Understanding Digital Racism

Download Understanding Digital Racism PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield
ISBN 13 : 1786613956
Total Pages : 133 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (866 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Understanding Digital Racism by : Sanjay Sharma

Download or read book Understanding Digital Racism written by Sanjay Sharma and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2023-11-13 with total page 133 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Digital technologies are proliferating and transforming racism, complicating our understanding, and making contemporary racism increasingly harder to challenge. Digital racism takes many forms, such as viral memes circulating via social media platforms; the swarming of networked users targeting people of colour; hidden algorithmic classification and sorting; and the racial profiling of policing and surveillance systems. The variance and complexity of technologically mediated racisms begs the question of whether adequate attention has been paid to digital processes and environments through which race materializes. Understanding Digital Racism analyzes the digital realm as a race-making technology, by exploring the rise, dissemination, and evolution of contemporary racism. Sanjay Sharma offers an innovative approach for understanding how racism─as informational and im/material post-racial phenomena─is manifested and remade through digital technologies. Digital racism is grasped through foregrounding the sociotechnical entanglements of racism and digital technologies. An analysis of networked relations, information flows, subjectivation and affects are critical to addressing the production of digital racism.

Algorithms of Oppression

Download Algorithms of Oppression PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : NYU Press
ISBN 13 : 1479837245
Total Pages : 245 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (798 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Algorithms of Oppression by : Safiya Umoja Noble

Download or read book Algorithms of Oppression written by Safiya Umoja Noble and published by NYU Press. This book was released on 2018-02-20 with total page 245 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Acknowledgments -- Introduction: the power of algorithms -- A society, searching -- Searching for Black girls -- Searching for people and communities -- Searching for protections from search engines -- The future of knowledge in the public -- The future of information culture -- Conclusion: algorithms of oppression -- Epilogue -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About the author

Race After Technology

Download Race After Technology PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1509526439
Total Pages : 172 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (95 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Race After Technology by : Ruha Benjamin

Download or read book Race After Technology written by Ruha Benjamin and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2019-07-09 with total page 172 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From everyday apps to complex algorithms, Ruha Benjamin cuts through tech-industry hype to understand how emerging technologies can reinforce White supremacy and deepen social inequity. Benjamin argues that automation, far from being a sinister story of racist programmers scheming on the dark web, has the potential to hide, speed up, and deepen discrimination while appearing neutral and even benevolent when compared to the racism of a previous era. Presenting the concept of the “New Jim Code,” she shows how a range of discriminatory designs encode inequity by explicitly amplifying racial hierarchies; by ignoring but thereby replicating social divisions; or by aiming to fix racial bias but ultimately doing quite the opposite. Moreover, she makes a compelling case for race itself as a kind of technology, designed to stratify and sanctify social injustice in the architecture of everyday life. This illuminating guide provides conceptual tools for decoding tech promises with sociologically informed skepticism. In doing so, it challenges us to question not only the technologies we are sold but also the ones we ourselves manufacture. Visit the book's free Discussion Guide here.

Distributed Blackness

Download Distributed Blackness PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : NYU Press
ISBN 13 : 1479820377
Total Pages : 282 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (798 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Distributed Blackness by : André Brock, Jr.

Download or read book Distributed Blackness written by André Brock, Jr. and published by NYU Press. This book was released on 2020-02-25 with total page 282 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An explanation of the digital practices of the black Internet From BlackPlanet to #BlackGirlMagic, Distributed Blackness places blackness at the very center of internet culture. André Brock Jr. claims issues of race and ethnicity as inextricable from and formative of contemporary digital culture in the United States. Distributed Blackness analyzes a host of platforms and practices (from Black Twitter to Instagram, YouTube, and app development) to trace how digital media have reconfigured the meanings and performances of African American identity. Brock moves beyond widely circulated deficit models of respectability, bringing together discourse analysis with a close reading of technological interfaces to develop nuanced arguments about how “blackness” gets worked out in various technological domains. As Brock demonstrates, there’s nothing niche or subcultural about expressions of blackness on social media: internet use and practice now set the terms for what constitutes normative participation. Drawing on critical race theory, linguistics, rhetoric, information studies, and science and technology studies, Brock tabs between black-dominated technologies, websites, and social media to build a set of black beliefs about technology. In explaining black relationships with and alongside technology, Brock centers the unique joy and sense of community in being black online now.

Understanding Racism

Download Understanding Racism PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : SAGE Publications
ISBN 13 : 1506387780
Total Pages : 230 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (63 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Understanding Racism by : Hephzibah Strmic-Pawl

Download or read book Understanding Racism written by Hephzibah Strmic-Pawl and published by SAGE Publications. This book was released on 2020-08-25 with total page 230 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "This text examines the theories and theorists that have contributed the most to our contemporary understanding of racism in its various forms. Each of the 13 chapters in Theories of Racism describes the emergence of a particular theory and the problem it addresses; discusses the scholars who are most closely associated with the theory; and explores the strengths and limitations of the theory. The book's systematic organization and pedagogical features will help students think theoretically about race and racism at different levels of analysis, and learn how to compare and contrast the theories"--

Digital Black Feminism

Download Digital Black Feminism PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : NYU Press
ISBN 13 : 1479808385
Total Pages : 208 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (798 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Digital Black Feminism by : Catherine Knight Steele

Download or read book Digital Black Feminism written by Catherine Knight Steele and published by NYU Press. This book was released on 2021-10-26 with total page 208 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "This book traces the long arc of Black women's relationship with technology from the antebellum south to the social media era demonstrating how digital culture transforms and is transformed by Black feminist thought"--

Race and Media

Download Race and Media PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : NYU Press
ISBN 13 : 1479889318
Total Pages : 340 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (798 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Race and Media by : Lori Kido Lopez

Download or read book Race and Media written by Lori Kido Lopez and published by NYU Press. This book was released on 2020-12-15 with total page 340 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A foundational collection of essays that demonstrate how to study race and media From graphic footage of migrant children in cages to #BlackLivesMatter and #OscarsSoWhite, portrayals and discussions of race dominate the media landscape. Race and Media adopts a wide range of methods to make sense of specific occurrences, from the corporate portrayal of mixed-race identity by 23andMe to the cosmopolitan fetishization of Marie Kondo. As a whole, this collection demonstrates that all forms of media—from the sitcoms we stream to the Twitter feeds we follow—confirm racism and reinforce its ideological frameworks, while simultaneously giving space for new modes of resistance and understanding. In each chapter, a leading media scholar elucidates a set of foundational concepts in the study of race and media—such as the burden of representation, discourses of racialization, multiculturalism, hybridity, and the visuality of race. In doing so, they offer tools for media literacy that include rigorous analysis of texts, ideologies, institutions and structures, audiences and users, and technologies. The authors then apply these concepts to a wide range of media and the diverse communities that engage with them in order to uncover new theoretical frameworks and methodologies. From advertising and music to film festivals, video games, telenovelas, and social media, these essays engage and employ contemporary dialogues and struggles for social justice by racialized communities to push media forward. Contributors include: Mary Beltrán Meshell Sturgis Ralina L. Joseph Dolores Inés Casillas Jennifer Lynn Stoever Jason Kido Lopez Peter X Feng Jacqueline Land Mari Castañeda Jun Okada Amy Villarejo Aymar Jean Christian Sarah Florini Raven Maragh-Lloyd Sulafa Zidani Lia Wolock Meredith D. Clark Jillian M. Báez Miranda J. Brady Kishonna L. Gray Susan Noh

Reporting on Race in a Digital Era

Download Reporting on Race in a Digital Era PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Palgrave Macmillan
ISBN 13 : 9783030352233
Total Pages : 236 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (522 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Reporting on Race in a Digital Era by : Carolyn Nielsen

Download or read book Reporting on Race in a Digital Era written by Carolyn Nielsen and published by Palgrave Macmillan. This book was released on 2021-03-06 with total page 236 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book explores U.S. news media’s 21st century reckoning with race, from the election of President Barack Obama, through the birth and growth of the Black Lives Matter movement, to the tense weeks after a white police officer killed an unarmed African American teenager in Ferguson, Missouri. While legacy newsrooms struggled to interpret complex events, a diverse group of digital storytellers used emerging technologies. Veteran journalist and media scholar Carolyn Nielsen examines how the first two decades of this century produced new models for journalists to explore the complexity of racism, amplify the voices of lived experience, and understand their audiences. Using critical analysis of news coverage and interviews with reporters who cover racial issues, the book shows how new models of journalism break with legacy journalism’s conceptions of objectivity, expertise, and news judgment to provide deeper understanding of systems of power.

Why I’m No Longer Talking to White People About Race

Download Why I’m No Longer Talking to White People About Race PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1526633922
Total Pages : 272 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (266 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Why I’m No Longer Talking to White People About Race by : Reni Eddo-Lodge

Download or read book Why I’m No Longer Talking to White People About Race written by Reni Eddo-Lodge and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2020-11-12 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: 'Every voice raised against racism chips away at its power. We can't afford to stay silent. This book is an attempt to speak' The book that sparked a national conversation. Exploring everything from eradicated black history to the inextricable link between class and race, Why I'm No Longer Talking to White People About Race is the essential handbook for anyone who wants to understand race relations in Britain today. THE NO.1 SUNDAY TIMES BESTSELLER WINNER OF THE BRITISH BOOK AWARDS NON-FICTION NARRATIVE BOOK OF THE YEAR 2018 FOYLES NON-FICTION BOOK OF THE YEAR BLACKWELL'S NON-FICTION BOOK OF THE YEAR WINNER OF THE JHALAK PRIZE LONGLISTED FOR THE BAILLIE GIFFORD PRIZE FOR NON-FICTION LONGLISTED FOR THE ORWELL PRIZE SHORTLISTED FOR A BOOKS ARE MY BAG READERS AWARD

Understanding Everyday Racism

Download Understanding Everyday Racism PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : SAGE Publications
ISBN 13 : 1452253331
Total Pages : 333 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (522 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Understanding Everyday Racism by : Philomena Essed

Download or read book Understanding Everyday Racism written by Philomena Essed and published by SAGE Publications. This book was released on 1991-07-25 with total page 333 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: While there are numerous studies of racism and racial inequality at the macro-level of analysis, there has been little work done on the experience of everyday racism for black people. Philomena Essed′s brilliant work fills this gap. This landmark volume compares contemporary racism in the United States and the Netherlands through in-depth interview data from more than 2,000 experiences of black women. As an interdisciplinary analysis of gendered social constructions of racism, it breaks new ground. Essed problematizes and reinterprets many of the meanings and everyday practices that the majority of society has come to take for granted. She addresses crucial but largely neglected dimensions of racism: How is racism experienced in everyday situations? How do black women recognize covert expressions of racism? What knowledge of racism do black women have, and how is this knowledge acquired? How do they challenge racism in everyday life? To answer these questions, over two thousand experiences of black women are analyzed within a theoretical framework that integrates the disciplines of macro- and micro-sociology, social psychology, discourse analysis, race relations theory, and women′s studies. Samples include only black women with higher education. Many of their experiences of racism involve the "elite" among the dominant group. The book seriously challenges both the notion of Dutch tolerance and the idea that U.S. racism is a problem of the past. With this concept in mind, Understanding Everyday Racism is urgent reading. Essed′s volume represents a landmark in the study of race and ethnicity and will interest researchers, lecturers, students, and professionals of discourse analysis, policy and women′s studies, sociology, psychology, management, psychotherapy, and qualitative methodology. "Without getting bogged down in nit-picking about the definition of racism, the author has succeeded in presenting the true face of racism and has investigated the sociology and psychology of racism. A marvellously subtle and skillful report of everyday racism." --Counselling Psychology Quarterly "In this provocative book, Philomena Essed weaves insights from psychology, sociology, discourse analysis, and women′s studies into an original and important new theoretical framework. She combines a phenomenological approach of describing the experiences of individuals with a structural account of inequality." --Contemporary Psychology "Racism remains a contested concept in both popular and scholarly discourse. Typically unaware of the extent of institutionalized racism, whites generally deny that racism exists. People of color typically see things differently and interpret the dominant group perspective as insensitive and insincere. Philomena Essed′s groundbreaking volume, Understanding Everyday Racism tackles this ambiguity surrounding both popular and scholarly interpretations of racism and sheds considerable light on the difference between dominant and subordinate group views. . . . Essed′s volume makes an extremely important and unique contribution to our understanding of contemporary racism." --Contemporary Sociology

Understanding and Managing Sophisticated and Everyday Racism

Download Understanding and Managing Sophisticated and Everyday Racism PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield
ISBN 13 : 149856710X
Total Pages : 205 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (985 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Understanding and Managing Sophisticated and Everyday Racism by : Victoria Showunmi

Download or read book Understanding and Managing Sophisticated and Everyday Racism written by Victoria Showunmi and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2022-03-31 with total page 205 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sophisticated Racism: Understanding and Managing the Complexity of Everyday Racism adopts a fresh approach to the study of racism. Victoria Showunmi and Carol Tomlin identify the prevalence of sophisticated racism and explore how it manifests itself in society, particularly in the workplace. The authors narrate examples of everyday racism from the lived experiences of Black women. They take the reader on a compelling journey from the sources of racism through narratives of disquieting racist events to the destination of affirming approaches to preserving a sense of self and individual identity in the face of sophisticated racism. The authors explain how the interplay between Black women and White women originates in historical patterns of behavior which emerged on the plantations during enslavement. The term ‘White women syndrome’ has been coined to represent attempts to defend the limited space for female success by denigrating and excluding Black women. A unique feature of the book is that it reaches beyond the historical context to the provision of strategies for managing sophisticated and everyday racism in contemporary society.

Platform Capitalism

Download Platform Capitalism PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1509504885
Total Pages : 120 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (95 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Platform Capitalism by : Nick Srnicek

Download or read book Platform Capitalism written by Nick Srnicek and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2017-05-23 with total page 120 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: What unites Google and Facebook, Apple and Microsoft, Siemens and GE, Uber and Airbnb? Across a wide range of sectors, these firms are transforming themselves into platforms: businesses that provide the hardware and software foundation for others to operate on. This transformation signals a major shift in how capitalist firms operate and how they interact with the rest of the economy: the emergence of platform capitalism. This book critically examines these new business forms, tracing their genesis from the long downturn of the 1970s to the boom and bust of the 1990s and the aftershocks of the 2008 crisis. It shows how the fundamental foundations of the economy are rapidly being carved up among a small number of monopolistic platforms, and how the platform introduces new tendencies within capitalism that pose significant challenges to any vision of a post-capitalist future. This book will be essential reading for anyone who wants to understand how the most powerful tech companies of our time are transforming the global economy."

The New Jim Crow

Download The New Jim Crow PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : The New Press
ISBN 13 : 1620971941
Total Pages : 434 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (29 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The New Jim Crow by : Michelle Alexander

Download or read book The New Jim Crow written by Michelle Alexander and published by The New Press. This book was released on 2020-01-07 with total page 434 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Named one of the most important nonfiction books of the 21st century by Entertainment Weekly‚ Slate‚ Chronicle of Higher Education‚ Literary Hub, Book Riot‚ and Zora A tenth-anniversary edition of the iconic bestseller—"one of the most influential books of the past 20 years," according to the Chronicle of Higher Education—with a new preface by the author "It is in no small part thanks to Alexander's account that civil rights organizations such as Black Lives Matter have focused so much of their energy on the criminal justice system." —Adam Shatz, London Review of Books Seldom does a book have the impact of Michelle Alexander's The New Jim Crow. Since it was first published in 2010, it has been cited in judicial decisions and has been adopted in campus-wide and community-wide reads; it helped inspire the creation of the Marshall Project and the new $100 million Art for Justice Fund; it has been the winner of numerous prizes, including the prestigious NAACP Image Award; and it has spent nearly 250 weeks on the New York Times bestseller list. Most important of all, it has spawned a whole generation of criminal justice reform activists and organizations motivated by Michelle Alexander's unforgettable argument that "we have not ended racial caste in America; we have merely redesigned it." As the Birmingham News proclaimed, it is "undoubtedly the most important book published in this century about the U.S." Now, ten years after it was first published, The New Press is proud to issue a tenth-anniversary edition with a new preface by Michelle Alexander that discusses the impact the book has had and the state of the criminal justice reform movement today.

Digitizing Race

Download Digitizing Race PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : U of Minnesota Press
ISBN 13 : 1452913307
Total Pages : 261 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (529 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Digitizing Race by : Lisa Nakamura

Download or read book Digitizing Race written by Lisa Nakamura and published by U of Minnesota Press. This book was released on 2007-12-20 with total page 261 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Lisa Nakamura refers to case studies of popular yet rarely evaluated uses of the Internet, such as pregnancy websites, instant messaging, and online petitions and quizzes, to look at the emergence of race-, ethnic-, and gender-identified visual cultures.

#HashtagActivism

Download #HashtagActivism PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : MIT Press
ISBN 13 : 0262356511
Total Pages : 296 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (623 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis #HashtagActivism by : Sarah J. Jackson

Download or read book #HashtagActivism written by Sarah J. Jackson and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2020-03-10 with total page 296 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This “well-researched, nuanced” study of the rise of social media activism explores how marginalized groups use Twitter to advance counter-narratives, preempt political spin, and build diverse networks of dissent (Ms.) The power of hashtag activism became clear in 2011, when #IranElection served as an organizing tool for Iranians protesting a disputed election and offered a global audience a front-row seat to a nascent revolution. Since then, activists have used a variety of hashtags, including #JusticeForTrayvon, #BlackLivesMatter, #YesAllWomen, and #MeToo to advocate, mobilize, and communicate. In this book, Sarah Jackson, Moya Bailey, and Brooke Foucault Welles explore how and why Twitter has become an important platform for historically disenfranchised populations, including Black Americans, women, and transgender people. They show how marginalized groups, long excluded from elite media spaces, have used Twitter hashtags to advance counternarratives, preempt political spin, and build diverse networks of dissent. The authors describe how such hashtags as #MeToo, #SurvivorPrivilege, and #WhyIStayed have challenged the conventional understanding of gendered violence; examine the voices and narratives of Black feminism enabled by #FastTailedGirls, #YouOKSis, and #SayHerName; and explore the creation and use of #GirlsLikeUs, a network of transgender women. They investigate the digital signatures of the “new civil rights movement”—the online activism, storytelling, and strategy-building that set the stage for #BlackLivesMatter—and recount the spread of racial justice hashtags after the killing of Michael Brown in Ferguson, Missouri, and other high-profile incidents of killings by police. Finally, they consider hashtag created by allies, including #AllMenCan and #CrimingWhileWhite.

Racism and Media

Download Racism and Media PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : SAGE
ISBN 13 : 1526422093
Total Pages : 242 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (264 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Racism and Media by : Gavan Titley

Download or read book Racism and Media written by Gavan Titley and published by SAGE. This book was released on 2019-05-27 with total page 242 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Digital media have radically altered understandings of racism, so that an issue that has too often been assumed to belong to the past has been thrust into contemporary mainstream debates, news and popular culture. In light of the importance of traditional communications and social media to such events as Brexit in the UK and the Trump Presidency in the US, it is imperative for students of media and public discourse to examine the role played by the media in the generation, circulation and contestation of racist ideas. In Racism and Media, Gavan Titley: Explains why racism is such a complex and contested concept Provides a set of theoretical and analytical tools with which to interrogate how media dynamics and processes impact on racism and anti-racism Demonstrates methods’ application through a wide range of case studies, taking in examples from the UK, US, and several European countries Examines the rise and impact of online and social media racism Analyses questions of freedom of speech and hate speech in relation to racism and media This book is an essential companion for students of media, communications, sociology and cultural studies.

Race, Rhetoric, and Technology

Download Race, Rhetoric, and Technology PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1135604819
Total Pages : 330 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (356 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Race, Rhetoric, and Technology by : Adam J. Banks

Download or read book Race, Rhetoric, and Technology written by Adam J. Banks and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2006-08-15 with total page 330 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this book Adam Banks uses the concept of the Digital Divide as a metonym for America's larger racial divide, in an attempt to figure out what meaningful access for African Americans to technologies and the larger American society can or should mean. He argues that African American rhetorical traditions--the traditions of struggle for justice and equitable participation in American society--exhibit complex and nuanced ways of understanding the difficulties inherent in the attempt to navigate through the seemingly impossible contradictions of gaining meaningful access to technological systems with the good they seem to make possible, and at the same time resisting the exploitative impulses that such systems always seem to present. Banks examines moments in these rhetorical traditions of appeals, warnings, demands, and debates to make explicit the connections between technological issues and African Americans' equal and just participation in American society. He shows that the big questions we must ask of our technologies are exactly the same questions leaders and lay people from Martin Luther King to Malcolm X to slave quilters to Critical Race Theorists to pseudonymous chatters across cyberspace have been asking all along. According to Banks the central ethical questions for the field of rhetoric and composition are technology access and the ability to address questions of race and racism. He uses this book to imagine what writing instruction, technology theory, literacy instruction, and rhetorical education can look like for all of us in a new century. Just as Race, Rhetoric, and Technology: Searching for Higher Ground is a call for a new orientation among those who study and profess African American rhetoric, it is also a call for those in the fields that make up mainstream English Studies to change their perspectives as well. This volume is intended for researchers, professionals, and students in Rhetoric and Composition, Technical Communication, the History of Science and Society, and African American Studies.