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Urban Form Energy Use And Emissions In China
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Book Synopsis Towards Low Carbon Cities in China by : Sun Sheng Han
Download or read book Towards Low Carbon Cities in China written by Sun Sheng Han and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2014-09-19 with total page 231 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book explores the relationship between urban form and greenhouse gas emissions in China, providing new insights for policy, urban planning and management. Drawing on the results of a four-year multidisciplinary research project, the book examines how factors such as urban households’ access to services and jobs, land use mixes and provision of public transport impact on greenhouse gas emissions. The authors analyse data from a wide range of sources including 4677 sample households from four major Chinese cities – Beijing, Shanghai, Wuhan and Xi’an – with diverse locations, urban spatial structures and population sizes. The book explores residents’ attitudes to reducing GHG emissions and advances knowledge relating to three environmental scales – cross-metropolitan, intra-city and neighbourhood level. It also contributes to debates on low carbon policy by revealing the relevance of urban planning parameters at both the macro and micro levels. The book will be of interest to scholars in the areas of urban planning, urban management, environmental sustainability and resource utilisation, as well as urban policy makers and planners who are working toward developing low carbon, sustainable cities of the future.
Book Synopsis Urban Form Energy Use and Emissions in China by :
Download or read book Urban Form Energy Use and Emissions in China written by and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 41 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Urbanization is reshaping China's economy, society, and energy system. Between 1990 and 2008 China added more than 300 million new urban residents, bringing the total urbanization rate to 46%. The ongoing population shift is spurring energy demand for new construction, as well as additional residential use with the replacement of rural biomass by urban commercial energy services. This project developed a modeling tool to quantify the full energy consequences of a particular form of urban residential development in order to identify energy- and carbon-efficient modes of neighborhood-level development and help mitigate resource and environmental implications of swelling cities. LBNL developed an integrated modeling tool that combines process-based lifecycle assessment with agent-based building operational energy use, personal transport, and consumption modeling. The lifecycle assessment approach was used to quantify energy and carbon emissions embodied in building materials production, construction, maintenance, and demolition. To provide more comprehensive analysis, LBNL developed an agent-based model as described below. The model was applied to LuJing, a residential development in Jinan, Shandong Province, to provide a case study and model proof of concept. This study produced results data that are unique by virtue of their scale, scope and type. Whereas most existing literature focuses on building-, city-, or national-level analysis, this study covers multi-building neighborhood-scale development. Likewise, while most existing studies focus exclusively on building operational energy use, this study also includes embodied energy related to personal consumption and buildings. Within the boundaries of this analysis, food is the single largest category of the building energy footprint, accounting for 23% of the total. On a policy level, the LCA approach can be useful for quantifying the energy and environmental benefits of longer average building lifespans. In addition to prospective analysis for standards and certification, urban form modeling can also be useful in calculating or verifying ex post facto, bottom-up carbon emissions inventories. Emissions inventories provide a benchmark for evaluating future outcomes and scenarios as well as an empirical basis for valuing low-carbon technologies. By highlighting the embodied energy and emissions of building materials, the LCA approach can also be used to identify the most intensive aspects of industrial production and the supply chain. The agent based modeling aspect of the model can be useful for understanding how policy incentives can impact individual behavior and the aggregate effects thereof. The most useful elaboration of the urban form assessment model would be to further generalize it for comparative analysis. Scenario analysis could be used for benchmarking and identification of policy priorities. If the model is to be used for inventories, it is important to disaggregate the energy use data for more accurate emissions modeling. Depending on the policy integration of the model, it may be useful to incorporate occupancy data for per-capita results. On the question of density and efficiency, it may also be useful to integrate a more explicit spatial scaling mechanism for modeling neighborhood and city-level energy use and emissions, i.e. to account for scaling effects in public infrastructure and transportation.
Book Synopsis Urban Form Energy Use and Emissions in China by : Nathaniel T. Aden
Download or read book Urban Form Energy Use and Emissions in China written by Nathaniel T. Aden and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Urbanization is reshaping China's economy, society, and energy system. Between 1990 and 2008 China added more than 300 million new urban residents, bringing the total urbanization rate to 46%. The ongoing population shift is spurring energy demand for new construction, as well as additional residential use with the replacement of rural biomass by urban commercial energy services. This project developed a modeling tool to quantify the full energy consequences of a particular form of urban residential development in order to identify energy- and carbon-efficient modes of neighborhood-level development and help mitigate resource and environmental implications of swelling cities. LBNL developed an integrated modeling tool that combines process-based lifecycle assessment with agent-based building operational energy use, personal transport, and consumption modeling. The lifecycle assessment approach was used to quantify energy and carbon emissions embodied in building materials production, construction, maintenance, and demolition. To provide more comprehensive analysis, LBNL developed an agent-based model as described below. The model was applied to LuJing, a residential development in Jinan, Shandong Province, to provide a case study and model proof of concept.
Book Synopsis Shrinking Cities in China by : Ying Long
Download or read book Shrinking Cities in China written by Ying Long and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-03-15 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book offers an essential introduction to the phenomenon of shrinking cities in China, highlighting several case studies, qualitative and quantitative methods, and planning responses. As an emerging topic in urbanizing China, cities experiencing population loss have begun attracting increasing attention. All chapters of the book were contributed by leading researchers on the subject in China. Richly illustrated with photographs for a better visual understanding of the topic, the book will benefit a broad readership, ranging from researchers and students of urban planning, urban geography, urban economics, urban sociology and urban design, to practitioners in the areas of urban planning and design.
Book Synopsis China’s Urban Agglomerations by : Chuanglin Fang
Download or read book China’s Urban Agglomerations written by Chuanglin Fang and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-01-03 with total page 281 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book combs through extensively 32,231 urban agglomeration related works during the past 120 years to explore a theoretically supported and practically based definition of urban agglomeration. Based on the definition, the authors explore intensively the fundamental characteristics, spatiotemporal differentiation properties, and existing issues for China’s sustainable urban agglomeration development for the past 35 years. The study proposes that China shall focus on the construction and sustainable development of five primary national-level urban agglomerations. In the meantime, China shall also steadily and gradually construct 9 regional urban agglomerations and guide the development and growth of 6 local urban agglomerations. In the long run, China will have a hierarchical “5+9+6” closely integrated hierarchical urban agglomeration spatial structure. The study also proposes to coordinate the construction and development of urban agglomerations on the “two belts and one road” to form a national new urbanization development strategic pattern that enables “the axis to connect the agglomerations while the agglomerations support the axis.” Furthermore, the study investigates a variety of strategic thinking and suggestions for creating innovative, green and ecologically friendly, intelligent, low-carbon, open, culture-oriented, market-oriented and shared urban agglomerations in China. This book will be a comprehensive reference both for scholars and decision-makers engaged in urban development and planning and environmental protection departments. It can also serve as textbook for graduate students of relevant fields.
Book Synopsis China Building Energy Use and Carbon Emission Yearbook 2021 by : Shan Hu
Download or read book China Building Energy Use and Carbon Emission Yearbook 2021 written by Shan Hu and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-05-14 with total page 122 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Double carbon targets have been one of the most motivations and targets for China’s social and economic development. Building is one of the most important sectors to achieve energy savings and emission reductions. This book focuses on China’s building energy usage and CO2 emissions, discusses the status quo of China’s building energy of four categories, their characteristics and technologies to improve energy efficiency and achieve zero-carbon emissions. Specifically, this book in 2021 discussed the pathways to achieve carbon neutrality targets for China’s building sector. This book also analyzed the energy mix, energy intensity, and technology perspectives to implement energy and carbon targets in urban residential building areas. This book consists of large-scale survey data, monitoring data and case studies. The discussion on technologies and policies is supported by a variety of evidence and continuous research for more than ten years. The information, data and policy suggestions will interest readers all around the world who work in energy, climate change, engineering and building science areas.
Book Synopsis Sustainable Low-Carbon City Development in China by : Axel Baeumler
Download or read book Sustainable Low-Carbon City Development in China written by Axel Baeumler and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2012-04-12 with total page 591 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book summarizes experiences from the World Bank s activities related to low-carbon urban development in China. It highlights the need for low-carbon city development and presents details on specific sector-level experiences and lessons, a framework for action, and financing opportunities.
Book Synopsis Does Energy Follow Urban Form? by : Yang Jiang (M.C.P.)
Download or read book Does Energy Follow Urban Form? written by Yang Jiang (M.C.P.) and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 163 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This thesis explores the impacts of neighborhood form and location on household transportation energy use in the context of Jinan, China. From a theoretical perspective, energy use is a derived outcome of activities, and households choose their travel patterns to maximize net utilities subject to constraints of time, budget and means. Neighborhood features presumably could 1) in the short-term directly influence households' choices of their travel patterns by changing incurred trip costs (disutilities) and realization benefits (positive utilities) among alternatives; 2) in the long-term indirectly influence patterns by affecting households' attitudes and their choices of vehicle ownership, both taken into account in the short-term utility maximization process. However, due to other complicating interactions among different aspects of travel patterns and other factors (e.g., housing choice), we cannot a priori determine what the impact of neighborhood on household travel energy use will be. This research takes an empirical approach to examining the relationship between the neighborhood and household travel energy use in Jinan, China, using 9 neighborhoods representing four different urban form typologies commonly found in Chinese cities: "traditional", "grid", "enclave", and "superblock." Data on neighborhood forms and households are obtained from visual survey, GIS digitalization and a household survey. Household transport energy uses (and greenhouse gas emissions) are derived from self-reported household weekly travel diaries. Descriptive analysis, multivariate regression analysis (i.e., OLS, TOBIT), and advanced two-step instrumental models (i.e., LOGIT+OLS/TOBIT) are employed. Results show that, all else equal, households living in the "superblock" neighborhoods consume more transportation energy than those living in the other neighborhood types, as they tend to own more cars and travel longer distance. The proximity to transit corridors and greater distance from the city center also apparently increase household transport energy use, although both impacts are somewhat minor, partially due to offsetting effects on car ownership. A number of effects of household socioeconomics, demographics and attitudes on transport energy use and car ownership are also identified. Overall, the analysis suggests that to help chart a more energy-efficient Chinese urban future, policymakers and urban designers should examine past neighborhood designs in China to find alternatives to the "superblock", focus on strategic infill development, possibly encourage e-bike use as substitute to larger motorized vehicles, improve the efficiency of public transport, and examine preference-shaping possibilities to influence more energy efficient lifestyles.
Book Synopsis Low-carbon City and New-type Urbanization by : Songlin Feng
Download or read book Low-carbon City and New-type Urbanization written by Songlin Feng and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-01-23 with total page 397 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the face of increasingly serious resource and environmental challenges, the world has already accepted low-carbon development as the main way forward for future city construction. Chinese cities have encountered many problems during their development, including land constraints, energy shortages, traffic congestion and air pollution. For this reason, the national meeting of the Central Work Conference on Urbanization made the strategic decision to take a new approach to urbanization and indicated that in future the key features of urbanization in China will be low-carbon development and harmony between the environment and resources. This book discusses the "low-carbon city" as the new pattern of Chinese urbanization. This represents a major change and takes "intensive land use,” “intelligent,” “green” and “low carbon" as its key words. Low carbon will become an important future development direction for Chinese urbanization development. In the twenty-first Century in response to the global climate change, countries have started a wave of low-carbon city construction. But in China, there are still many disputes and misunderstandings surrounding the issue. Due to a lack of research, low-carbon city construction in China is still in the early stages, and while there have been successes, there have also been failures. There are complex and diverse challenges in applying low-carbon development methods in the context of today’s Chinese cities. The construction of low-carbon cities requires efficient government, the technological innovation of enterprises, and professional scholars, but also efforts on the part of the public to change their daily activities. Based on the above considerations, the collection brings together experts from urban planning and design, clean-energy systems, low-carbon transportation, new types of city infrastructure and smart cities etc., in the hope of forming some solutions for Chinese low-carbon city development.
Book Synopsis Urban Energy Systems by : James Keirstead
Download or read book Urban Energy Systems written by James Keirstead and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2013 with total page 338 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book analyses the technical and social systems that satisfy these needs and asks how methods can be put into practice to achieve this.
Book Synopsis Energy Futures and Urban Air Pollution by : Chinese Academy of Sciences
Download or read book Energy Futures and Urban Air Pollution written by Chinese Academy of Sciences and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2008-01-22 with total page 386 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The United States and China are the top two energy consumers in the world. As a consequence, they are also the top two emitters of numerous air pollutants which have local, regional, and global impacts. Urbanization has led to serious air pollution problems in U.S. and Chinese cities; although U.S. cities continues to face challenges, the lessons they have learned in managing energy use and air quality are relevant to the Chinese experience. This report summarizes current trends, profiles two U.S. and two Chinese cities, and recommends key actions to enable each country to continue to improve urban air quality.
Book Synopsis Urbanization, Energy, and Air Pollution in China by : Chinese Academy of Sciences
Download or read book Urbanization, Energy, and Air Pollution in China written by Chinese Academy of Sciences and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2005-02-04 with total page 308 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In October 2003, a group of experts met in Beijing under the auspices of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Engineering, and National Academy of Engineering (NAE)/National Research Council (NRC) of the National Academies to continue a dialogue and eventually chart a rational course of energy use in China. This collection of papers is intended to introduce the reader to the complicated problems of urban air pollution and energy choices in China.
Book Synopsis Residential Electricity Consumption in Urbanizing China by : Pui Ting Wong
Download or read book Residential Electricity Consumption in Urbanizing China written by Pui Ting Wong and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2022-06-30 with total page 183 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book forges a link between residential CO2 emissions and time use, focussing on China as a key case study. To provide a better understanding of the energy implications of the lifestyle differences between urban and rural China, Pui Ting Wong and Yuan Xu utilise time-use methodology as an alternative way to explore the links between individual lifestyle and residential electricity consumption. They begin by examining how Chinese citizens divide their time between daily activities, highlighting patterns around indicators including age, gender, education, and economic status. They go on to quantify CO2 intensities of these time-use activities. Through this linkage, this book presents an alternative strategy for climate-friendly living, highlighting the ways in which urban planning can be deployed to help individuals adapt their time-use patterns for CO2 mitigation. Providing a novel contribution to the growing literature on residential electricity consumption, Residential Electricity Consumption in Urbanizing China will be of great interest to scholars of climate policy, energy studies, time use, and urban planning.
Book Synopsis Low Energy Architecture and Low Carbon Cities by : Francesco Pomponi
Download or read book Low Energy Architecture and Low Carbon Cities written by Francesco Pomponi and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2020-12-04 with total page 198 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The built environment is at a turning point. With projected trends in population growth and urbanization, global demand for new floor area is expected to rise sharply. This will put unprecedented pressure on the availability of natural resources and incur greenhouse gas emissions and energy demand. Such environmental stressors risk driving the world away from the UN Sustainable Development Goals, but equally represent an opportunity for just sustainability transitions. The contents of this book aim to address some of these grand challenges from a multi-disciplinary perspective. Low-energy architecture, low-carbon cities and the often-forgotten sustainability of refugee settlements are some of the themes dealt with by the authors.
Book Synopsis Decarbonize Urban Heating System by : Building Energy Research Center of THU
Download or read book Decarbonize Urban Heating System written by Building Energy Research Center of THU and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-11-30 with total page 136 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is an open access book. The double-carbon target has been one of the main motivations and goals for China's social and economic development. The building sector is one of the most important sectors to achieve energy saving and emission reduction. This publication thoroughly examines China's building energy use and carbon emissions with a focus on four categories, including their characteristics and the technologies needed to achieve zero carbon emissions. This year, the key issue is developing carbon-neutrality pathways for China's urban heating system. This report comprehensively discusses the current status and future forecast of heat demand in buildings and non-process industries, introduces the challenges facing the urban energy supply system in achieving carbon neutrality, and elucidates the low-carbon heating model based mainly on low-grade and low-carbon waste heat. Extensive survey and monitoring data and case studies are presented throughout the book. The discussion of technologies and policies has been the subject of extensive research and evidence for over a decade. The information, data, and policy recommendations are of relevance to a national and global audience working in the fields of energy, climate change, engineering, and building science.
Book Synopsis Energy, Planning and Urban Form by : Susan E. Owens
Download or read book Energy, Planning and Urban Form written by Susan E. Owens and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 1986-01-01 with total page 118 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Operational Energy Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Residential Sector in Urban China by : Jiyang Zhang (M.C.P.)
Download or read book Operational Energy Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Residential Sector in Urban China written by Jiyang Zhang (M.C.P.) and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 138 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Driven by rapid urbanization and increasing household incomes, residential energy consumption in urban China has been growing steadily in the past decade, posing critical energy and greenhouse gas emission challenges. Operations represent the most energy consuming phase in the lifecycle of a residential neighborhood, accounting for 80%-90% of neighborhood lifecycle energy consumption. Although a number of research efforts have focused on operational energy consumption at the household or building scale, few attempts have been made to understand the variation in energy consumption patterns across the neighborhood scale in the China context. This thesis presents research on the operational energy consumption and GHG emissions in the residential sector in Jinan, a medium-size city in eastern China. Specifically, based upon four different neighborhood typologies identified in Jinan - Superblock, Enclave, Grid, and Traditional - I examine the relationship between neighborhood form and two components of operational energy consumption: in-home and common-area. The research follows two pathways. For in-home energy consumption, I use household data collected from nine Jinan neighborhoods representing the four different typologies and apply multivariate regression techniques to examine effects on fuel choice, appliance ownership, and energy use and greenhouse gas emissions. For common area energy use, I develop a deterministic estimation framework to calculate the consumption level and share by different end uses. The research shows that from the operational energy consumption perspective, China is gradually catching up with the industrialized countries, with per household energy consumption levels in the surveyed neighborhoods reaching approximately 1/3 of the U.S. average. After accounting for electricity generation and transmission/distribution, more than 90% of neighborhood residential energy used in Jinan comes directly or indirectly from coal, resulting in considerable GHG emissions due to coal's carbon-intensity. In-home consumption accounts for 90% of total neighborhood operational energy use; the primary influencing factors include household income and size, presence of children, home ownership, living area, and households' awareness towards saving energy. Neighborhood form, on its own, has a moderate impact, mainly through apparent effects on household energy source choice and appliance ownership. The research suggests that the Enclave - featuring moderate compactness, high presence of mid-rise buildings, a relatively organized building layout, and diverse land uses and neighborhood functions - represents a relatively energy efficient neighborhood form in the context of urban China. The Enclave potentially limits on-site coal use, improves thermal efficiency, reduces the demand for space cooling, lowers the consumption by elevators and water pumps, and facilitates the use of solar energy. Additional options for energy conservation and GHG mitigation in urban China's residential sector include enabling flexible control of space heating and accelerating the transition from coal to cleaner energy sources.
