Universals And Particulars

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Cultural Universals and Particulars

Author : Kwasi Wiredu
Publisher : Indiana University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780253210807
Total Pages : 256 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (18 download)

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Book Synopsis Cultural Universals and Particulars by : Kwasi Wiredu

Download or read book Cultural Universals and Particulars written by Kwasi Wiredu and published by Indiana University Press. This book was released on 1996 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Wiredu's discussion of culturally defined values and concepts, as well as his attention to such timely issues as human rights, makes this book invaluable interdisciplinary reading." —D. A. Masolo Ghanaian philosopher Kwasi Wiredu confronts the paradox that while Western cultures recoil from claims of universality, previously colonized peoples, seeking to redefine their identities, insist on cultural particularities. Wiredu asserts that universals, rightly conceived on the basis of our common biological identity, are not incompatible with cultural particularities and, in fact, are what make intercultural communication possible. Drawing on aspects of Akan thought that appear to diverge from Western conceptions in the areas of ethics and metaphysics, Wiredu calls for a just reappraisal of these disparities, free of thought patterns corrupted by a colonial mentality. Wiredu's exposition of the principles of African traditional philosophy is not purely theoretical; he shows how certain aspects of African political thought may be applied to the practical resolution of some of Africa's most pressing problems.

Universals

Author : James Porter Moreland
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317490010
Total Pages : 193 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (174 download)

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Book Synopsis Universals by : James Porter Moreland

Download or read book Universals written by James Porter Moreland and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2014-12-18 with total page 193 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Things are particulars and their qualities are universals, but do universals have an existence distinct from the particular things describable by those terms? And what must be their nature if they do? This book provides a careful and assured survey of the central issues of debate surrounding universals, in particular those issues that have been a crucial part of the emergence of contemporary analytic ontology. The book begins with a taxonomy of extreme nominalist, moderate nominalist, and realist positions on properties, and outlines the way each handles the phenomena of predication, resemblance, and abstract reference. The debate about properties and philosophical naturalism is also examined. Different forms of extreme nominalism, moderate nominalism, and minimalist realism are critiqued. Later chapters defend a traditional realist view of universals and examine the objections to realism from various infinite regresses, the difficulties in stating identity conditions for properties, and problems with realist accounts of knowledge of abstract objects. In addition, the debate between Platonists and Aristotelians is examined alongside a discussion of the relationship between properties and an adequate theory of existence. The book's final chapter explores the problem of individuating particulars. The book makes accessible a difficult topic without blunting the sophistication of argument required by a more advanced readership.

Universals and Particulars

Author : Michael J. Loux
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 349 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (7 download)

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Book Synopsis Universals and Particulars by : Michael J. Loux

Download or read book Universals and Particulars written by Michael J. Loux and published by . This book was released on 1970 with total page 349 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Metaphysics of States of Affairs

Author : Bo R. Meinertsen
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 9811330689
Total Pages : 174 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (113 download)

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Book Synopsis Metaphysics of States of Affairs by : Bo R. Meinertsen

Download or read book Metaphysics of States of Affairs written by Bo R. Meinertsen and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-04-06 with total page 174 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book addresses the metaphysics of Armstrongian states of affairs, i.e. instantiations of naturalist universals by particulars. The author argues that states of affairs are the best candidate for truthmakers and, in the spirit of logical atomism, that we need no molecular truthmakers for positive truths. In the book's context, this has the pleasing result that there are no molecular states of affairs. Following this account of truthmaking, the author first shows that the particulars in (first-order) states of affairs are bare particulars. He then argues that the properties in states of affairs are simple, non-relational and concrete universals. Next, he argues that (material) relations in states of affairs are external relations. Lastly, he argues that a state of affairs is unified by a distinctive formal relation without giving rise to Bradley’s regress. Written in a relatively non-technical style, the book offers a valuable resource for philosophers working on analytic metaphysics and ontology, as well as their graduate students.

Particulars and Universals in Clinical and Developmental Psychology

Author : Meike Watzlawik
Publisher : IAP
ISBN 13 : 1681233614
Total Pages : 309 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (812 download)

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Book Synopsis Particulars and Universals in Clinical and Developmental Psychology by : Meike Watzlawik

Download or read book Particulars and Universals in Clinical and Developmental Psychology written by Meike Watzlawik and published by IAP. This book was released on 2015-12-01 with total page 309 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: What sparks a psychologist’s interest in a certain phenomenon? Is it a symptom, a syndrome, a treatment, the usual, the exceptional, the group, the individual? An epistemologist, for example, focuses on the group and delivers group results. The clinician has to focus on the patient, although the patient may be perceived as one of a group (e.g., all patients with the same disease). The patient usually focuses on the clinician, but can take other opinions into account; especially, when the clinician is not considered to be the only authority. These dynamics – observable in therapy as well as in research – are critically reflected in this book, not only highlighting differences, but also commonalities individuals share: They all filter information and concentrate on certain aspects according to their socialization. They all have different expectations and can, yet, all deal with the same objective. Communication and building relationships seem to be vital – this book aims to support this quest by moving from the universal to the particular.

On the Genealogy of Universals

Author : Fraser MacBride
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 019881125X
Total Pages : 272 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (988 download)

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Book Synopsis On the Genealogy of Universals by : Fraser MacBride

Download or read book On the Genealogy of Universals written by Fraser MacBride and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2018 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The concepts of particular and universal have become so familiar that their significance has become difficult to discern, like coins that have been passed back and forth too many times, worn smooth so their values can no longer be read. On the Genealogy of Universals seeks to overcome our sense of over-familiarity with these concepts by providing a case study of their evolution during the late 19th century and early 20th century, a study that shows how the history of these concepts is bound up with the origins and development of analytic philosophy itself. Understanding how these concepts were taken up, transfigured and given up by the early analytic philosophers, enables us to recover and reanimate the debate amongst them that otherwise remains Delphic - to interpret some of the early, originating texts of analytic philosophy that have hitherto baffled commentators, including Moore's early papers, to appreciate afresh the neglected contributions of philosophical figures that historians of analytic philosophy have mostly since forgot, including Stout and Whitehead, and to shed new light upon the relationships of Moore to Russell and Russell to Wittgenstein.

Substances and Universals in Aristotle's Metaphysics

Author : Theodore Scaltsas
Publisher : Cornell University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780801476358
Total Pages : 316 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (763 download)

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Book Synopsis Substances and Universals in Aristotle's Metaphysics by : Theodore Scaltsas

Download or read book Substances and Universals in Aristotle's Metaphysics written by Theodore Scaltsas and published by Cornell University Press. This book was released on 2010 with total page 316 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this book, Theodore Scaltsas brings the insights of contemporary philosophy to bear on a classic problem in metaphysics that stems from Aristotle's theory of substance. Scaltsas provides an analysis of the enigmatic notions of potentiality and actuality, which he uses to explain Aristotle's substantial holism by showing how the concrete and the abstract parts of a substance form a dynamic, diachronic whole.

Resemblance Nominalism

Author : Gonzalo Rodriguez-Pereyra
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0191554006
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (915 download)

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Book Synopsis Resemblance Nominalism by : Gonzalo Rodriguez-Pereyra

Download or read book Resemblance Nominalism written by Gonzalo Rodriguez-Pereyra and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2002-07-04 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Gardeners, poets, lovers, and philosophers are all interested in the redness of roses; but only philosophers wonder how it is that two different roses can share the same property. Are red things red because they resemble each other? Or do they resemble each other because they are red? Since the 1970s philosophers have tended to favour the latter view, and held that a satisfactory account of properties must involve the postulation of either universals or tropes. But Gonzalo Rodriguez-Pereyra revives the dormant alternative theory of resemblance nominalism, showing first that it can withstand the attacks of such eminent opponents as Goodman and Armstrong, and then that there are reasons to prefer it to its rival theories. The clarity and rigour of his arguments will challenge metaphysicians to rethink their views on properties.

Universals

Author : D. M. Armstrong
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 0429972245
Total Pages : 156 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (299 download)

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Book Synopsis Universals by : D. M. Armstrong

Download or read book Universals written by D. M. Armstrong and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2018-05-04 with total page 156 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this short text, a distinguished philosopher turns his attention to one of the oldest and most fundamental philosophical problems of all: How it is that we are able to sort and classify different things as being of the same natural class? Professor Armstrong carefully sets out six major theories,ancient, modern, and contemporary,and assesses the strengths and weaknesses of each. Recognizing that there are no final victories or defeats in metaphysics, Armstrong nonetheless defends a traditional account of universals as the most satisfactory theory we have.This study is written for advanced students, but as Armstrong goes considerably beyond his earlier work on this topic, it will interest professional scholars as well. Carefully plotted and clearly written, Universals is both a paradigm of exposition and a case study on the value of careful analysis of fundamental issues in philosophy.

Universals, Concepts and Qualities

Author : P.F. Strawson
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1351876708
Total Pages : 369 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (518 download)

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Book Synopsis Universals, Concepts and Qualities by : P.F. Strawson

Download or read book Universals, Concepts and Qualities written by P.F. Strawson and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-03-02 with total page 369 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Are there universal properties grounding our sense of resemblance or qualitative identity among a number of distinct things or events which appear to form a class, a type or a kind of some other sort? Do universals such as humanness, triangularity, or being an oak exist? Is being a laptop computer a universal which has only recently come into existence? Do predicate expressions, adjectives or abstract nouns refer to objective properties or cognitive contents called concepts? The problem of universals has been at the centre of ancient, medieval, Western and Indian metaphysics. After the logico-linguistic turn in philosophy, this problem re-surfaced in the discourse on the meaning of predicate expressions on the one hand and in the theories of concepts on the other. By introducing newly commissioned essays written by the leading metaphysicians, epistemologists, philosophers of language and philosophers of mathematics, this anthology evinces current analytic philosophy's healthy re-engagement with this perennial problem. Issues raised include: Do properties and other abstract entities exist independently of human language and thought? Can we be in direct perceptual touch with properties or particular qualities? Is a higher order quantification over predicated properties intelligible or indispensable? Insights from current Western thought are compared with recent work in analytic Indian philosophy on such issues. No serious researcher or teacher of contemporary and comparative analytical metaphysics can afford to ignore the essays of this collection.

Medieval Philosophy: A Very Short Introduction

Author : John Marenbon
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0191640123
Total Pages : 152 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (916 download)

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Book Synopsis Medieval Philosophy: A Very Short Introduction by : John Marenbon

Download or read book Medieval Philosophy: A Very Short Introduction written by John Marenbon and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2016-01-28 with total page 152 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For many of us, the term 'medieval philosophy' conjures up the figure of Thomas Aquinas, and is closely intertwined with religion. In this Very Short Introduction John Marenbon shows how medieval philosophy had a far broader reach than the thirteenth and fourteenth-century universities of Christian Europe, and is instead one of the most exciting and diversified periods in the history of thought. Introducing the coexisting strands of Christian, Muslim, and Jewish philosophy, Marenbon shows how these traditions all go back to the Platonic schools of late antiquity and explains the complex ways in which they are interlinked. Providing an overview of some of the main thinkers, such as Boethius, Abelard, al-Fârâbî, Avicenna, Maimonides, and Gersonides, and the topics, institutions and literary forms of medieval philosophy, he discusses in detail some of the key issues in medieval thought: universals; mind, body and mortality; foreknowledge and freedom; society and the best life. ABOUT THE SERIES: The Very Short Introductions series from Oxford University Press contains hundreds of titles in almost every subject area. These pocket-sized books are the perfect way to get ahead in a new subject quickly. Our expert authors combine facts, analysis, perspective, new ideas, and enthusiasm to make interesting and challenging topics highly readable.

Metaphysics

Author : Michael Loux
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1134144873
Total Pages : 329 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (341 download)

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Book Synopsis Metaphysics by : Michael Loux

Download or read book Metaphysics written by Michael Loux and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2006-09-27 with total page 329 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: 'Metaphysics' is aimed at students of metaphysics who have already completed an introductory philosophy course. This third edition provides a fresh look at the key topics in metaphysics and includes new chapters on time and causation.

The Four-Category Ontology

Author : E. J. Lowe
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0199254397
Total Pages : 237 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (992 download)

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Book Synopsis The Four-Category Ontology by : E. J. Lowe

Download or read book The Four-Category Ontology written by E. J. Lowe and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2006 with total page 237 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: E. J. Lowe sets out and defends his theory of what there is. His four-category ontology is a metaphysical system that recognizes two fundamental categorial distinctions which cut across each other to generate four fundamental ontological categories. The distinctions are between the particular and the universal and between the substantial and the non-substantial. The four categories thus generated are substantial particulars, non-substantial particulars, substantial universals andnon-substantial universals. Non-substantial universals include properties and relations, conceived as universals. Non-substantial particulars include property-instances and relation-instances, otherwise known as non-relational and relational tropes or modes. Substantial particulars include propertiedindividuals, the paradigm examples of which are persisting, concrete objects. Substantial universals are otherwise known as substantial kinds and include as paradigm examples natural kinds of persisting objects.This ontology has a lengthy pedigree, many commentators attributing it to Aristotle on the basis of certain passages in his apparently early work, the Categories. At various times during the history of Western philosophy, it has been revived or rediscovered, but it has never found universal favour, perhaps on account of its apparent lack of parsimony as well as its commitment to universals. In pursuit of ontological economy, metaphysicians have generally preferred to recognize fewerthan four fundamental ontological categories. However, Occam's razor stipulates only that we should not multiply entities beyond necessity; Lowe argues that the four-category ontology has an explanatory power unrivalled by more parsimonious systems, and that this counts decisively in its favour. He shows thatit provides a powerful explanatory framework for a unified account of causation, dispositions, natural laws, natural necessity and many other related matters, such as the semantics of counterfactual conditionals and the character of the truthmaking relation. As such, it constitutes a thoroughgoing metaphysical foundation for natural science.

Universals in Ancient Philosophy

Author : Riccardo Chiaradonna
Publisher : Scuola Normale Superiore
ISBN 13 : 9788876424847
Total Pages : 545 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (248 download)

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Book Synopsis Universals in Ancient Philosophy by : Riccardo Chiaradonna

Download or read book Universals in Ancient Philosophy written by Riccardo Chiaradonna and published by Scuola Normale Superiore. This book was released on 2013 with total page 545 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The problem of universals is one of the crucial problems of contemporary philosophy in such areas as ontology, philosophy of language and epistemology. Are there general entities? Or is the world only populated by individuals, and universals are just concepts? What role does generality play in science? What is the relationship between general terms and the world? It is not always acknowledged that such questions have been at the centre of philosophical investigation since antiquity and that ancient philosophers have come up with a range of interesting and stimulating answers. This volume reconstructs the debate on universals in ancient thought, covering a period of about a thousand years, from the Sophists to the late Neoplatonists. Besides offering contributions on Plato, Aristotle, Hellenistic philosophers and Neoplatonism, the volume also deals with some lesser known aspects of Greek thought such as ancient medicine and mathematics.

The Problem of Universals in Contemporary Philosophy

Author : Gabriele Galluzzo
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1316381277
Total Pages : 243 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (163 download)

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Book Synopsis The Problem of Universals in Contemporary Philosophy by : Gabriele Galluzzo

Download or read book The Problem of Universals in Contemporary Philosophy written by Gabriele Galluzzo and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2015-07-16 with total page 243 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Are there any universal entities? Or is the world populated only by particular things? The problem of universals is one of the most fascinating and enduring topics in the history of metaphysics, with roots in ancient and medieval philosophy. This collection of new essays provides an innovative overview of the contemporary debate on universals. Rather than focusing exclusively on the traditional opposition between realism and nominalism, the contributors explore the complexity of the debate and illustrate a broad range of positions within both the realist and the nominalist camps. Realism is viewed through the lens of the distinction between constituent and relational ontologies, while nominalism is reconstructed in light of the controversy over the notion of trope. The result is a fresh picture of contemporary metaphysics, in which traditional strategies of dealing with the problem of universals are both reaffirmed and called into question.

What is a Law of Nature?

Author : D. M. Armstrong
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1316558894
Total Pages : 183 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (165 download)

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Book Synopsis What is a Law of Nature? by : D. M. Armstrong

Download or read book What is a Law of Nature? written by D. M. Armstrong and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2016-08-26 with total page 183 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: First published in 1985, D. M. Armstrong's original work on what laws of nature are has continued to be influential in the areas of metaphysics and philosophy of science. Presenting a definitive attack on the sceptical Humean view, that laws are no more than a regularity of coincidence between stances of properties, Armstrong establishes his own theory and defends it concisely and systematically against objections. Presented in a fresh twenty-first-century series livery, and including a specially commissioned preface written by Marc Lange, illuminating its continuing importance and relevance to philosophical enquiry, this influential work is available for a new generation of readers.

On Universals

Author : Étienne Balibar
Publisher : Fordham University Press
ISBN 13 : 0823288579
Total Pages : 132 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (232 download)

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Book Synopsis On Universals by : Étienne Balibar

Download or read book On Universals written by Étienne Balibar and published by Fordham University Press. This book was released on 2020-08-04 with total page 132 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Many on the Left have looked upon “universal” as a dirty word, one that signals liberalism’s failure to recognize the masculinist and Eurocentric assumptions from which it proceeds. In rejecting universalism, we have learned to reorient politics around particulars, positionalities, identities, immanence, and multiple modernities. In this book, one of our most important political philosophers builds on these critiques of the tacit exclusions of Enlightenment thought, while at the same time working to rescue and reinvent what universal claims can offer for a revolutionary politics answerable to the common. In the contemporary quarrel of universals, Balibar shows, the stakes are no less than the future of our democracies. In dialogue with such philosophers as Alain Badiou, Judith Butler, and Jacques Rancière, he meticulously investigates the paradoxical processes by which the universal is constructed and deconstructed, instituted and challenged, in modern society. With critical rigor and keen historical insight, Balibar shows that every statement and institution of the universal—such as declarations of human rights—carry an exclusionary, particularizing principle within themselves and that every universalism immediately falls prey to countervailing universalisms. Always equivocal and plural, the universal is thus a persistent site of conflict within societies and within subjects themselves. And yet, Balibar suggests, the very conflict of the universal—constituted as an ever-unfolding performative contradiction—also provides the emancipatory force needed to reinvigorate and reimagine contemporary politics and philosophy. In conversation with a range of thinkers from Marx, Freud, and Benjamin through Foucault, Derrida, and Scott, Balibar shows the power that resides not in the adoption of a single universalism but in harnessing the energies made available by claims to universality in order to establish a common answerable to difference.