankton Community by : Alexandra V. Rafalski
Download or read book Contingency of Predation Risk-induced Trait Responses in a Model Fish-zooplankton Community written by Alexandra V. Rafalski and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 130 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Predators affect prey populations both through consumption and by inducing antipredator trait responses. In the mere presence of predators, many prey modify traits in order to reduce their risk of being consumed. Predation risk-induced trait responses (hereafter 'trait responses') are numerous and universal across ecosystems and across different taxa, from protists to large mammals. Increasing attention is being given to the proposition that trait responses can have large effects on prey fitness, with ensuing effects on prey population growth and interacting species. A thorough understanding of the role of such predation risk effects is important for the ecological theory of basic properties such as resilience and biodiversity, and for ecological models used in natural resources management.While there are many studies that demonstrate a variety of trait responses in different taxa and examine the drivers of trait responses, it is still difficult to predict when trait responses will translate to population and community-level effects. The majority of theories and studies of trait responses have been conducted in simplified food webs such as predator-prey pairs. However, to examine the contribution of predation risk effects in addressing ecological questions, there is a need to understand how trait responses operate in larger food webs. To scale up from simplified systems, fundamental properties of populations and communities need to be considered including whether there is variation and contingency in trait responses among life history stages and similar species of prey. While there is a theoretical basis for expecting variation, empirical examples in a natural setting are lacking.My dissertation research empirically examines the variation and contingency of behavioral trait responses induced by a fish predator within a diverse assemblage of zooplankton prey. Experiments were conducted in mesocosms with and without fish kairomone (produced by caged fish); the effect of kairomone on the position of zooplankton is used as a measure of behavioral response. Chapter 1 examines variation in behavioral responses among life history stages of copepods. The responses were highly stage-dependent, with nauplii shifting in the opposite direction than copepodites and adults. Chapters 2 and 3 examine variation in cladoceran behavioral responses and assess if the expression and magnitude of responses is contingent on differences in predation risk among taxa. In trying to understand the variation in trait responses among prey, it might be expected that more vulnerable prey would exhibit larger trait responses. Such positive relationships between trait responses and predation risk have been exhibited in some systems. We compared the relationship between behavioral responses and metrics of predation risk across cladocerans. Metrics included relative predation rate and net effect of the predator on density on each taxon (measured from a treatment with uncaged fish) as well as cladoceran body size and taxonomic identity (family). While cladocerans exhibited strong variation in behavioral responses, we did not find larger trait responses in more vulnerable prey.Taken together, the chapters within this dissertation demonstrate there can be considerable variation in trait responses among prey and reinforces the complex nature of factors underlying trait responses. Explicit consideration of variation in trait responses and trade-offs that govern them can lead to better insight when scaling up the study of predation risk effects and their incorporation into models.
Book Synopsis Dynamic Behavior of Predators and Prey in a Multihabitat System by : Angélique Dupuch
Download or read book Dynamic Behavior of Predators and Prey in a Multihabitat System written by Angélique Dupuch and published by Editions Universitaires Europeennes. This book was released on 2010-04 with total page 192 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Understanding predator-prey interactions, and particularly their reciprocal responses, is a central topic in ecology. Many studies have explored habitat use by both predators and prey, and have shown that prey prefer the predator-poor habitats and predators the prey-rich ones. However, these studies mostly focused on the behaviour of predators and prey when the distribution of the other species was fixed in space. Theoretical and empirical knowledge of predators and prey space use when both are allowed to move freely are scarce. Within this framework, this thesis focuses on both the antipredator behaviour and habitat selection by a prey species, northern redbelly dace (Phoxinus eos), when exposed to a predation risk varying in intensity in both space and time.
Book Synopsis Carnivoran Ecology by : Steven W. Buskirk
Download or read book Carnivoran Ecology written by Steven W. Buskirk and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2023-05-02 with total page 289 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: These charismatic mammals, which include dogs, cats, hyenas, weasels, mongooses, seals, sea lions and bears, have always held special importance to humans throughout history and continue to do so today. In recent decades, the emergence of new technologies has completely transformed our knowledge of how carnivorans interact with their environments and consequently reshaped our view of carnivoran ecology. This unique synthesis uses examples from a diverse and expanding carnivoran literature, drawing from all carnivoran families and spanning the world's oceans and continents, to produce a clearly written and richly illustrated book that reviews our current state of knowledge of carnivoran ecology. It addresses all levels of biological organization and function, from genes to enzymes, organisms, populations, and ecosystems. Special attention is given to how carnivoran species interact with their prey, each other, and humans. There is an emphasis on community interactions and their importance in carnivoran evolution, showing how evolutionary constraints (morphological, physiological, and behavioral) structure communities today. The book's approach is strongly comparative, contrasting herbivores with carnivores, predators with scavengers, and cats with dogs. Carnivorans play important roles in many high-profile conservation cases, either as species of concern or agents of endangerment, and their importance is demonstrated in both contexts. Carnivoran Ecology is an accessible advanced textbook aimed principally at senior undergraduate and graduate students taking courses in carnivore ecology, as well as a broad audience of professional academics (especially carnivore and mammalian biologists), researchers, and practitioners working in both governmental and non-governmental organizations. A significant secondary market will exist amongst the large amateur naturalist community including those wishing to explore the ecological and evolutionary links between domestic carnivorans (dogs, cats, ferrets etc.) and their wild counterparts.
Book Synopsis Social Strategies of Carnivorous Mammalian Predators by : Mridula Srinivasan
Download or read book Social Strategies of Carnivorous Mammalian Predators written by Mridula Srinivasan and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-09-18 with total page 355 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book offers a comparative look at the social strategies of five carnivorous social predators (four terrestrial and one marine) that make them successful hunting units. The focus is on mammalian predators hunting (largely) mammalian prey. Each chapter (with separate authors) devoted to a particular species, explores the versatile hunting techniques and social dynamics of these top predators as they attempt to survive, defend, and reproduce in challenging habitats. Each chapter also delves into how the social fabric and ecology of each species influence their ability to deal with natural and man-made threats and shifting baselines.
Book Synopsis Advances in Ungulate Ecology by : R. Terry Bowyer
Download or read book Advances in Ungulate Ecology written by R. Terry Bowyer and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2021-06-28 with total page 308 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Wolf written by Ian Convery and published by Boydell & Brewer. This book was released on 2023-07-18 with total page 435 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: New insights into the changing human attitudes towards wild nature through the depiction of wolves in human culture and heritage. Few animals arouse such strong opinion as the wolf. It occupies a contested, ambiguous, yet central role in human culture and heritage. It appears as both an inspirational emblem of the wild and an embodiment of evil. Offering a mirror to different human attitudes, beliefs, and values, the wolf is, arguably, the species that plays the greatest role in shaping our views on what nature is or should be. North America and, more recently, Europe have witnessed a remarkable return of the grey wolf (Canis lupus, and its close relative the Eurasian wolf, Canis lupus lupus) to eco-systems. The essays collected here explore aspects of this recovery, and consider the history, literature and myth surrounding this iconic species. There are chapters on wolf taxonomy, including the coywolf, the red wolf, and the many faces of the dingo. We also meet the Tasmanian wolf and encounter Nazi Werewolves from Outer Space. The book explores the challenges of separating fact from fiction and superstition, and our willingness to co-exist with large carnivores in the twenty-first century. Biologists, historians, anthropologists, cultural theorists, conservationists and museologists will all find riches in the detail presented in this wolf collection.
Book Synopsis Predator-prey Spatiotemporal Interactions in a Multi-use Landscape by : Carolyn Rachel Shores
Download or read book Predator-prey Spatiotemporal Interactions in a Multi-use Landscape written by Carolyn Rachel Shores and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 101 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Apex predators can influence ecosystems by changing the density and behavior of herbivores and other predators. As an ecosystem superpredator, humans may also shape top-down effects in ecological communities by altering apex predator abundance and behavior. In many parts of the world, apex predators live in, or are returning to, landscapes that are human dominated. Thus, it is important to understand the ecological role of apex predators in anthropogenic, multi-use landscapes. I used motion-activated camera traps set in a multi-use landscape in northeastern Washington to compare the effects of: 1) wolves (Canis lupus) on spatiotemporal activity patterns of mesopredators and sympatric apex predators; and 2) the effects of hunting and apex predators on the spatiotemporal activity of herbivorous prey. In areas with wolves, other predators used temporal niche partitioning to avoid wolves. Cougars (Puma concolor) and coyotes (Canis latrans) became more active during the daytime, when wolves were least active, which significantly increased their activity overlap with humans. By contrast, bobcats (Lynx rufus) exposed to wolves changed their activity in patterns opposite to coyotes at nighttime and dusk. Although both mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) and white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) increased nocturnality significantly during hunting seasons, the deer species showed species-specific spatiotemporal responses to hunting that, in the case of mule deer, deviated from their typical anti-predator behavior. This pushed mule deer, but not white-tailed deer, into greater spatiotemporal overlap with wolves during hunting seasons, and thus may lead to additive mortality on mule deer from increased wolf predation. In conclusion, the top-down effects of wolves on the behavior of their intraguild competitors appear to be resilient to human disturbance in this system. However, effects on their herbivore prey may be overwhelmed by humans during hunting seasons, leading to greater spatiotemporal overlap with predators. More broadly, my findings highlight that temporal behavioral plasticity is an underappreciated aspect of animal behavior that helps animals manage risk and reduce the negative effects of competition. In addition, the top-down effects of apex predators appear to persist in human-dominated landscapes, particularly within the carnivore guild.
Book Synopsis Routledge Handbook of Rewilding by : Sally Hawkins
Download or read book Routledge Handbook of Rewilding written by Sally Hawkins and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2022-11-30 with total page 520 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This handbook provides a comprehensive overview of the history, theory, and current practices of rewilding. Rewilding offers a transformational paradigm shift in conservation thinking, and as such is increasingly of interest to academics, policymakers, and practitioners. However, as a rapidly emerging area of conservation, the term has often been defined and used in a variety of different ways (both temporally and spatially). There is, therefore, the need for a comprehensive assessment of this field, and the Routledge Handbook of Rewilding fills this lacuna. The handbook is organised into four sections to reflect key areas of rewilding theory, practice, and debate: the evolution of rewilding, theoretical and practical underpinnings, applications and impacts, and the ethics and philosophy of rewilding. Drawing on a range of international case studies the handbook addresses many of the key issues, including land acquisition and longer-term planning, transitioning from restoration (human-led, nature enabled) to rewilding (nature-led, human enabled), and the role of political and social transformational change. Led by an editorial team who have extensive experience researching and practising rewilding, this handbook is essential reading for students, academics and practitioners interested in rewilding, ecological restoration, natural resource management and conservation.
Book Synopsis Effects of Temporal Variation in Predation Risk on Predator-prey Interactions by : Matthew D. Kenworthy
Download or read book Effects of Temporal Variation in Predation Risk on Predator-prey Interactions written by Matthew D. Kenworthy and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 112 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Predator Prey Interactions Across Vegetation Gradients by : Karen Alice Wilson
Download or read book Predator Prey Interactions Across Vegetation Gradients written by Karen Alice Wilson and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 150 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Environmental Dependence of Non-consumptive Effects in Predator-prey Interactions by : Katrina A. Button
Download or read book Environmental Dependence of Non-consumptive Effects in Predator-prey Interactions written by Katrina A. Button and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 200 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Yellowstone Wolves by : Douglas W. Smith
Download or read book Yellowstone Wolves written by Douglas W. Smith and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2020-12-28 with total page 358 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This beautifully illustrated volume on the Yellowstone Wolf Project includes an introduction by Jane Goodall and an exclusive online documentary. The reintroduction of wolves to Yellowstone National Park was one of the greatest wildlife conservation achievements of the twentieth century. Eradicated after the park was first established, these iconic carnivores returned in 1995 when the US government reversed its century-old policy of extermination. In the intervening decades, scientists have built a one-of-a-kind field study of these wolves, their behaviors, and their influence on the entire ecosystem. Yellowstone Wolves tells the incredible story of the Yellowstone Wolf Project, as told by the people behind it. This wide-ranging volume highlights what has been learned in the decades since reintroduction, as well as the unique blend of research techniques used to gain this knowledge. We learn about individual wolves, population dynamics, wolf-prey relationships, genetics, disease, management and policy, and the rippling ecosystem effects wolves have had on Yellowstone’s wild and rare landscape. Featuring a foreword by Jane Goodall, beautiful images, a companion online documentary by celebrated filmmaker Bob Landis, and contributions from more than seventy wolf and wildlife conservation luminaries from Yellowstone and around the world, Yellowstone Wolves is an informative and beautifully realized celebration of the extraordinary Yellowstone Wolf Project.
Book Synopsis New perspectives and emerging directions in predator–prey functional response research: Hommage to C.S. Holling (1930– 2019) by : Thomas John Hossie
Download or read book New perspectives and emerging directions in predator–prey functional response research: Hommage to C.S. Holling (1930– 2019) written by Thomas John Hossie and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2023-07-26 with total page 194 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Predator-Prey Interactions in the Fossil Record by : Patricia H. Kelley
Download or read book Predator-Prey Interactions in the Fossil Record written by Patricia H. Kelley and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 488 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From the Foreword: "Predator-prey interactions are among the most significant of all organism-organism interactions....It will only be by compiling and evaluating data on predator-prey relations as they are recorded in the fossil record that we can hope to tease apart their role in the tangled web of evolutionary interaction over time. This volume, compiled by a group of expert specialists on the evidence of predator-prey interactions in the fossil record, is a pioneering effort to collate the information now accumulating in this important field. It will be a standard reference on which future study of one of the central dynamics of ecology as seen in the fossil record will be built." (Richard K. Bambach, Professor Emeritus, Virginia Tech, Associate of the Botanical Museum, Harvard University)
Book Synopsis Predator and Prey Space Use by : John Isaac Hammond
Download or read book Predator and Prey Space Use written by John Isaac Hammond and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 286 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
