Understanding America's Surge in Fentanyl and Other Synthetic Opioids

Download Understanding America's Surge in Fentanyl and Other Synthetic Opioids PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 8 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (112 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Understanding America's Surge in Fentanyl and Other Synthetic Opioids by :

Download or read book Understanding America's Surge in Fentanyl and Other Synthetic Opioids written by and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 8 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This brief describes the results of a study about the surge in synthetic opioids in the United States. The authors found that limiting policy responses to existing approaches will likely be insufficient and may condemn many people to early deaths.

The Future of Fentanyl and Other Synthetic Opioids

Download The Future of Fentanyl and Other Synthetic Opioids PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781977403384
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (33 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Future of Fentanyl and Other Synthetic Opioids by : Bryce Pardo

Download or read book The Future of Fentanyl and Other Synthetic Opioids written by Bryce Pardo and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Deaths involving synthetic opioids, such as fentanyl, increased from roughly 3,000 in 2013 to more than 30,000 in 2018. This book provides readers with insights intended to improve their understanding of the synthetic opioid problem.

Pain Management and the Opioid Epidemic

Download Pain Management and the Opioid Epidemic PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309459575
Total Pages : 483 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (94 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Pain Management and the Opioid Epidemic by : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine

Download or read book Pain Management and the Opioid Epidemic written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2017-09-28 with total page 483 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Drug overdose, driven largely by overdose related to the use of opioids, is now the leading cause of unintentional injury death in the United States. The ongoing opioid crisis lies at the intersection of two public health challenges: reducing the burden of suffering from pain and containing the rising toll of the harms that can arise from the use of opioid medications. Chronic pain and opioid use disorder both represent complex human conditions affecting millions of Americans and causing untold disability and loss of function. In the context of the growing opioid problem, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) launched an Opioids Action Plan in early 2016. As part of this plan, the FDA asked the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to convene a committee to update the state of the science on pain research, care, and education and to identify actions the FDA and others can take to respond to the opioid epidemic, with a particular focus on informing FDA's development of a formal method for incorporating individual and societal considerations into its risk-benefit framework for opioid approval and monitoring.

Fentanyl, Inc.

Download Fentanyl, Inc. PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Atlantic Monthly Press
ISBN 13 : 080214795X
Total Pages : 365 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (21 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Fentanyl, Inc. by : Ben Westhoff

Download or read book Fentanyl, Inc. written by Ben Westhoff and published by Atlantic Monthly Press. This book was released on 2019-09-03 with total page 365 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A four-year investigation into the world of synthetic drugs—from black market factories to users & dealers to harm reduction activists—and what it revealed. A deeply human story, Fentanyl, Inc. is the first deep-dive investigation of a hazardous and illicit industry that has created a worldwide epidemic, ravaging communities and overwhelming and confounding government agencies that are challenged to combat it. “A whole new crop of chemicals is radically changing the recreational drug landscape,” writes Ben Westhoff. “These are known as Novel Psychoactive Substances (NPS) and they include replacements for known drugs like heroin, cocaine, ecstasy, and marijuana. They are synthetic, made in a laboratory, and are much more potent than traditional drugs” —and all-too-often tragically lethal. Drugs like fentanyl, K2, and Spice—and those with arcane acronyms like 25i-NBOMe—were all originally conceived in legitimate laboratories for proper scientific and medicinal purposes. Their formulas were then hijacked and manufactured by rogue chemists, largely in China, who change their molecular structures to stay ahead of the law, making the drugs’ effects impossible to predict. Westhoff has infiltrated this shadowy world. He tracks down the little-known scientists who invented these drugs and inadvertently killed thousands, as well as a mysterious drug baron who turned the law upside down in his home country of New Zealand. Westhoff visits the shady factories in China from which these drugs emanate, providing startling and original reporting on how China’s vast chemical industry operates, and how the Chinese government subsidizes it. Poignantly, he chronicles the lives of addicted users and dealers, families of victims, law enforcement officers, and underground drug awareness organizers in the United States and Europe. Together they represent the shocking and riveting full anatomy of a calamity we are just beginning to understand. From its depths, as Westhoff relates, are emerging new strategies that may provide essential long-term solutions to the drug crisis that has affected so many. “Timely and agonizing. . . . An impressive work of investigative journalism.” —USA Today “Westhoff explores the many-tentacled world of illicit opioids, from the streets of East St. Louis to Chinese pharmaceutical companies, from music festivals deep in the Michigan woods to sanctioned ‘shooting up rooms’ in Barcelona, in this frank, insightful, and occasionally searing exposé. . . . Westhoff’s well-reported and researched work will likely open eyes, slow knee-jerk responses, and start much needed conversations.” —Publishers Weekly “Our 25 Favorite Books of 2019” —St. Louis Post-Dispatch “Best Books of 2019” —Buzzfeed “Best Nonfiction of 2019” —Kirkus Reviews “50 Best Books of 2019” —Daily Telegraph “Best Nonfiction Books of 2019” —Tyler Cowen “Best Books of 2019” —Yahoo Finance

The Synthetic Opioid Surge in the United States

Download The Synthetic Opioid Surge in the United States PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 19 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (112 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Synthetic Opioid Surge in the United States by : Bryce Pardo

Download or read book The Synthetic Opioid Surge in the United States written by Bryce Pardo and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 19 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The synthetic opioid surge in the United States is a public health emergency. Synthetic opioids, principally fentanyl, were reported in more than 31,000 fatal overdoses, or two-thirds of all opioid-involved deaths, in 2018. In less than six years, the number of fatal overdoses involving synthetic opioids in the United States has risen tenfold, surpassing drug overdoses for heroin or prescription opioids by a factor of two. Perhaps even more troubling is the possible diffusion of synthetic opioids into non-opioid markets. In this report, the authors examine mortality data at the state level across several drug classes to better understand the evolution and concentration of overdose fatalities in the United States. They also analyze drug seizures of fentanyl and fentanyl analogs across states and over time to determine the overlap between supply-side indicators and state-level mortality data. The authors report three main findings. First, overdose deaths involving synthetic opioids and certain supply-side indicators of synthetic opioids have increased over time but remain concentrated in certain states. Second, there have been sharp increases in the share of heroin or cocaine overdoses that involve synthetic opioids; furthermore, there appears to have been an absolute decline in fatal overdoses involving heroin without synthetic opioids in a few states. Third, a substantial share of cocaine overdoses also mention synthetic opioids, suggesting that people who use cocaine are increasingly exposed to these drugs. The authors conclude that drug policy needs to account for how rapidly these potent opioids are upending the old order.

Medications for Opioid Use Disorder Save Lives

Download Medications for Opioid Use Disorder Save Lives PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309486483
Total Pages : 175 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (94 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Medications for Opioid Use Disorder Save Lives by : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine

Download or read book Medications for Opioid Use Disorder Save Lives written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2019-06-16 with total page 175 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The opioid crisis in the United States has come about because of excessive use of these drugs for both legal and illicit purposes and unprecedented levels of consequent opioid use disorder (OUD). More than 2 million people in the United States are estimated to have OUD, which is caused by prolonged use of prescription opioids, heroin, or other illicit opioids. OUD is a life-threatening condition associated with a 20-fold greater risk of early death due to overdose, infectious diseases, trauma, and suicide. Mortality related to OUD continues to escalate as this public health crisis gathers momentum across the country, with opioid overdoses killing more than 47,000 people in 2017 in the United States. Efforts to date have made no real headway in stemming this crisis, in large part because tools that already existâ€"like evidence-based medicationsâ€"are not being deployed to maximum impact. To support the dissemination of accurate patient-focused information about treatments for addiction, and to help provide scientific solutions to the current opioid crisis, this report studies the evidence base on medication assisted treatment (MAT) for OUD. It examines available evidence on the range of parameters and circumstances in which MAT can be effectively delivered and identifies additional research needed.

The Least of Us

Download The Least of Us PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing USA
ISBN 13 : 1635578582
Total Pages : 433 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (355 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Least of Us by : Sam Quinones

Download or read book The Least of Us written by Sam Quinones and published by Bloomsbury Publishing USA. This book was released on 2021 with total page 433 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Practical Management of Pain

Download Practical Management of Pain PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN 13 : 0323083404
Total Pages : 1379 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (23 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Practical Management of Pain by : Honorio MD Benzon

Download or read book Practical Management of Pain written by Honorio MD Benzon and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2013-09-12 with total page 1379 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Obtain all the core knowledge in pain management you need from one of the most trusted resources in the field. The new edition of Practical Management of Pain gives you completely updated, multidisciplinary overview of every aspect of pain medicine, including evaluation, diagnosis of pain syndromes, rationales for management, treatment modalities, and much more. In print and online, it is all the expert guidance necessary to offer your patients the best possible relief. "In summary, this is the best explanation of what lies behind MRI that I have read, taking what can be a dry subject and making it readily understandable and really interesting. I would recommend it to anyone starting their MRI training and anyone trying to teach MRI to others." Reviewed by RAD Magazine, June 2015 Understand and apply the latest developments in pain medicine with brand-new chapters covering disability assessment, central post-stroke pain, chronic widespread pain, and burn pain. Effectively ease your patients' pain with today's best management techniques, including joint injections, ultrasound-guided therapies, and new pharmacologic agents (such as topical analgesics). Access up-to-the-minute knowledge on all aspects of pain management, from general principles to specific management techniques, with contributions from renowned experts in the field. Read the full text and view all the images online at expertconsult.com. Understand and apply the latest developments in pain management with brand-new chapters covering disability assessment, central post-stroke pain, widespread chronic pain, and burn pain. Effectively ease your patients' pain with today's best management techniques, including joint injections, ultrasound-guided therapies, and new pharmacologic agents (such as topical analgesics).

Ten Drugs

Download Ten Drugs PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Abrams
ISBN 13 : 1683355318
Total Pages : 342 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (833 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Ten Drugs by : Thomas Hager

Download or read book Ten Drugs written by Thomas Hager and published by Abrams. This book was released on 2019-03-05 with total page 342 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: “The stories are skillfully told and entirely entertaining . . . An expert, mostly feel-good book about modern medicine” from the award-winning author (Kirkus Reviews, starred review). Behind every landmark drug is a story. It could be an oddball researcher’s genius insight, a catalyzing moment in geopolitical history, a new breakthrough technology, or an unexpected but welcome side effect discovered during clinical trials. Piece together these stories, as Thomas Hager does in this remarkable, century-spanning history, and you can trace the evolution of our culture and the practice of medicine. Beginning with opium, the “joy plant,” which has been used for 10,000 years, Hager tells a captivating story of medicine. His subjects include the largely forgotten female pioneer who introduced smallpox inoculation to Britain, the infamous knockout drops, the first antibiotic, which saved countless lives, the first antipsychotic, which helped empty public mental hospitals, Viagra, statins, and the new frontier of monoclonal antibodies. This is a deep, wide-ranging, and wildly entertaining book. “[An] absorbing new book.” —The New York Times Book Review “[A] well-written and engaging chronicle.” —The Wall Street Journal “Lucidly informative and compulsively readable.” —Publishers Weekly “Entertaining [and] insightful.” —Booklist “Well-written, well-researched and fascinating to read Ten Drugs provides an insightful look at how drugs have shaped modern medical practices. Towards the end of the book Hager writes that he ‘came away surprised by some of the things he had learned.’ I had the very same reaction.” —Penny Le Couteur, coauthor of Napoleon’s Buttons: How 17 Molecules Changed History

American Overdose

Download American Overdose PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : PublicAffairs
ISBN 13 : 1541773772
Total Pages : 381 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (417 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis American Overdose by : Chris McGreal

Download or read book American Overdose written by Chris McGreal and published by PublicAffairs. This book was released on 2018-11-13 with total page 381 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A comprehensive portrait of a uniquely American epidemic -- devastating in its findings and damning in its conclusions The opioid epidemic has been described as "one of the greatest mistakes of modern medicine." But calling it a mistake is a generous rewriting of the history of greed, corruption, and indifference that pushed the US into consuming more than 80 percent of the world's opioid painkillers. Journeying through lives and communities wrecked by the epidemic, Chris McGreal reveals not only how Big Pharma hooked Americans on powerfully addictive drugs, but the corrupting of medicine and public institutions that let the opioid makers get away with it. The starting point for McGreal's deeply reported investigation is the miners promised that opioid painkillers would restore their wrecked bodies, but who became targets of "drug dealers in white coats." A few heroic physicians warned of impending disaster. But American Overdose exposes the powerful forces they were up against, including the pharmaceutical industry's coopting of the Food and Drug Administration and Congress in the drive to push painkillers -- resulting in the resurgence of heroin cartels in the American heartland. McGreal tells the story, in terms both broad and intimate, of people hit by a catastrophe they never saw coming. Years in the making, its ruinous consequences will stretch years into the future.

Measuring Success in Substance Use Grant Programs

Download Measuring Success in Substance Use Grant Programs PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309675286
Total Pages : 81 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (96 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Measuring Success in Substance Use Grant Programs by : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine

Download or read book Measuring Success in Substance Use Grant Programs written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2021-01-15 with total page 81 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The opioid epidemic, now several decades in the making, continues to cause pain and suffering for millions of Americans. Each year, thousands of individuals die from overdose, and thousands more grieve from these losses. Opioid use disorder (OUD) can lead to a complete interruption of day-to-day activities, including caring for one's family, maintaining a job or career, or keeping track of basic necessities, such as health care and finances. This report, the first in a series of three, examines four of the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA)'s grant programs that help alleviate suffering due to opioids and improve treatment quality and access. It offers recommendations about the existing reporting tools used by these programs and and proposes additional metrics and outcomes that should be considered.

The Hard Sell

Download The Hard Sell PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Doubleday
ISBN 13 : 038554491X
Total Pages : 227 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (855 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Hard Sell by : Evan Hughes

Download or read book The Hard Sell written by Evan Hughes and published by Doubleday. This book was released on 2022-01-18 with total page 227 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The inside story of a band of entrepreneurial upstarts who made millions selling painkillers—until their scheme unraveled, putting them at the center of a landmark criminal trial. • SOON TO BE THE MAJOR MOTION PICTURE PAIN HUSTLERS STARRING EMILY BLUNT AND CHRIS EVANS "Unfolds with the velocity and verve of a Scorsese film…A tour de force."—Patrick Radden Keefe, New York Times bestselling author of Empire of Pain and Say Nothing John Kapoor had already amassed a small fortune in pharmaceuticals when he founded Insys Therapeutics. It was the early 2000s, a boom time for painkillers, and he developed a novel formulation of fentanyl, the most potent opioid on the market. Kapoor, a brilliant immigrant scientist with relentless business instincts, was eager to make the most of his innovation. He gathered around him an ambitious group of young lieutenants. His head of sales—an unstable and unmanageable leader, but a genius of persuasion—built a team willing to pull every lever to close a sale, going so far as to recruit an exotic dancer ready to scrape her way up. They zeroed in on the eccentric and suspect doctors receptive to their methods. Employees at headquarters did their part by deceiving insurance companies. The drug was a niche product, approved only for cancer patients in dire condition, but the company’s leadership pushed it more widely, and together they turned Insys into a Wall Street sensation. But several insiders reached their breaking point and blew the whistle. They sparked a sprawling investigation that would lead to a dramatic courtroom battle, breaking new ground in the government’s fight to hold the drug industry accountable in the spread of addictive opioids. In The Hard Sell, National Magazine Award–finalist Evan Hughes lays bare the pharma playbook. He draws on unprecedented access to insiders of the Insys saga, from top executives to foot soldiers, from the patients and staff of far-flung clinics to the Boston investigators who treated the case as a drug-trafficking conspiracy, flipping cooperators and closing in on the key players. With colorful characters and true suspense, The Hard Sell offers a bracing look not just at Insys, but at how opioids are sold at the point they first enter the national bloodstream—in the doctor’s office.

Opioid Reckoning

Download Opioid Reckoning PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : U of Minnesota Press
ISBN 13 : 1452962553
Total Pages : 364 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (529 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Opioid Reckoning by : Amy C. Sullivan

Download or read book Opioid Reckoning written by Amy C. Sullivan and published by U of Minnesota Press. This book was released on 2021-10-19 with total page 364 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Examines the complexity and the humanity of the opioid epidemic America’s opioid epidemic continues to ravage families and communities, despite intense media coverage, federal legislation, criminal prosecutions, and harm reduction efforts to prevent overdose deaths. More than 450,000 Americans have died from opioid overdoses since the late 1990s. In Opioid Reckoning, Amy C. Sullivan explores the complexity of the crisis through firsthand accounts of people grappling with the reverberating effects of stigma, treatment, and recovery. Nearly everyone in the United States has been touched in some way by the opioid epidemic, including the author and her family. Sullivan uses her own story as a launching point to learn how the opioid epidemic challenged longstanding recovery protocols in Minnesota, a state internationally recognized for pioneering addiction treatment. By centering the voices of many people who have experienced opioid use, treatment, recovery, and loss, Sullivan exposes the devastating effects of a one-size-fits-all approach toward treatment of opioid dependency. Taking a clear-eyed, nonjudgmental perspective of every aspect of these issues—drug use, parenting, harm reduction, medication, abstinence, and stigma—Opioid Reckoning questions current treatment models, healthcare inequities, and the criminal justice system. Sullivan also imagines a future where anyone suffering an opioid-use disorder has access to the individualized care, without judgment, available to those with other health problems. Opioid Reckoning presents a captivating look at how the state that invented “rehab” addresses the challenges of the opioid epidemic and its overdose deaths while also taking readers into the intimate lives of families, medical and social work professionals, grassroots activists, and many others impacted by the crisis who contribute their insights and potential solutions. In sharing these stories and chronicling their lessons, Sullivan offers a path forward that cultivates empathy, love, and hope for anyone affected by chaotic drug use and its harms.

World Drug Report 2019

Download World Drug Report 2019 PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9789210041744
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (417 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis World Drug Report 2019 by : United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime

Download or read book World Drug Report 2019 written by United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime and published by . This book was released on 1901 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The 2019 World Drug Report will include an updated overview of recent trends on production, trafficking and consumption of key illicit drugs. The Report contains a global overview of the baseline data and estimates on drug demand and supply and provides the reference point for information on the drug situation worldwide.

UNDERSTANDING THE FENTANYL CRISIS.

Download UNDERSTANDING THE FENTANYL CRISIS. PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (911 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis UNDERSTANDING THE FENTANYL CRISIS. by : MICHAEL K. REYES

Download or read book UNDERSTANDING THE FENTANYL CRISIS. written by MICHAEL K. REYES and published by . This book was released on 2024 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

The Opioid Crisis

Download The Opioid Crisis PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Nova Snova
ISBN 13 : 9781536148138
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (481 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Opioid Crisis by : Sandra Price

Download or read book The Opioid Crisis written by Sandra Price and published by Nova Snova. This book was released on 2019 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recently, there has been a rise in opioid use in the United States involving both the nonmedical use of prescription drugs and more traditional illicit opioids, such as heroin. The abuse of prescription opioid pain relievers and illicit opioids, have contributed to increasing numbers of overdose deaths in the United States, and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention data show more than 28,000 opioid overdose deaths in 2014. Chapter 1 reports that medication-assisted treatment (MAT) can more effectively reduce opioid use and increase treatment retention compared to treatment without medication. There has also been a significant increase in the use of man-made (synthetic) opioids, such as fentanyl and fentanyl analogues, as described in chapter 2. Synthetic opioids like fentanyla substance 100 times stronger than morphineaccounted for more than 19,000 of the nearly 64,000 overdose deaths in 2016, the most recent year for which federal data are available. Misuse of prescription opioids can lead to overdose and death. Medicare and Medicaid, two of the nations largest health care programs, provide prescription drug coverage that can include opioids. Chapter 3 discusses the inappropriate activities and risks associated with these prescriptions. Chapter 4 gives examples of some policy options that could be employed for training on safe opioid prescribing. Buprenorphine is a medication used to treat adults addicted to opioids (it is also used in the treatment of pain). Buprenorphines effectiveness, safety, and availability in the treatment of opioid addiction are of considerable interest to policymakers seeking to address the ongoing opioid epidemic in the United States as seen in the last chapter.

The Extinction Market

Download The Extinction Market PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0190855118
Total Pages : 422 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (98 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Extinction Market by : Vanda Felbab-Brown

Download or read book The Extinction Market written by Vanda Felbab-Brown and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2017 with total page 422 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Emphasizes the disturbing consequences poaching and trafficking pose globally in terms of both biodiversity and public health