VoIP Technology: Applications and Challenges

Download VoIP Technology: Applications and Challenges PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319955942
Total Pages : 265 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (199 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis VoIP Technology: Applications and Challenges by : Tamal Chakraborty

Download or read book VoIP Technology: Applications and Challenges written by Tamal Chakraborty and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-08-03 with total page 265 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book offers an accessible introduction and practical guide to Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) technology, providing readers with the know-how to solve the problems encountered in applying VoIP technology across all types of network. It incorporates the latest research findings and brings readers up to date with the challenges that are faced by researchers developing novel applications of VoIP. The authors discuss the general architecture of VoIP technology, along with its application and relevance in conventional and emerging wireless communication networks, including Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs), Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX), Long Term Evolution (LTE) and Cognitive Radio Networks. The book also includes Quality of service (QoS) studies under dynamic and unpredictable network conditions, which examine the reliability of both legacy systems And the upcoming pervasive computing systems. Further, it explains how the heuristic-based learning algorithms that are used in VoIP communications may help develop today’s technology in the area of autonomous systems. This book is a valuable source of information for academics and researchers, as it provides state-of-theart research in VoIP technology. It is also of interest to network designers, application architects, and service providers looking for a coherent understanding of VoIP across a wide range of devices, network applications and user categories.

VoIP Handbook

Download VoIP Handbook PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1351834681
Total Pages : 486 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (518 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis VoIP Handbook by : Syed A. Ahson

Download or read book VoIP Handbook written by Syed A. Ahson and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2018-10-08 with total page 486 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The number of worldwide VoIP customers is well over 38 million. Thanks to the popularity of inexpensive, high-quality services, it's projected to increase to nearly 250 million within the next three years. The VoIP Handbook: Applications, Technologies, Reliability, and Security captures the state of the art in VoIP technology and serves as the comprehensive reference on this soon-to-be ubiquitous technology. It provides: A step-by-step methodology to evaluate VoIP performance prior to network implementation An invaluable overview of implementation challenges and several VoIP multipoint conference systems Unparalleled coverage of design and engineering issues such VoIP traffic, QoS requirements, and VoIP flow As this promising technology’s popularity increases, new demands for improved quality, reduced cost, and seamless operation will continue to increase. Edited by preeminent wireless communications experts Ahson and Illyas, the VoIP Handbook guides you to successful deployment.

VoIP Telephony and You

Download VoIP Telephony and You PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : BPB Publications
ISBN 13 : 8194837731
Total Pages : 325 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (948 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis VoIP Telephony and You by : Rashmi Nanda

Download or read book VoIP Telephony and You written by Rashmi Nanda and published by BPB Publications. This book was released on 2021-05-10 with total page 325 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A Game Changer for WFH Practitioners Ê KEY FEATURESÊÊ _ Get to know the challenges and benefits of VoIP. _ Explore in-depth coverage on methodologies of the VoIP system. _ Includes the VoIP economic model, technology model, and in-practices. DESCRIPTIONÊ ÔVoIP Telephony and YouÕ introduces you to new and advanced ways of communicating over traditional telephony realms. Telcos use public internet private IPs for this long-distance voice communication in the Covid era. This book describes how VoIP encompasses the capability to encode and deliver content in real-time across digitized networks. In this book, you will learn about VoIP regulations, VoIP hardware and software, video conferencing servers, SWOT analysis of Telcos, switching technology. You will also learn about the TCP/IP, market, Economics model, business model, and technology models. You will learn how to eliminate echo by understanding the various interfaces of VoIP and a number of digital protocols.This book will also provide you with a solution to design and maintain communication systems that can be used reliably in the Covid-19 times. This book includes several best practices and security measures to secure conversations by use of surveillance methods and VoIP security provisions.ÊÊ WHAT YOU WILL LEARN _ Learn to establish a strong and robust digital communication for WFH business operations. _ Explore and evaluate buyingÊ decisions between cloud-based phones and other VoIP devices. _ Learn to optimize utilization of the VoIP telephony devices for audio and video conferencing. WHO THIS BOOK IS FORÊÊ This book is for aspiring and current technicians, network administrators, engineers, IT managers, VoIP integrators and solution providers, mobile experts, and WFH practitioners. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction to Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) 2. VoIP Video Conferencing and Corona Virus 3. VoIPÕs Challenges and Benefits and VoIP MarketÕs Independent Providers 4. Overview of Systems-Level 5. Interfaces of VoIP Telephony 6. Assurance of Voice Quality for VoIP Networks 7. Implementation of VoIP Security 8. Functionality of a Data Router 9. Technical Description related to VoIP 10. VoIP Hardware and Software Components 11. Business Model and Market Model in relation with Internet Telephony 12. Technology, Economics and In-Practice to be concerned with IP telephony 13. VoIP to be Concluded

VoIP

Download VoIP PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 0470997915
Total Pages : 276 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (79 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis VoIP by : Samrat Ganguly

Download or read book VoIP written by Samrat Ganguly and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2008-04-30 with total page 276 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Understand how new network technologies impact VoIP! Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) is revolutionizing the way people communicate – both in the corporate world and in personal life. The enormous success of VoIP has led to its adoption in a wide range of networking technologies. Each network technology has its unique features and poses distinct challenges for the performance of VoIP. VoIP: Wireless, P2P and New Enterprise Voice over IPdescribes the issues arising in the deployment of VoIP in an emerging heterogeneous network environment. Along with a brief overview of the concepts, protocols, algorithms, and equipment involved in realizing VoIP, this book focuses on two areas: quality and performance issues in deploying VoIP over various network settings, and the new mechanisms and protocols in these emerging networks to assist the deployment of VoIP. VoIP: Wireless, P2P and New Enterprise Voice over IP: Discusses the basics of VoIP, VoIP codecs and VoIP Protocols including SIP and H.323. Details new technologies such as P2P technology, VoWiFi, WiMax, and 3G Networks. Explains the QoS issues arising from deploying VoIP using the new technologies. Solves the performance issues that arise when VoIP is deployed over different network technologies. This book is an invaluable resource for professional network engineers, designers, managers, researchers, decision makers and project managers overseeing VoIP implementations. Market analysts, consultants, and those studying advanced undergraduate and graduate courses on data, voice and multimedia communications will also find this book insightful.

Mobile Multimedia

Download Mobile Multimedia PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : IntechOpen
ISBN 13 : 9789533079080
Total Pages : 168 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (79 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Mobile Multimedia by : Dian Tjondronegoro

Download or read book Mobile Multimedia written by Dian Tjondronegoro and published by IntechOpen. This book was released on 2012-01-20 with total page 168 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As multimedia-enabled mobile devices such as smart phones and tablets are becoming the day-to-day computing device of choice for users of all ages, everyone expects that all mobile multimedia applications and services should be as smooth and as high-quality as the desktop experience. The grand challenge in delivering multimedia to mobile devices using the Internet is to ensure the quality of experience that meets the users' expectations, within reasonable costs, while supporting heterogeneous platforms and wireless network conditions. This book aims to provide a holistic overview of the current and future technologies used for delivering high-quality mobile multimedia applications, while focusing on user experience as the key requirement. The book opens with a section dealing with the challenges in mobile video delivery as one of the most bandwidth-intensive media that requires smooth streaming and a user-centric strategy to ensure quality of experience. The second section addresses this challenge by introducing some important concepts for future mobile multimedia coding and the network technologies to deliver quality services. The last section combines the user and technology perspectives by demonstrating how user experience can be measured using case studies on urban community interfaces and Internet telephones.

Switching to VoIP

Download Switching to VoIP PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : "O'Reilly Media, Inc."
ISBN 13 : 0596517297
Total Pages : 504 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (965 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Switching to VoIP by : Theodore Wallingford

Download or read book Switching to VoIP written by Theodore Wallingford and published by "O'Reilly Media, Inc.". This book was released on 2005 with total page 504 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: More and more businesses today have their receive phone service through Internet instead of local phone company lines. Many businesses are also using their internal local and wide-area network infrastructure to replace legacy enterprise telephone networks. This migration to a single network carrying voice and data is called convergence, and it's revolutionizing the world of telecommunications by slashing costs and empowering users. The technology of families driving this convergence is called VoIP, or Voice over IP. VoIP has advanced Internet-based telephony to a viable solution, piquing the interest of companies small and large. The primary reason for migrating to VoIP is cost, as it equalizes the costs of long distance calls, local calls, and e-mails to fractions of a penny per use. But the real enterprise turn-on is how VoIP empowersbusinesses to mold and customize telecom and datacom solutions using a single, cohesive networking platform. These business drivers are so compelling that legacy telephony is going the way of the dinosaur, yielding to Voice over IP as the dominant enterprise communications paradigm. Developed from real-world experience by a senior developer, O'Reilly's Switching to VoIP provides solutions for the most common VoIP migration challenges. So if you're a network professional who is migrating from a traditional telephony system to a modern, feature-rich network, this book is a must-have. You'lldiscover the strengths and weaknesses of circuit-switched and packet-switched networks, how VoIP systems impact network infrastructure, as well as solutions for common challenges involved with IP voice migrations. Among the challenges discussed and projects presented: building a softPBX configuring IP phones ensuring quality of service scalability standards-compliance topological considerations coordinating a complete system ?switchover? migrating applications like voicemail and directoryservices retro-interfacing to traditional telephony supporting mobile users security and survivability dealing with the challenges of NAT To help you grasp the core principles at work, Switching to VoIP uses a combination of strategy and hands-on how-to that introduce VoIP routers and media gateways, various makes of IP telephone equipment, legacy analog phones, IPTables and Linux firewalls, and the Asterisk open source PBX software by Digium.You'll learn how to build an IP-based or legacy-compatible phone system and voicemail system complete with e-mail integration while becoming familiar with VoIP protocols and devices. Switching to VoIP remains vendor-neutral and advocates standards, not brands. Some of the standards explored include: SIP H.323, SCCP, and IAX Voice codecs 802.3af Type of Service, IP precedence, DiffServ, and RSVP 802.1a/b/g WLAN If VoIP has your attention, like so many others, then Switching to VoIP will help you build your own system, install it, and begin making calls. It's the only thing left between you and a modern telecom network.

VoIP: Voice Over Internet Protocol Architecture and Features

Download VoIP: Voice Over Internet Protocol Architecture and Features PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Lulu.com
ISBN 13 : 1435731654
Total Pages : 255 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (357 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis VoIP: Voice Over Internet Protocol Architecture and Features by : Abdul Sattar Mohmand

Download or read book VoIP: Voice Over Internet Protocol Architecture and Features written by Abdul Sattar Mohmand and published by Lulu.com. This book was released on 2008-06-28 with total page 255 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: VoIP or Voice Over Internet Protocol is an emerging telecommunication technology that make use of IP network to carry voice just like PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network) or traditional phones. There are several companies offering low cost and more flexible phones and packages of VoIP systems. Future belongs to VoIP because of its low cost and flexibility and more control.This innovative technology will change the life of people because the dream of video phone is just behind its bars. This book covers the basic architecture, usefulness, challenges and features of the VoIP Phones systems.

Beyond VoIP Protocols

Download Beyond VoIP Protocols PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 9780470023624
Total Pages : 296 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (236 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Beyond VoIP Protocols by : Olivier Hersent

Download or read book Beyond VoIP Protocols written by Olivier Hersent and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2005-03-04 with total page 296 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In 1999-2000, VoIP (Voice-over-IP) telephony was one of the most successful buzzwords of the telecom bubble era. However, in 2001-2003, VoIP faced a very tough reality check. Now, manufacturers and service providers are drawing on what they have learnt from past experience in order to prepare to participate in the next major challenge faced by the telecommunications industry. This book offers a comprehensive overview of the issues to solve in order to deploy global revenue-generating effective "multimedia" services. Drawing on extensive research and practical deployment experience in VoIP, the authors provide essential advice for those seeking to design and implement a post-bubble VoIP network. Beyond VoIP Protocols: Understanding Voice Technology and Networking Techniques for IP Telephony Introduces the basics of speech coding and voice quality Demonstrates how quality of service may be built into the network and deals with dimensioning aspects, e.g. multipoint communications and how to model call seizures. Explores the potential of multicast to turn an IP backbone into an optimized broadcast medium Includes amply illustrated, state-of-the-art practical advice for formulating a complete deployment strategy A companion volume to "IP Telephony: Deploying VoIP Protocols", this book takes the reader a stage deeper into how to prepare the network and exploit VoIP technology to its full potential.

VoIP Performance Management and Optimization

Download VoIP Performance Management and Optimization PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Cisco Press
ISBN 13 : 0132583062
Total Pages : 676 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (325 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis VoIP Performance Management and Optimization by : Adeel Ahmed

Download or read book VoIP Performance Management and Optimization written by Adeel Ahmed and published by Cisco Press. This book was released on 2010-07-29 with total page 676 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: VoIP Performance Management and Optimization A KPI-based approach to managing and optimizing VoIP networks IP Communications Adeel Ahmed, CCIE® No. 4574 Habib Madani Talal Siddiqui, CCIE No. 4280 VoIP Performance Management and Optimization is the first comprehensive, expert guide to managing, monitoring, troubleshooting, and optimizing large VoIP networks. Three leading Cisco VoIP experts bring together state-of-the-art techniques for ensuring that customer service level agreements (SLA) are consistently met or exceeded. The authors begin by reviewing how VoIP is deployed in enterprise and service provider networks and the performance tradeoffs and challenges associated with each leading VoIP deployment model. Next, they present a comprehensive approach to diagnosing problems in VoIP networks using key performance indicators (KPI) and proactively addressing issues before they impact service. In this book, you will find a proven tools-based strategy for gauging VoIP network health and maximizing performance and voice quality. You also will learn how to perform trend analysis and use the results for capacity planning and traffic engineering—thereby optimizing your networks for both the short- and long-term. The authors all work in the Cisco Advanced Services Group. Deploy, manage, monitor, and scale multivendor VoIP networks more effectively Integrate performance data from multiple VoIP network segments and service flows to effectively manage SLAs Use performance counters, call detail records, and call agent trace logs to gauge network health in real time Utilize dashboards to analyze and correlate VoIP metrics, analyze trends, and plan capacity Implement a layered approach to quickly isolate and troubleshoot both localized and systemic problems in VoIP networks Optimize performance in networks where the service provider owns the “last mile” connection Improve performance when VoIP is deployed over publicly shared infrastructure Manage performance in enterprise networks using both centralized and distributed call processing Plan media deployment for the best possible network performance Monitor trends, establish baselines, optimize existing resources, and identify emerging problems Understand and address common voice quality issues This IP communications book is part of the Cisco Press® Networking Technology Series. IP communications titles from Cisco Press help networking professionals understand voice and IP telephony technologies, plan and design converged networks, and implement network solutions for increased productivity. Category: Networking: Unified Communications Covers: Voice over IP Network Management

Electronic Systems and Intelligent Computing

Download Electronic Systems and Intelligent Computing PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 9811570310
Total Pages : 1126 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (115 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Electronic Systems and Intelligent Computing by : Pradeep Kumar Mallick

Download or read book Electronic Systems and Intelligent Computing written by Pradeep Kumar Mallick and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-09-22 with total page 1126 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents selected, high-quality research papers from the International Conference on Electronic Systems and Intelligent Computing (ESIC 2020), held at NIT Yupia, Arunachal Pradesh, India, on 2 – 4 March 2020. Discussing the latest challenges and solutions in the field of smart computing, cyber-physical systems and intelligent technologies, it includes papers based on original theoretical, practical and experimental simulations, developments, applications, measurements, and testing. The applications and solutions featured provide valuable reference material for future product development.

VOIP Services

Download VOIP Services PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 172 pages
Book Rating : 4.F/5 ( download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis VOIP Services by : United States. Congress. House. Committee on Energy and Commerce. Subcommittee on Telecommunications and the Internet

Download or read book VOIP Services written by United States. Congress. House. Committee on Energy and Commerce. Subcommittee on Telecommunications and the Internet and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 172 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Packet Guide to Voice Over IP

Download Packet Guide to Voice Over IP PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : "O'Reilly Media, Inc."
ISBN 13 : 1449339670
Total Pages : 243 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (493 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Packet Guide to Voice Over IP by : Bruce Hartpence

Download or read book Packet Guide to Voice Over IP written by Bruce Hartpence and published by "O'Reilly Media, Inc.". This book was released on 2013 with total page 243 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "A system administrator's guide to VoIP technologies"--Cover.

VoIP Technologies

Download VoIP Technologies PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : BoD – Books on Demand
ISBN 13 : 953307549X
Total Pages : 350 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (33 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis VoIP Technologies by : Shigeru Kashihara

Download or read book VoIP Technologies written by Shigeru Kashihara and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2011-02-14 with total page 350 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a collection of 15 excellent studies of Voice over IP (VoIP) technologies. While VoIP is undoubtedly a powerful and innovative communication tool for everyone, voice communication over the Internet is inherently less reliable than the public switched telephone network, because the Internet functions as a best-effort network without Quality of Service guarantee and voice data cannot be retransmitted. This book introduces research strategies that address various issues with the aim of enhancing VoIP quality. We hope that you will enjoy reading these diverse studies, and that the book will provide you with a lot of useful information about current VoIP technology research.

Broadband Internet Deployment in Japan

Download Broadband Internet Deployment in Japan PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : IOS Press
ISBN 13 : 1607503328
Total Pages : 220 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (75 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Broadband Internet Deployment in Japan by : H. Esaki

Download or read book Broadband Internet Deployment in Japan written by H. Esaki and published by IOS Press. This book was released on 2008-08-15 with total page 220 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this book, the spectacular development of a digital telecommunications infrastructure in one of the world’s most advanced industrial nations is being reviewed. Starting with the university network JUNET in 1984 the work covers the mobile Internet, wired access and backbone systems, all the way through broadband applications and today’s residential broadband traffic. Japan has established one of the richest Internet environments and undertakes an aggressive R&D activity on both the New Generation Network “NGN” and the new Internet Protocol “IPv6”.In 2007, it was reported that in the cellular phone system in Japan, the total volume of data traffic became larger than that of voice traffic. The telecommunication infrastructure is converging with the broadcasting infrastructure: 2011 is designated as the first year of the full digital age. Towards 2011, the following technical challenges are foreseen: the development and deployment of an end-to-end architecture on the existing complex IPv4 based Internet; development of a Japanese infrastructure, which is globally competitive and globally interoperable; development of new applications and new business models in the ubiquitous networking environment; development of Internet systems as a social infrastructure; integration with the real-space (i.e. integration of physical space and cyber space); NGN (Next Generation Network) and FMC (Fixed Mobile Convergence); and development and deployment of the unwired Internet environment. This work looks into the challenges and opportunities now faced: it is a must reading for communications and media experts, policy makers and the general public interested in the digital infrastructure.

Mathematics—Advances in Research and Application: 2013 Edition

Download Mathematics—Advances in Research and Application: 2013 Edition PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : ScholarlyEditions
ISBN 13 : 1481689681
Total Pages : 906 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (816 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Mathematics—Advances in Research and Application: 2013 Edition by :

Download or read book Mathematics—Advances in Research and Application: 2013 Edition written by and published by ScholarlyEditions. This book was released on 2013-06-21 with total page 906 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mathematics—Advances in Research and Application: 2013 Edition is a ScholarlyBrief™ that delivers timely, authoritative, comprehensive, and specialized information about ZZZAdditional Research in a concise format. The editors have built Mathematics—Advances in Research and Application: 2013 Edition on the vast information databases of ScholarlyNews.™ You can expect the information about ZZZAdditional Research in this book to be deeper than what you can access anywhere else, as well as consistently reliable, authoritative, informed, and relevant. The content of Mathematics—Advances in Research and Application: 2013 Edition has been produced by the world’s leading scientists, engineers, analysts, research institutions, and companies. All of the content is from peer-reviewed sources, and all of it is written, assembled, and edited by the editors at ScholarlyEditions™ and available exclusively from us. You now have a source you can cite with authority, confidence, and credibility. More information is available at http://www.ScholarlyEditions.com/.

BoogarLists | Directory of VoIP Technologies

Download BoogarLists | Directory of VoIP Technologies PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : BoogarLists
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 17 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis BoogarLists | Directory of VoIP Technologies by :

Download or read book BoogarLists | Directory of VoIP Technologies written by and published by BoogarLists. This book was released on with total page 17 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Information Communication Technologies: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications

Download Information Communication Technologies: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : IGI Global
ISBN 13 : 1599049503
Total Pages : 4288 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (99 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Information Communication Technologies: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications by : Van Slyke, Craig

Download or read book Information Communication Technologies: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications written by Van Slyke, Craig and published by IGI Global. This book was released on 2008-04-30 with total page 4288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The rapid development of information communication technologies (ICTs) is having a profound impact across numerous aspects of social, economic, and cultural activity worldwide, and keeping pace with the associated effects, implications, opportunities, and pitfalls has been challenging to researchers in diverse realms ranging from education to competitive intelligence.