Two Essays On The Economics Of Education And Inequality

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Essays on Inequality and the Economics of Education

Author : Mayuri Chaturvedi
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780355307863
Total Pages : 142 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (78 download)

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Book Synopsis Essays on Inequality and the Economics of Education by : Mayuri Chaturvedi

Download or read book Essays on Inequality and the Economics of Education written by Mayuri Chaturvedi and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 142 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation discusses some of the causes and consequences of inequality, vertical and horizontal, some theoretically and others empirically. In doing so, I try to touch upon old and new themes in the economics literature, as old as rent seeking and as new as the effect of cultural norms.The first essay reflects on the inequality of opportunity as manifest in the quality of education available to families in India. The paper explores the relative roles of the quality of schools and household attributes on a household's choice of school in India. I find that income is the most important predictor of a household's choice of school, with a doubling of per capita income increasing the likelihood of choosing a private school over a public school by 10 percentage points. Public schools can rarely compete with private schools even with comparable infrastructure and free school supplies. As incomes rise (India's GDP has nearly doubled in the last 10 years), it is reasonable to expect that there will be de facto higher demand for private schooling and not public.The second essay is a theoretical examination of inequality-generating rent seeking and the feedback mechanism between the two. In this paper, I model rent seeking in an unequal endowment economy to analyze the conditions under which more inequality leads to more rent seeking. I find that, when rent-seeking costs are fixed, a more unequal economy fosters a greater proportion of rentiers. When rent-seeking costs are flexible, the proportion of rentiers shrinks with more inequality. However, both the quantity of rents per person and the resources wasted in pursuing rent-seeking activities increase.In the third essay, I link the education choices of women to gender-specific norms of marriage. Hypergamy (the practice of women "marrying up" by caste, age, education or any indicator of economic well-being) implies that too much education could lower women's prospects of finding a suitable spouse. To understand its impact on pre-marital investments in education, this project studies women's choice of educational attainment as a function of men's. To do so, I examine the impact of an exogenous change in the schooling level of men on the schooling level of women in the United States in the last 50 years. The source of variation is the change in US' immigration policy in 1965, which has been documented to have considerably altered the demography and skill pool in the US since 1965. I find evidence of a positive relationship between men and women's education outcomes. This is a result suggestive of hypergamy and its dragging effect on women's education. The result is robust to the use of another control group: immigrant women in the US.

Two Essays on the Economics of Education and Inequality

Author : Justin Coger
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (744 download)

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Book Synopsis Two Essays on the Economics of Education and Inequality by : Justin Coger

Download or read book Two Essays on the Economics of Education and Inequality written by Justin Coger and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With the first essay, I estimate the effects of high school advanced mathematics credits and mathematics SAT scores on the percentile rank of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 (NLSY97) respondents on the income distribution of their age peers and the income of the NLSY97 adults by quantile in 2019. I utilize data on high school advanced mathematics credits, SAT mathematics scores, and income from the NLSY97. This essay contributes to the literature on the economic returns to high school mathematics coursework. Previous work has not examined the effects of advanced math credits and SAT math scores on the two outcomes that I examine. I find significant positive effects of advanced math credits on income percentile rank and income by quantile. I also find statistically significant effects of three different measures of exposure to STEM reform on the two labor market outcomes. The results have implications for educators and policy makers hoping to emphasize the importance of developing quantitative skills in preparation for the labor market.

Two Essays on the Economics of Education

Author : Nicolás A. Grau Veloso
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 134 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (887 download)

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Book Synopsis Two Essays on the Economics of Education by : Nicolás A. Grau Veloso

Download or read book Two Essays on the Economics of Education written by Nicolás A. Grau Veloso and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 134 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Essays on the Economics of Education

Author : Hosung Sohn
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 240 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (858 download)

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Book Synopsis Essays on the Economics of Education by : Hosung Sohn

Download or read book Essays on the Economics of Education written by Hosung Sohn and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation addresses three questions in the economics of education. Chapter 1 analyzes whether segregating students by gender is beneficial for students' academic achievement. Students or parents often choose peer groups by selecting school types, assuming that peers are important determinants of one's academic achievement. Among the various types of peer effects, this study addresses whether segregating students from the opposite sex is beneficial for one's academic performance by making use of the variation created by randomly assigning students to either same- or mixed-sex high schools. By using seven years of administrative data on scores in college entrance exams, I find that both male and female students benefit by being in same-sex schools. Moreover, the quantile regression analysis reveals that the effect is greater for students located at the middle quantile of the distribution of test scores. I conducted a sensitivity analysis by using a different type of test that students take, and the results are robust. In Chapter 2, unlike estimating the effect of conventional incentive mechanisms in which good schools are rewarded and bad schools are punished, I estimate the impact of "rewarding" poor-performing schools on students' academic achievement. Because of the simple discontinuous eligibility that determines the provision of categorical school funding to underachieving schools, I use regression discontinuity designs to causally estimate the treatment effect. The results of the analysis reveal that students' academic performance in poor-performing schools improved significantly (7 to 10 percentile points) after the treatment. Moreover, the ratio of underachieving students decreased in schools that received funding (5 to 10 percentage points), relative to those that did not receive funding. Finally, in Chapter 3, I explore whether grouping students by ability benefits students. Local education agencies often engage in educational reforms with limited resources aimed at improving the academic achievement of students. One of the low cost methods that the agency frequently employs is the use of ability tracking. In this chapter, by making use of the randomized social experiment conducted in Seoul, I provide causal estimates of the effect of ability tracking on students' achievement, using administrative data on students' test scores. Based on the results, I find that, on average, tracking promotes achievement of not only high-achieving students, but also of low-achieving students. Moreover, the magnitude of the treatment effect is similar across various quantiles of the distribution of students' performance. Therefore, contrary to the view that tracking may be detrimental to the learning of low-achieving students, tracking may not worsen inequality in students' achievement.

Essays on the Economics of Education

Author : Emily P. Hoffman
Publisher : W. E. Upjohn Institute
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 200 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Essays on the Economics of Education by : Emily P. Hoffman

Download or read book Essays on the Economics of Education written by Emily P. Hoffman and published by W. E. Upjohn Institute. This book was released on 1993 with total page 200 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Essays on the Economics of Education in Developing Countries

Author : Asankha Pallegedara
Publisher : LAP Lambert Academic Publishing
ISBN 13 : 9783846514405
Total Pages : 124 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (144 download)

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Book Synopsis Essays on the Economics of Education in Developing Countries by : Asankha Pallegedara

Download or read book Essays on the Economics of Education in Developing Countries written by Asankha Pallegedara and published by LAP Lambert Academic Publishing. This book was released on 2011-10 with total page 124 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Economists and policy makers around the world believe that education promotes economic growth and reduces the poverty. Investment in education helps to increase individual productivity that provide better earnings, and reduces the inequality in the society. Many governments in developing countries realized the importance of education and implemented new policy initiatives to improve education. Many developing countries introduced free education policies, school expansion programs, and conditional cash transfer programs to increase the quantity of education. Although these new policies help to achieve significant progress in education, many children in developing countries are still not enrolling in schools or receiving a low-quality education. Furthermore, gender disparity in education is another concern in many developing countries. This study assess both quantity and quality aspect of education policy in developing countries using two case studies in Uganda and Sri Lanka.

Essays on Education Investment, Income Inequality, and Economic Growth

Author : Tin-Chun Lin
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9783639231564
Total Pages : 128 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (315 download)

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Book Synopsis Essays on Education Investment, Income Inequality, and Economic Growth by : Tin-Chun Lin

Download or read book Essays on Education Investment, Income Inequality, and Economic Growth written by Tin-Chun Lin and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 128 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The purpose of this book is to learn the relationship among education, productivity, income distribution, and economic growth, as well as to link the structure of the educational system to the economic and social character of the society. Essay 1 examines the equilibrium levels of public and private education in a model where public and private education can exist at the same time. There is no possibility for collapse of the public education system; however, the private education system will collapse in the long run if human capital grows faster in the public education sector than in the private education sector. Income inequality declines over time, and a heterogeneous economy becomes a homogeneous society in the long run. As long as income convergence exists in an economy, a balance growth path exists in the long run. Essay 2 investigates the effects of investment in education and the role of technical progress on economic growth in Taiwan in 1964 - 2000. Education provides a positive and significant effect on output growth in Taiwan, but the role of technical progress does not appear to be extraordinarily important.

Essays in Economics of Education

Author : Clémence Idoux
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 161 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (133 download)

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Book Synopsis Essays in Economics of Education by : Clémence Idoux

Download or read book Essays in Economics of Education written by Clémence Idoux and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 161 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This thesis is composed of three essays on the economics of education. The first essay is about the heterogeneity of gains from selective school admission. The question of who benefits from selective school enrollment remains controversial. I show that Boston exam schools have heterogeneous effects on achievement. Impact differences are driven primarily by the quality of an applicant's non-exam-school alternative rather than by student demographic characteristics like race. Admission policies prioritizing students with the weakest schooling alternatives have the potential to increase the impact of exam schools on academic achievement. In particular, simulations of alternative admissions criteria suggests schemes that reserve seats for students with lower-quality neighborhood schools are likely to yield the largest gains. The second essay is about understanding the impact of selective school admission screens on segregation in New York City schools. 70 years after \textit{Brown v. Board of Education}, US school districts are still economically and racially segregated. School segregation is especially apparent in NYC, the largest US school district. I analyze the impact of two integration plans which reduced the role of screens in admission in two local NYC school districts. I show that abolishing selective admissions reduced both economic and racial segregation. Amending selective admission criteria also elicits substantial behavioral response from applicants. I find evidence that reducing the role of admission screens leads to White and high-income enrollment losses, which decreases the effect of the plans. On the other hand, applicants' changes in application behavior in response to the reforms increased the plans' impact on segregation. The final essay is about predicting the effect of changes in school admission on students' enrollment. Such predictions are based on estimated student preferences, which in turn are obtained from the ranked order lists they submit. A concern is that an applicant with fixed preferences might submit different lists when faced with different admission criteria. For instance, an applicant could strategically take into account their probability of admission at each school, therefore violating the truthfulness assumption. A solution is to estimate preferences allowing students to strategically choose over all possible lists, but this runs into the curse of dimensionality as the choice space is large. This paper provides a model of applicants' list formation which presumes applicants use a simple heuristic in selecting their lists. In the model, applicants fill their list sequentially, without fully internalizing the dynamic consequences of each choice. Using this simplification, I estimate applicants' preferences, circumventing the dimensionality problem. I leverage an admission reform in NYC to estimate the model. Allowing applicants to deviate from truthfulness affects substantially their estimated preferences.

Two Essays in Economics of Education and Political Economy

Author : Pooya Almasi
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 192 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (116 download)

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Book Synopsis Two Essays in Economics of Education and Political Economy by : Pooya Almasi

Download or read book Two Essays in Economics of Education and Political Economy written by Pooya Almasi and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 192 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation consists of two unrelated topics in economics. One in economics of education and another one in political economy.

Essays on Inequality and Education

Author : Erika Ekström
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9789187268830
Total Pages : 166 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (688 download)

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Book Synopsis Essays on Inequality and Education by : Erika Ekström

Download or read book Essays on Inequality and Education written by Erika Ekström and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 166 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Three Essays on the Economics of Education

Author : Sabine Zander
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (124 download)

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Book Synopsis Three Essays on the Economics of Education by : Sabine Zander

Download or read book Three Essays on the Economics of Education written by Sabine Zander and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In my third paper, using school-fixed effects regression models, I investigate socioeconomic status gaps in students' cognitive achievement in grade nine within different school types in Germany. I also explore the association between socioeconomic background and attainment of the intermediate secondary certificate and transition to upper secondary education in multi-track schools. My results provide suggestive evidence that socioeconomic status gaps in cognitive achievement exist within all school types. I also find that more privileged students are significantly more likely to earn an intermediate certificate or transition into upper secondary education. The decomposition of primary and secondary effects reveals that secondary effects are stronger at this transition in the German school system.

Three Essays on the Economics of Higher Education

Author : Safa Ragued
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 121 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (113 download)

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Book Synopsis Three Essays on the Economics of Higher Education by : Safa Ragued

Download or read book Three Essays on the Economics of Higher Education written by Safa Ragued and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 121 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: My thesis bridges two different literatures namely, the Economics of Education and Labor Economics. These two literatures are brought together to bear on public policy aimed at enhancing human capital and preventing inefficient schooling paths. The first chapter proposes a general equilibrium model of enrollment in higher education and labor supply, in the context of uncertain return on higher education and internationally mobile capital. The study aims to contrast the performances of different wage tax proposals on skill formation. The results suggest that the quantitative impact on skill formation of switching from the flat to the progressive tax varies with the level of efficiency with which higher education imparts graduates with suitable skills. This impact is negative when the level of efficiency of higher education is low and positive when it is high. The second chapter raises the issue of income inequality. The model considers three types of interventions on which the government could take action to maximize social welfare: financing early education, subsidizing college tuition and/or redistributing income through taxation. The study jointly determines the optimal level of these policies using a model of college enrollment. When calibrated to empirical evidence from the Canadian Province of Ontario, the model predicts an optimal policy mix characterized by the coexistence of redistributive taxation, public investment in K-12 education, and public subsidies for college tuition. Compared to the Status Quo policy scenario in Ontario, the optimal policy mix exhibits a lower share of public funds allocated to K-12 education, a higher share allocated to college tuition subsidies, and a higher level of redistributive taxation. More importantly, the results conclude that studies that do not jointly determine the optimal levels of the three policy options tend to overestimate these levels. While the first two chapters study the optimality of public policies, the third chapter empirically tackles the issue of temporary interruption of higher education, particularly, its effect on subsequent wages. Most of the studies that address the issue of the economic consequences of schooling interruption, examine dropping-out as a permanent decision. Little attention has so far been given to the effect of temporary drop out on earnings despite the substantial number of dropouts who at some point decide to re-enroll and complete their education. This chapter contributes to the understanding of this issue by investigating the extent to which schooling discontinuities affect post-graduation starting real wages and whether the latter are differently influenced by the reasons behind these discontinuities. This subject is examined using data from the 2007 National Graduate Survey. The covariates endogeneity is taken into account using Lewbel's (2012) generated instrument approach. The latter imposes some reasonable restrictions on the conditional second moments of the data, under heteroscedasticity of the error terms of the endogenous covariates. Under these constraints, the Lewbel framework provides generated instruments which are used along with additional external instruments, to estimate the model. Conditional on the levels of schooling and experience, the results find a positive effect on wages of temporary schooling interruption for men who had held a full-time job during their out-of-school spell(s). Both men and women witness a wage decrease if their interruption is associated with health issues. Women also bear a wage penalty if their interruption is due to a part-time job, to lack of money, or is caused by reasons other than health, work, and money.

The Economics of Education

Author : Daniele Checchi
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1139449370
Total Pages : 5 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (394 download)

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Book Synopsis The Economics of Education by : Daniele Checchi

Download or read book The Economics of Education written by Daniele Checchi and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2006-03-23 with total page 5 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In an important contribution to educational policy, Daniele Checchi offers an economic perspective on the demand and supply of education. He explores the reasons why, beyond a certain point, investment in education has not resulted in reductions in social inequalities. Starting with the seminal work of Gary Becker, Checchi provides an extensive survey of the literature on human capital and social capital formation. He draws on individual data on intergenerational transmission of income and education for the USA, Germany and Italy, as well as aggregate data on income and educational inequality for a much wider range of countries. Checchi explores whether resources spent in education are effective in raising students' achievement, as well as analysing alternative ways of financing education. The Economics of Education thus provides the analytical tools necessary to understand the complex relationships between current income inequality, access to education and future inequality.

Two essays on the correlation between economic growth and income inequality

Author : Liang Shao
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (14 download)

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Book Synopsis Two essays on the correlation between economic growth and income inequality by : Liang Shao

Download or read book Two essays on the correlation between economic growth and income inequality written by Liang Shao and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Two Essays on Economics of Education

Author : Nina Waldenström
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 64 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (185 download)

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Book Synopsis Two Essays on Economics of Education by : Nina Waldenström

Download or read book Two Essays on Economics of Education written by Nina Waldenström and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 64 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Three Essays in the Economics of Education

Author : Md Ohiul Islam
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (137 download)

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Book Synopsis Three Essays in the Economics of Education by : Md Ohiul Islam

Download or read book Three Essays in the Economics of Education written by Md Ohiul Islam and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation explores three distinct topics in the economics of education. These topics explore the relationship between factors such as race, gender, national origin, and educational and labor market outcomes. Educational attainment in the STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) areas receives a major focus in this dissertation; a college-level specialization in STEM areas generally leads to high incomeyielding career tracks. Below I briefly explain the research objectives and findings of each chapter. The first chapter focuses on the impact of teacher-student demographic mismatch on student success in classrooms at the high school level. When students, particularly those of disadvantaged backgrounds, are assigned to teachers with different racial and/or gender identities, they may become subject to the “Golem effect”; lower expectations and biases the teachers may have. In this paper, using restricted-access data from the High School Longitudinal Survey of 2009 (HSLS:09), I investigate whether demographic mismatch between teachers and students in high schools has a negative impact on achievement. I find consistent evidence that having a different-sex teacher is disadvantageous for students of all racial backgrounds. Having a different-sex and different-race teacher is associated with achievement loss, especially for Black female students. The second chapter focuses on the impact of parental occupation in STEM fields on the child’s selection of a STEM major at the post-secondary level. For empirical analysis, I use data from HSLS:09 again. The economic literature suggests that parental occupational identities can influence children’s selection into different fields of major through different channels. Parents may provide positive feedback on children’s educational decisions at multiple stages throughout the children’s school life. I find that having at least one parent in the fields of computer science and engineering positively impacts the child’s selection into college majors in computer science, IT, and Engineering. Moreover, I find that in two-parent households, both the mother’s and father’s occupations in STEM positively impact the child’s selection into STEM college major sections. The third chapter examines the historical positive wage gap between U.S. natives and international college graduates in STEM and non-STEM fields participating in the U.S. labor force. I show that between 1993 and 2019, in STEM occupations, naturalized citizens and permanent residents earned on average higher than U.S. natives; temporary workers consistently earned less on average than U.S. natives, and permanent residents consistently earned more on average than temporary workers. The evidence shows that the wage gap is not just due to differences in factors such as primary activities on the job, highest degree attained, and working in STEM fields, but also because of “unexplained” factors; one of them could be the labor market laws restricting the entry of foreign-born workers into the U.S. labor market. In a panel data analysis, I find that the effect of naturalization and gaining permanent residency, both are positive on ln(wage).

Essays on Education, Inequality and Society

Author : Julie Ann Pechacek
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 230 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (87 download)

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Book Synopsis Essays on Education, Inequality and Society by : Julie Ann Pechacek

Download or read book Essays on Education, Inequality and Society written by Julie Ann Pechacek and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 230 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation consists of three chapters on labor economics. The first two chapters focus on education, and the third examines inequality and incarceration. Chapter one explores whether college students strategically delay exiting college in response to poor labor market conditions. It exploits variation in U.S. state unemployment rates to identify the causal impact of unemployment rates on time to graduation. Strategic delay is observed among both men and women. Results indicate that students delay graduation by approximately 0.4 months for each percentage point increase in junior-year unemployment rates, implying the average student delays by approximately half a semester during a typical recession. Effects are greatest for men with freshman majors in education, professional and vocational technologies, the humanities, business, and the sciences, and for women in education, the sciences, or undeclared. Delays are robust to fluctuations in students' in-school work hours, earnings, and job market conditions. Chapter two assesses the impact of over-the-counter access to emergency contraception on women's educational attainment using variation in access produced by state legislation since 1998. Approximately 5% of American women of reproductive age experience an unintended pregnancy annually, indicating a significant unmet need for contraception. Results indicate that cohorts with greater access to emergency contraception are more likely to graduate from high school and attain the associate's degree. Effects for high school graduation are most pronounced among black women, while increases in associate's degree attainment are driven primarily by white and Hispanic women. Chapter three explores the relationship between incarceration and generational inequality. Using a calibrated OLG model of criminal behavior with race, inheritance and endogenous education, I calculate how much longer prison sentences, and a higher likelihood of capture and conviction contribute to income inequality. Results indicate that changes to criminal policy mirroring those of the "tough on crime" legislation of the 1980s and 1990s, including an 18% increase in criminal apprehension and a 68% increase in prison sentence length, have little impact on inequality as measured by the Gini coefficient. Instead, the model provides evidence that these enhanced enforcement measures deter crime and decrease incarceration rates.