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Use Of Spatial Sampling And Microbial Source Tracking Tools For Understanding Fecal Contamination At Two Lake Erie Beaches
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Book Synopsis Use of Spatial Sampling and Microbial Source-tracking Tools for Understanding Fecal Contamination at Two Lake Erie Beaches by :
Download or read book Use of Spatial Sampling and Microbial Source-tracking Tools for Understanding Fecal Contamination at Two Lake Erie Beaches written by and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 40 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Identification of Putative Geographic Sources of Bacterial Pollution in Lake Erie by Moleular Fingerprinting by : Huang, Xixi
Download or read book Identification of Putative Geographic Sources of Bacterial Pollution in Lake Erie by Moleular Fingerprinting written by Huang, Xixi and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 238 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In 2005, roughly 20,000 days of closing or advisories impacted Great Lakes beaches, of which 75% were attributed to unknown source of fecal pollution. However, most municipalities have failed to identify and control sources of fecal pollution affecting beaches. Since fecal contamination is mainly responsible for swimming advisories at Lake Erie Beach (Oregon, OH), this study aimed to identify the putative ditches as geographic sources of bacterial pollution at Lake Erie Beach. Previous research implicated Berger Ditch as a contributor of fecal pollution to the beach. However, we hypothesized that other nearby ditches might also play a role in the pollution of Lake Erie Beach. Throughout one year, monthly and partial biweekly water samples collected from the beach and nearby tributaries, including Berger Ditch- (east end of beach), and Tobias- and McHenry Ditches (west end), were analyzed for (i) E. coli density, and (ii) the genetic structure of whole E. coli communities assessed by PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of the beta-glucuronidase gene (uidA). Since this study represented the initial use of DGGE fingerprinting for bacterial source tracking, BOX-PCR, an established library-dependent method, was used to validate the results of DGGE analysis. The results showed that E. coli density and community structure in Lake Erie Beach and the three ditches were dynamic and seasonally variable during the year-long sampling period. The weak correlation between E. coli density in the ditches and the beach water demonstrated that monitoring bacterial densities is limited in its utility for bacterial source tracking and is best combined with complimentary methods. Community structure analysis as assessed by DGGE effectively described the relationship of E. coli communities in the ditches and the beach. While the results suggested that all three ditches sampled were involved in the bacterial pollution at some time, the contribution was likely seasonally-based. Tobias Ditch, in particular, was highly rainfall dependent, while Berger Ditch was the most consistent contributor of the three ditches. BOX-PCR of E. coli libraries validated the results of DGGE analysis, indicating that DGGE was a reliable method for rapidly screening the putative geographic sources of bacterial pollution in Lake Erie Beach.
Book Synopsis Fecal Indicator Bacteria on Sand and Wrack at Marine Beaches by : Todd Livingston Russell
Download or read book Fecal Indicator Bacteria on Sand and Wrack at Marine Beaches written by Todd Livingston Russell and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fecal indicator bacteria (FIB), such as enterococci (ENT) and E. coli (EC), are used as a proxy for pathogens in recreational waters around the world. When concentrations of FIB exceed standards in recreational waters, the beaches are closed or posted with a health advisory. FIB standards are based on epidemiology studies and are designed to be protective of human health. These epidemiology studies typically have been conducted at beaches where the sources of pollution were treated wastewater or urban runoff, presumably contaminated with raw sewage. However, non-fecal reservoirs of FIB have been identified that have no clear connection to human fecal contamination, such as river sediments, sands and decaying aquatic plants (wrack). This dissertation examines two of these non-fecal reservoirs of FIB, beach sands and wrack, and their impacts on coastal water quality. Understanding these impacts has direct implications on current and future beach management decisions. The first research chapter in this dissertation investigates a transport pathway for ENT on beach sands to serve as a source of ENT to the coastal ocean. Although beach sands have been identified as a potential reservoir for FIB and pathogens, little is understood about the mechanisms by which these microbes can move between sands and the ocean. Two transport pathways have been suggested, 'over-beach transport' and 'through-beach transport'. In through-beach transport, microbes are eluted from sands by infiltrating water, transported down through the vadose zone and out to the ocean through submarine groundwater discharge. This study focuses on the first component of through-beach transport utilizing a combination of field and laboratory experiments. The results show that ENT are readily eluted from beach sands during infiltration events in the vadose zone. ENT detachment kinetics and potential mechanisms are revealed through use of a computer model utilizing the results of the laboratory column experiments. Detachment kinetics that are proportional to the rate of change in water content are found to best describe the observed behavior, suggesting that detachment may be caused by thin film expansion and/or air-water interface scouring. The second research chapter in this dissertation presents a two year microbial source tracking (MST) study aimed at identifying the sources of the high FIB concentrations observed at Cowell Beach in Santa Cruz, CA. Cowell Beach consistently has the worst summertime microbial water quality of any beach in California. Local agencies had been unable to identify the source of this pollution but believed that a non-fecal source, namely wrack, was responsible. Potential sources investigated included a river, a storm drain, a wharf, a harbor, sand, wrack and contaminated groundwater. The microbial pollution was identified as originating from a shoreline source, ruling out the river, storm drain, wharf and harbor as relevant sources. Based on a 24 h study and near-shore modelling results, two separate sources were identified as being dominant, sand for ENT and contaminated groundwater for EC. Wrack was found to be only a minor source, contributing less than 2% of the FIB compared to the dominant sources. The final research chapter presented in this dissertation assesses the impact beach grooming for wrack removal has on FIB concentrations at Cowell Beach. Beach grooming of wrack is considered a potential remediation strategy for beaches with high concentrations of FIB in the water and large amounts of wrack on the beach. No study prior to this work had investigated these impacts. The impacts were studied on both seasonal and short-term time scales. Grooming was generally found to have negligible impacts on concentrations of FIB in the ocean at Cowell Beach. Grooming did however increase nutrient concentrations (phosphate, silicate and dissolved inorganic nitrogen) and turbidity in the ocean. Grooming was found to be an ineffective remediation strategy at Cowell Beach. The research presented in this dissertation documents how FIB from beach sands and wrack can impact coastal microbial water quality. This dissertation provides evidence for FIB from sands being transported to the ocean via through-beach transport. This dissertation also provides evidence that wrack is a minor source of FIB to the ocean and that beach grooming for wrack removal does not provide relevant improvements to coastal water quality.
Book Synopsis Antibiotic Resistance by : Adriel R. Bonilla
Download or read book Antibiotic Resistance written by Adriel R. Bonilla and published by Nova Biomedical Books. This book was released on 2009 with total page 554 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Antibiotic resistance is the ability of a micro-organism to withstand the effects of antibiotics. There are three mechanisms that can cause antibiotic resistance: prevention of interaction of drug with target, decreased uptake due to either an increased efflux or a decreased influx of the antimicrobial agent and enzymatic modification or destruction of the compound. In the past couple years, antibiotic resistance has become an increasing public health concern. Tuberculosis, gonorrhoea, malaria and childhood ear infections are just a few of the diseases that have become hard to treat with antibiotic drugs. This book addresses the concern that over the past few years, there has been a major rise in resistance to antibiotics among gram-negative bacteria. New antibacterial drugs with novel modes of actions are urgently required in order to fight against infection. Novel antibiotics such as linezolid, carbapenem ertapenem, daptomycin and gemifloxacin are examined in this book. The genetic approaches used in risk assessment of antibiotic resistance dissemination are looked at as well. Furthermore, this book discusses the present studies on the use of veterinary antibiotics in agriculture, on the occurrence of antibiotic compounds and resistant bacteria in soil and water and clearly demonstrates the need for further studies.
Book Synopsis Workshop on Microbial Source Tracking in Water by : Paul A. Rochelle
Download or read book Workshop on Microbial Source Tracking in Water written by Paul A. Rochelle and published by IWA Publishing. This book was released on 2006-07-31 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The drinking water and wastewater industries are interested in developing a better understanding of sources of fecal contamination. Microbial source tracking (MST) offers the potential to apportion the contribution of various animal groups to this contamination. However, while there are many methods available there is no clear indication as to the most appropriate approach. There has been little systematic comparison of methods and only a few blind trials, and issues of reproducibility, accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, resolution, and robustness need to be addressed. There is confusion among potential end-users and some disagreement among scientists. Therefore, due to the uncertainty surrounding the most appropriate tools and applications of MST, a workshop of 45 experts representing water and wastewater utilities, academia, state and federal government agencies, medical institutions, and private laboratories was convened in San Antonio, Texas over a three-day period (February 16 – 18, 2005). The overall objective of the workshop was to identify the knowledge gaps and research needs for application of MST technologies by the wastewater and drinking water industries.
Book Synopsis Investigation of Bacterial Fecal Indicators and Coliphage Virus in Sediment and Surface Water of Parks and Beaches Along the Grand River (MI) and Lake Michigan (MI) by : Shikha Singh
Download or read book Investigation of Bacterial Fecal Indicators and Coliphage Virus in Sediment and Surface Water of Parks and Beaches Along the Grand River (MI) and Lake Michigan (MI) written by Shikha Singh and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 350 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Evaluation and Performance of Rapid Methods for Identifying and Tracking Sources of Fecal Pollution in Coastal Watersheds by : Vanessa Thulsiraj
Download or read book Evaluation and Performance of Rapid Methods for Identifying and Tracking Sources of Fecal Pollution in Coastal Watersheds written by Vanessa Thulsiraj and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 186 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fecal contamination of coastal waters is known to degrade the environment and poses a health risk to recreational beach users. Fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) are used around the world to assess water quality and characterize fecal contamination. Elevated levels of FIB have been linked to health risks in epidemiological studies. However, some limitations exist with this indicator. FIB cannot be used to identify the specific sources as they originate from both human and animal sources. FIB may also persist and regrow in the environment. In order to effectively remediate the cause of pollution and characterize the hazards at chronically impaired beaches it is necessary to measure indicators that can provide information about the sources of the general fecal pollution. Tracking pollution sources at impaired beaches is critical to ensuring the health of coastal watersheds and reducing the incidence of swimming related illness. Molecular methods have gained popularity to identify and detect sources of fecal contamination using host-associated markers. The work presented here addresses areas warranting further research in the state of the science of water quality monitoring. In Chapter 2, we demonstrate that host-associated markers exhibit similar limits of detection in different water types and are robust in environmental field applications. Additionally, we provide a cost-benefit analysis and provide water quality managers with information supporting the inclusion of molecular methods in current monitoring practices. This body of work also presents novel methods for rapid and viability-based detection of recent fecal contamination with propidium monoazide (PMA-qPCR) and a field portable method covalently-linked IMS/ATP technique (Cov-IMS/ATP). In Chapters 3 and 4, we present results on optimization and specificity of the Cov-IMS/ATP. We evaluated the performance of Cov-IMS/ATP at three different watersheds for rapid quantification of enterococci, and show this method to be a robust tool in assessing water quality at complex sites. This work also addresses drawbacks of traditional qPCR to quantify viable fecal contamination. We validate the PMA-qPCR method and demonstrate its performance in detecting recent fecal contamination in environmental waters. Use of these methods demonstrates a new framework that can enhance current microbial source tracking studies and water quality monitoring.
Book Synopsis Tracking the Source of Fecal Contamination at Public Beaches in Racine, Wisconsin, Using the Diversity of the Bacteroides Group of Microorganisms by : Jennifer I. Warner
Download or read book Tracking the Source of Fecal Contamination at Public Beaches in Racine, Wisconsin, Using the Diversity of the Bacteroides Group of Microorganisms written by Jennifer I. Warner and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 144 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Discrimination of Human and Non-human Fecal Sources with Rapid Methods in Coastal Waters and Sediments by : Amity Gayle Zimmer-Faust
Download or read book Discrimination of Human and Non-human Fecal Sources with Rapid Methods in Coastal Waters and Sediments written by Amity Gayle Zimmer-Faust and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 177 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Microbial contamination in coastal waters is an important public health and economic problem worldwide. It is common for the sources as well as the environmental fate and transport of fecal contamination in recreational waters to be unknown making it difficult to mitigate the input and to understand the relative health risk associated with a given water body. A comprehensive understanding of sources and bacterial dynamics is needed for effective mitigation and management of microbial contaminants. The main objectives of this study were to identify sources of fecal contamination to a chronically impaired Southern California watershed, to demonstrate applicability of microbial source tracking (MST) tools, including source-specific markers for discrimination of human and non-human sources, to evaluate the fate of fecal contaminates in coastal sediments, and to develop and optimize immunomagnetic separation/adenosine triphosphate (IMS/ATP) assays for rapid enumeration of viable fecal contamination. A three-year MST study was conducted to help explain elevated levels of surfzone fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) at Topanga State Beach, a critically impaired Southern California Beach. This study investigated sources of FIB to the Topanga watershed and the applicability of using MST technology longer time scales. MST markers effectively elucidated temporal and seasonal trends in fecal bacterial levels, and dog and gull marker appeared to be a significant sources to Topanga lagoon and Topanga State Beach. However, a lack of correlation between FIB and marker measurements was noted, and dog marker and FIB levels did not covary when compared at different Southern California beaches. Sediments were found to play an important and variable role in environmental fate of MST markers and FIB. Variable decay was observed for different indicators and in different sediments, with differences noted even within one watershed. The human HF183 marker was useful for providing evidence of recent inputs of human fecal contamination and behaved similarly to the molecular marker for Campylobacter (qCAMP) and FIB in brackish sediments. The general Bacteroides (GB3) and enterococci (ENT1A) markers were more conservative and under certain circumstances had comparable decay to culturable FIB. Application of a suite of markers may be necessary for effective evaluation of sediment fecal bacterial levels. Moreover, differences were observed between relative decay amongst the different sediments tested, illustrating the need for more routine sediment monitoring. IMS/ATP assays provided useful information regarding fecal contamination levels and measurements made had a consistent relationship with measurements made by standard methods. IMS/ATP utilizes paramagnetic beds and target-specific antibodies to isolate target organisms. Following isolation, adenosine tri-phosphate (ATP) is extracted from the target population and quantified. The Cov-IMS/ATP method rapidly measured viable enterococci in complex surface waters, providing a useful eld tool for assessment of coastal water quality and for identi cation of hot spots of fecal contamination. An inversely-coupled (Inv-IMS/ATP) assay for detection of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron was developed and applied for rapid detection of human-associated fecal contamination. The Inv-IMS/ATP assay yielded measurements of viable B. thetaiotaomicron that were comparable to the HF183 human marker in complex source waters impacted with both wastewater and runoff, and the Inv-IMS/ATP assay was able to effectively differentiate between surface waters impacted with adequately and inadequately treated wastewater. IMS/ATP assays show promise for rapid evaluation of recreational water quality in areas where access to more expensive methods is limited and in areas where water quality is unpredictable. This research highlights the difficulties and complexities associated with effective tracking and management of microbial contaminates in the coastal environment. Additional research evaluating relative aging of molecular markers and relative contributions from different sources is needed to fully interpret field-based source marker data. Sediments were shown to have an important and variable role in fate of fecal contaminants in the environment. Additional studies are needed evaluating how watershed models can most effectively be adapted to include a sediment compartment and how different sources of fecal contamination and source markers decay in sediments with variable characteristics. IMS/ATP assays showed promise and can be successfully applied in complex waters for rapid enumeration of viable fecal contamination; additional verification of assay performance is needed at complex sites impacted with multiple sources.
Book Synopsis Assessing Human Fecal Contamination in a Mixed-Use Watershed Using Microbial Source Tracking by : Jonathan M. Honey
Download or read book Assessing Human Fecal Contamination in a Mixed-Use Watershed Using Microbial Source Tracking written by Jonathan M. Honey and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 107 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Environmental Microbial Surveillance by : Matthew Thomas Flood
Download or read book Environmental Microbial Surveillance written by Matthew Thomas Flood and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Understanding of the connections between water and health, through the use of water quality monitoring, surveys and surveillance, can help to address the impacts of anthropomorphic changes on the environment. This study sought to understand these connections through the water quality monitoring within watershed basins as well as pathogen surveillance within sewersheds. Specifically, this dissertation sought to 1) understand the sources of pollution and their connections with land use in the various subsections of watersheds; 2) to find a cost-effective way to surveil the spread of SARS-CoV-2 using wastewater surveillance; and 3) to understand the differences in wastewater surveillance between communities. Water quality monitoring using microbial source tracking (MST) was performed with a survey of five mixed-use watersheds in Michigan. Through the use of spatial clustering, it was found that temporal contamination was primarily driven by precipitation and its associated variables (e.g., streamflow, turbidity, overland flow), while spatial contamination is driven by land uses (e.g., septic tank density, tile drain proportions, and tillage). Additionally, porcine fecal contamination was more often correlated with nutrients in streams than either bovine or human contamination. The development of a cost-effective workflow for the detection and quantification of SARS-COV-2 in wastewater was undertaken. Wastewater from communities around Michigan were collected and analyzed along with viral surrogates for SARS-CoV-2 to investigate different workflow options. The Pseudomonas phage Phi6 was seeded in different wastewater matrices to test concentration and recovery by ultrafiltration-based method and polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation. The PEG method provided better virus recovery than the ultrafiltration-based methods as measured using RT-ddPCR. The comparison of two communities (A and B) wastewater results for SARS-CoV-2 analyzed against case data was undertaken. These results were significantly correlated with cases in both communities, but the level of correlation differed based on spatial (e.g., zipcode vs county level cases) and temporal (e.g., date of symptom(s) onset vs. the referral date for cases) resolution. Wastewater surveillance was more representative of higher spatial resolution (zipcode data) of cases in both communities. When examining the temporal resolution of the communities, community B's wastewater results were more closely tied to the onset of symptoms and not the case referral date.The ability to monitor indicators of pollution in watersheds and surveil etiological agents of disease in sewersheds provide non-intrusive methods for evaluating the potential risks and current burdens to community health. The first part of the work could be considered "downstream" monitoring identifying sources and potential exposures with the goal of reducing waterborne disease. While "upstream" monitoring was used for identifying the disease trends in the community and was focused on public health measures to prevent transmission. This project contributed novel methods, results and analysis providing valuable knowledge ultimately addressing the role of monitoring strategies to protect public health.
Book Synopsis Evaluation of Selected DNA-based Technology in Impaired Watersheds Impacted by Fecal Contamination from Diverse Sources by : Marirosa Molina
Download or read book Evaluation of Selected DNA-based Technology in Impaired Watersheds Impacted by Fecal Contamination from Diverse Sources written by Marirosa Molina and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 47 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fecal pollution of surface waters is a top reason for impairment, as reported in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's report on the quality of the Nations waters. To be able to develop and implement TMDLs for impaired aquatic resources, it is imperative to determine the sources of the contamination. One tool used to determine the sources of bacterial fecal contamination is to apply a microbial source tracking approach to the system of interest. Microbial source tracking (MST) approaches are based on the assumption that specific strains of bacteria, genetic fingerprints, or DNA-based markers are associated with specific host species. Because accurate source identification of fecal contamination is essential in MST, more sensitive, selective and reliable molecular markers are required. The two types of genotypic methods that have been applied widely in a variety of environments can be classified as library-independent (LI) and library-dependent (LD). For both types, the temporal and spatial stability of selected genotypes are aspects that need to be evaluated, and these aspects are often times missing when applying MST to environmental samples. LD-MST methods require the development of large databases comprised of source-specific isolates. Once a source-specific fingerprint has been identified, the temporal and spatial variability of that particular genotype still needs to be validated. LI-MST is based on the application of culture-independent methods such as amplification of DNA from environmental samples using 16S rDNA markers in combination with polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
Book Synopsis Using Microbial Source Tracking to Identify Fecal Contamination Sources in Lake Montauk on Long Island, New York by : Tristen N. Tagliaferri
Download or read book Using Microbial Source Tracking to Identify Fecal Contamination Sources in Lake Montauk on Long Island, New York written by Tristen N. Tagliaferri and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Microbial Source Tracking of Bacteroides to Identify Human and Bovine Fecal Loading in McDaniel Lake by : Kalie M. Somerville
Download or read book Microbial Source Tracking of Bacteroides to Identify Human and Bovine Fecal Loading in McDaniel Lake written by Kalie M. Somerville and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 128 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fecal waste enters waterways from run-off during rain events, and is especially high in agricultural areas due to manure application and livestock. Increased fecal waste may also be due to direct human influence. This fecal loading may lead to eutrophication and poses health hazards to humans. By determining the source of fecal pollution, practices can be implemented to reduce the amount entering waterways. Bacteroides sp. have previously shown high host specificity allows for species-specific identification of fecal sources. Using quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR), human-associated and bovine-associated Bacteroides DNA, as well as total Bacteroides DNA can be quantified and concentrations of fecal contamination in lakes and streams can be determined. Amplification control plasmids containing 16S rDNA from human and bovine specific Bacteroides were constructed using TOPO cloning. Samples taken from McDaniel Lake in Springfield, MO Dec. 2013-Dec. 2014 were analyzed with end-point PCR and fecal concentrations determined with qPCR. Quantitative PCR showed increased sensitivity and selectivity, compared to end-point PCR. While Bacteroides sp. were present in all samples, less than 1% of total Bacteroides in McDaniel Lake was identified as human- or bovine-associated Bacteroides for the sample period. The use of qPCR is shown to be a valuable tool in identifying and quantifying fecal inputs and monitoring nonpoint source pollution as urban and agricultural areas encroach on natural systems.
Book Synopsis Using Microbial Source Tracking to Identify Fecal Contamination Sources in Sag Harbor on Long Island, New York by : Tristen N. Tagliaferri
Download or read book Using Microbial Source Tracking to Identify Fecal Contamination Sources in Sag Harbor on Long Island, New York written by Tristen N. Tagliaferri and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Professional Geologist written by and published by . This book was released on 1979 with total page 382 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Using Microbial Source Tracking to Identify Fecal Contamination Sources in an Embayment in Hempstead Harbor on Long Island, New York by : Tristen N. Tagliaferri
Download or read book Using Microbial Source Tracking to Identify Fecal Contamination Sources in an Embayment in Hempstead Harbor on Long Island, New York written by Tristen N. Tagliaferri and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 19 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
