Twitter And Elections Around The World

Download Twitter And Elections Around The World full books in PDF, epub, and Kindle. Read online Twitter And Elections Around The World ebook anywhere anytime directly on your device. Fast Download speed and no annoying ads. We cannot guarantee that every ebooks is available!

Twitter and Elections around the World

Author : Richard Davis
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317363132
Total Pages : 271 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (173 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Twitter and Elections around the World by : Richard Davis

Download or read book Twitter and Elections around the World written by Richard Davis and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2016-09-01 with total page 271 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Twitter already has become an important electoral communication tool between candidates, parties and their specific constituencies. No serious candidate campaign ignores Twitter, while political party organizations utilize Twitter to communicate with partisans, reinforce supporters, and mobilize voters. Whereas much scholarship to date has focused primarily on Twitter’s political usage in the United States, there still remain many questions about the political uses and effects of Twitter in a global context. Does Twitter effect how reporters interact with candidates or even with each other? Does Twitter increase voter participation? Who is tweeting about elections? Why do people use Twitter in electoral contexts? Which type of candidate is more likely to use Twitter and why? Do parties differ in their use of Twitter, and why? Does Twitter increase candidate-voter interaction? Is Twitter shaping elections in various system contexts, and if so how? What is the influence of system context on Twitter use by parties, candidates, reporters, and voters? Eloquently combining theory and practice, established and rising scholars in the field of political communication have been brought together to provide an essential overview of the influence of Twitter on elections in a comparative perspective. Readers of this book will not only learn everything there is to know about this specific influence of Twitter, but more broadly how to approach the study of various online tools in general.

Tweets from the Campaign Trail

Author : Alex Frame
Publisher : Peter Lang Gmbh, Internationaler Verlag Der Wissenschaften
ISBN 13 : 9783631670095
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (7 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Tweets from the Campaign Trail by : Alex Frame

Download or read book Tweets from the Campaign Trail written by Alex Frame and published by Peter Lang Gmbh, Internationaler Verlag Der Wissenschaften. This book was released on 2016 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Twitter was extensively used during the 2014 European Parliamentary elections. This volume analyses campaign-related microblogging activity in six countries, providing insights into communication styles and strategies observed in different languages and outlining methodological solutions for collecting and analysing political tweets.

Corruptible

Author : Brian Klaas
Publisher : Simon and Schuster
ISBN 13 : 198215411X
Total Pages : 320 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (821 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Corruptible by : Brian Klaas

Download or read book Corruptible written by Brian Klaas and published by Simon and Schuster. This book was released on 2021-11-09 with total page 320 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An “absorbing, provocative, and far-reaching” (Kirkus Reviews, starred review) look at what power is, who gets it, and what happens when they do, based on over 500 interviews with those who (temporarily, at least) have had the upper hand—from the creator of the Power Corrupts podcast and Washington Post columnist Brian Klaas. Does power corrupt, or are corrupt people drawn to power? Are tyrants made or born? Are entrepreneurs who embezzle and cops who kill the result of poorly designed systems or are they just bad people? If you were suddenly thrust into a position of power, would you be able to resist the temptation to line your pockets or seek revenge against your enemies? To answer these questions, Corruptible draws on over 500 interviews with some of the world’s top leaders—from the noblest to the dirtiest—including presidents and philanthropists as well as rebels, cultists, and dictators. Some of the fascinating insights include: how facial appearance determines who we pick as leaders, why narcissists make more money, why some people don’t want power at all and others are drawn to it out of a psychopathic impulse, and why being the “beta” (second in command) may actually be the optimal place for health and well-being. Corruptible also features a wealth of counterintuitive examples from history and social science: you’ll meet the worst bioterrorist in American history, hit the slopes with a ski instructor who once ruled Iraq, and learn why the inability of chimpanzees to play baseball is central to the development of human hierarchies. Based on deep, unprecedented research from around the world, and filled with “unexpected insights…the most important lesson of Corruptible is that when psychopaths inadvertently reveal their true selves, the institutions that they plague must take action that is swift, brutal, and merciless” (Business Insider).

Cheap Speech

Author : Richard L. Hasen
Publisher : Yale University Press
ISBN 13 : 0300265255
Total Pages : 260 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (2 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Cheap Speech by : Richard L. Hasen

Download or read book Cheap Speech written by Richard L. Hasen and published by Yale University Press. This book was released on 2022-03-08 with total page 260 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An informed and practical road map for controlling disinformation, embracing free speech, saving American elections, and protecting democracy "A fresh, persuasive and deeply disturbing overview of the baleful and dangerous impact on the nation of widely disseminated false speech on social media. Richard Hasen, the country’s leading expert about election law, has written this book with flair and clarity.”—Floyd Abrams, author of The Soul of the First Amendment What can be done consistent with the First Amendment to ensure that American voters can make informed election decisions and hold free elections amid a flood of virally spread disinformation and the collapse of local news reporting? How should American society counter the actions of people like former President Donald J. Trump, who used social media to convince millions of his followers to doubt the integrity of U.S. elections and helped foment a violent insurrection? What can we do to minimize disinformation campaigns aimed at suppressing voter turnout? With piercing insight into the current debates over free speech, censorship, and Big Tech’s responsibilities, Richard L. Hasen proposes legal and social measures to restore Americans’ access to reliable information on which democracy depends. In an era when quack COVID treatments and bizarre QAnon theories have entered mainstream, this book explains how to assure both freedom of ideas and a commitment to truth.

The Role of Twitter in the 2016 US Election

Author : Christopher J. Galdieri
Publisher : Palgrave Pivot
ISBN 13 : 9783319689807
Total Pages : 121 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (898 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The Role of Twitter in the 2016 US Election by : Christopher J. Galdieri

Download or read book The Role of Twitter in the 2016 US Election written by Christopher J. Galdieri and published by Palgrave Pivot. This book was released on 2017-11-20 with total page 121 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book assembles six chapters by respected and emerging scholars in political science and communication to produce a first sustained look at Twitter's role in the 2016 US Presidential Election. While much attention has already been paid to Trump's use of Twitter as a phenomenon—how it helps drive news cycles, distracts attention from other matters, or levies attacks against rivals, the news media, and other critics—there has been little scholarly analysis of the impact Twitter played in the actual election. These chapters apply an impressive diversity of theoretical explanations and methodological approaches to explore how this new technology shaped an American election, and what impact it could have in the future.

"Unpresidented" - Twitter as a Tool in Donald Trump's Social Media Campaign

Author : Anonym
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9783960951179
Total Pages : 64 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (511 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis "Unpresidented" - Twitter as a Tool in Donald Trump's Social Media Campaign by : Anonym

Download or read book "Unpresidented" - Twitter as a Tool in Donald Trump's Social Media Campaign written by Anonym and published by . This book was released on 2017-12-19 with total page 64 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Presidential elections in the United States are, and always have been, major events in American and world history. They are watched by millions of people not only in the US but all over the world. A circumstance that is often not noticed by less informed viewers is that the most famous part of the elections, namely the presidential inauguration, is preceded by weeks, months and even years of presidential campaigning, where candidates raise and spend vast amounts of money in order to convince the American citizens to give them their vote. These campaigns have commonly consisted of journeys throughout the entire country, rallies, conventions and speeches but lately, another medium has been taking a great role in the competition: Social Media. Especially during the 2016 election cycle Twitter became a campaign tool that never has been used during political campaigns to this extent before. Donald Trump in particular has made use of Twitter to such a great extent that it sometimes even seemed like his official speaking tube. The introductory chapters of this work are dedicated to Obama's social media pio-neer work during his 2008 election cycle. Then the Twitter phenomenon Trump will be analyzed based on an analysis of recurring patterns in a selection of his tweets. His controversial behavior online as well as offline will be set out as well. From the contents: Trump; Campaign; Twitter; Social Media; Politics; Presidential Elections; USA Dem Uberblick uber politische Wahlkampfstrategien vor und seit der Instrumentalisierung der neuen Medien ist eine konzise und zielfuhrende Einfuhrung in das US-amerikanische Wahlsystem vorangestellt. Zudem werden grundlegende Begrifflichkeiten der neuen Medien unter Bezug auf einschlagige Quellen angemessen erlautert. Die Wende hin zu den neuen Medien im Prasidentschaftswahlkampf seit Obama wird sehr gut zusammengefasst und mit Fragen der Wahlbeteiligung bzw. zur vermeintlichen Politikverdrossenheit in Verbindung gebracht. Im zweit

Breaking the Two-party Doom Loop

Author : Lee Drutman
Publisher : Oxford University Press, USA
ISBN 13 : 0190913851
Total Pages : 369 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (99 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Breaking the Two-party Doom Loop by : Lee Drutman

Download or read book Breaking the Two-party Doom Loop written by Lee Drutman and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2020 with total page 369 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: American democracy is in deep crisis. But what do we do about it? That depends on how we understand the current threat.In Breaking the Two-Party Doom Loop, Lee Drutman argues that we now have, for the first time in American history, a genuine two-party system, with two fully-sorted, truly national parties, divided over the character of the nation. And it's a disaster. It's a party system fundamentally at odds withour anti-majoritarian, compromise-oriented governing institutions. It threatens the very foundations of fairness and shared values on which our democracy depends.Deftly weaving together history, democratic theory, and cutting-edge political science research, Drutman tells the story of how American politics became so toxic and why the country is now trapped in a doom loop of escalating two-party warfare from which there is only one escape: increase the numberof parties through electoral reform. As he shows, American politics was once stable because the two parties held within them multiple factions, which made it possible to assemble flexible majorities and kept the climate of political combat from overheating. But as conservative Southern Democrats andliberal Northeastern Republicans disappeared, partisan conflict flattened and pulled apart. Once the parties became fully nationalized - a long-germinating process that culminated in 2010 - toxic partisanship took over completely. With the two parties divided over competing visions of nationalidentity, Democrats and Republicans no longer see each other as opponents, but as enemies. And the more the conflict escalates, the shakier our democracy feels.Breaking the Two-Party Doom Loop makes a compelling case for large scale electoral reform - importantly, reform not requiring a constitutional amendment - that would give America more parties, making American democracy more representative, more responsive, and ultimately more stable.

Politics and the Twitter Revolution

Author : John H. Parmelee
Publisher : Lexington Books
ISBN 13 : 0739165003
Total Pages : 257 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (391 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Politics and the Twitter Revolution by : John H. Parmelee

Download or read book Politics and the Twitter Revolution written by John H. Parmelee and published by Lexington Books. This book was released on 2012 with total page 257 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Politics and the Twitter Revolution: How Tweets Influence the Relationship between Political Leaders and the Public by John H. Parmelee and Shannon L. Bichard is the first comprehensive examination of how Twitter is used politically. Surveys and in-depth interviews with political Twitter users answer several important questions, including: Who follows the political leaders on Twitter, and why? How persuasive are political tweets? Is political Twitter use good for democracy? These and other questions are answered from theoretical perspectives, such as uses and gratifications, word-of-mouth communication, selective exposure, innovation characteristics, and the continuity-discontinuity framework. In addition, content analysis and frame analysis illustrate how political leaders' tweets frame their policies and personalities. The findings in Politics and the Twitter Revolution show Twitter to be surprisingly influential on political discourse. Twitter has caused major changes in how people engage politically. Followers regularly take actions that are requested in leaders' tweets, and, in many cases, leaders' tweets shape followers' political views more than friends and family. Other findings raise concerns. For some, Twitter use contributes to political polarization, and there is frequently a disconnect between what followers expect from leaders on Twitter and what those leaders are giving them.

Tweeting to Power

Author : Jason Gainous
Publisher : Oxford University Press, USA
ISBN 13 : 0199965099
Total Pages : 207 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (999 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Tweeting to Power by : Jason Gainous

Download or read book Tweeting to Power written by Jason Gainous and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2014 with total page 207 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Using theory and data, Gainous and Wagner illustrate how online social media is bypassing traditional media and creating new forums for the exchange of political information and campaigning.

The Death of Expertise

Author : Tom Nichols
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0190469439
Total Pages : 240 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (94 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The Death of Expertise by : Tom Nichols

Download or read book The Death of Expertise written by Tom Nichols and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2017-02-01 with total page 240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Technology and increasing levels of education have exposed people to more information than ever before. These societal gains, however, have also helped fuel a surge in narcissistic and misguided intellectual egalitarianism that has crippled informed debates on any number of issues. Today, everyone knows everything: with only a quick trip through WebMD or Wikipedia, average citizens believe themselves to be on an equal intellectual footing with doctors and diplomats. All voices, even the most ridiculous, demand to be taken with equal seriousness, and any claim to the contrary is dismissed as undemocratic elitism. Tom Nichols' The Death of Expertise shows how this rejection of experts has occurred: the openness of the internet, the emergence of a customer satisfaction model in higher education, and the transformation of the news industry into a 24-hour entertainment machine, among other reasons. Paradoxically, the increasingly democratic dissemination of information, rather than producing an educated public, has instead created an army of ill-informed and angry citizens who denounce intellectual achievement. When ordinary citizens believe that no one knows more than anyone else, democratic institutions themselves are in danger of falling either to populism or to technocracy or, in the worst case, a combination of both. An update to the 2017breakout hit, the paperback edition of The Death of Expertise provides a new foreword to cover the alarming exacerbation of these trends in the aftermath of Donald Trump's election. Judging from events on the ground since it first published, The Death of Expertise issues a warning about the stability and survival of modern democracy in the Information Age that is even more important today.

The Role of Twitter in the 2016 US Election

Author : Christopher J. Galdieri
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319689819
Total Pages : 121 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (196 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The Role of Twitter in the 2016 US Election by : Christopher J. Galdieri

Download or read book The Role of Twitter in the 2016 US Election written by Christopher J. Galdieri and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-11-06 with total page 121 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book assembles six chapters by respected and emerging scholars in political science and communication to produce a first sustained look at Twitter's role in the 2016 US Presidential Election. While much attention has already been paid to Trump's use of Twitter as a phenomenon—how it helps drive news cycles, distracts attention from other matters, or levies attacks against rivals, the news media, and other critics—there has been little scholarly analysis of the impact Twitter played in the actual election. These chapters apply an impressive diversity of theoretical explanations and methodological approaches to explore how this new technology shaped an American election, and what impact it could have in the future.

Social Media in Politics

Author : Bogdan Pătruţ
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319046667
Total Pages : 384 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (19 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Social Media in Politics by : Bogdan Pătruţ

Download or read book Social Media in Politics written by Bogdan Pătruţ and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-05-05 with total page 384 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume sets out to analyse the relation between social media and politics by investigating the power of the internet and more specifically social media, in the political and social discourse. The volume collects original research on the use of social media in political campaigns, electoral marketing, riots and social revolutions, presenting a range of case studies from across the world as well as theoretical and methodological contributions. Examples that explore the use of social media in electoral campaigns include, for instance, studies on the use of Face book in the 2012 US presidential campaign and in the 2011 Turkish general elections. The final section of the book debates the usage of Twitter and other Web 2.0 tools in mobilizing people for riots and revolutions, presenting and analysing recent events in Istanbul and Egypt, among others.

Electoral Integrity in America

Author : Pippa Norris
Publisher : Oxford University Press, USA
ISBN 13 : 0190934166
Total Pages : 281 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (99 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Electoral Integrity in America by : Pippa Norris

Download or read book Electoral Integrity in America written by Pippa Norris and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2018-11-20 with total page 281 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Concern about the integrity of American elections did not start with Trump's election; flaws in procedures have gradually grown during recent decades. The contemporary "tipping point" that raised public awareness was the 2000 Bush v. Gore Florida count, but, the 2016 campaign and its aftermath clearly worsened several major structural weaknesses. This deepened party polarization over the rules of the game and corroded American trust in the electoral process. Disputes over elections have proliferated on all sides in Trump's America with heated debate about the key problems--whether the risks of electoral fraud, fake news, voter suppression, or Russian interference--and with no consensus about the right solutions. This book illuminates several major challenges observed during the 2016 U.S. elections, focusing upon concern about both the security and inclusiveness of the voter registration process in America. Given the importance of striking the right balance between security and inclusiveness in voter registration, this volume brings together legal scholars, political scientists, and electoral assistance practitioners to provide new evidence-based insights and policy-relevant recommendations.

Tyrants on Twitter

Author : David L. Sloss
Publisher : Stanford University Press
ISBN 13 : 150363115X
Total Pages : 413 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (36 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Tyrants on Twitter by : David L. Sloss

Download or read book Tyrants on Twitter written by David L. Sloss and published by Stanford University Press. This book was released on 2022-04-12 with total page 413 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A look inside the weaponization of social media, and an innovative proposal for protecting Western democracies from information warfare. When Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, and Instagram were first introduced to the public, their mission was simple: they were designed to help people become more connected to each other. Social media became a thriving digital space by giving its users the freedom to share whatever they wanted with their friends and followers. Unfortunately, these same digital tools are also easy to manipulate. As exemplified by Russia's interference in the 2016 U.S. presidential election, authoritarian states can exploit social media to interfere with democratic governance in open societies. Tyrants on Twitter is the first detailed analysis of how Chinese and Russian agents weaponize Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, and YouTube to subvert the liberal international order. In addition to examining the 2016 U.S. election, David L. Sloss explores Russia's use of foreign influence operations to threaten democracies in Europe, as well as China's use of social media and other digital tools to meddle in Western democracies and buttress autocratic rulers around the world. Sloss calls for cooperation among democratic governments to create a new transnational system for regulating social media to protect Western democracies from information warfare. Drawing on his professional experience as an arms control negotiator, he outlines a novel system of transnational governance that Western democracies can enforce by harmonizing their domestic regulations. And drawing on his academic expertise in constitutional law, he explains why that system—if implemented by legislation in the United States—would be constitutionally defensible, despite likely First Amendment objections. With its critical examination of information warfare and its proposal for practical legislative solutions to fight back, this book is essential reading in a time when disinformation campaigns threaten to undermine democracy.

Twitter

Author : Dhiraj Murthy
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 0745665101
Total Pages : 184 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (456 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Twitter by : Dhiraj Murthy

Download or read book Twitter written by Dhiraj Murthy and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2013-09-04 with total page 184 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Twitter has become a household name, discussed both for its role in prominent national elections, natural disasters, and political movements, as well as for what some malign as narcissistic “chatter.” This book takes a critical step back from popular discourse and media coverage of Twitter, to present the first balanced, scholarly engagement of this popular medium. In this timely and comprehensive introduction, Murthy not only discusses Twitter’s role in our political, economic, and social lives, but also draws a historical line between the telegraph and Twitter to reflect on changes in social communication over time. The book thoughtfully examines Twitter as an emergent global communications medium and provides a theoretical framework for students, scholars, and tweeters to reflect critically on the impact of Twitter and the contemporary media environment. The book uses case studies including citizen journalism, health, and national disasters to provide empirically rich insights and to help decipher some of the ways in which Twitter and social media more broadly may be shaping contemporary life.

Civil War by Other Means

Author : Jeremi Suri
Publisher : Hachette UK
ISBN 13 : 1541758552
Total Pages : 314 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (417 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Civil War by Other Means by : Jeremi Suri

Download or read book Civil War by Other Means written by Jeremi Suri and published by Hachette UK. This book was released on 2022-10-18 with total page 314 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Civil War may have ended on the battlefield, but the fight for equality never did In 1865, the Confederacy was comprehensively defeated, its economy shattered, its leaders in exile or in jail. Yet in the years that followed, Lincoln’s vision of a genuinely united country never took root. Apart from a few brief months, when the presence of the Union army in the South proved liberating for newly freed Black Americans, the military victory was squandered. Old white supremacist efforts returned, more ferocious than before. In Civil War by Other Means, Jeremi Suri shows how resistance to a more equal Union began immediately. From the first postwar riots to the return of Confederate exiles, to the impeachment of Andrew Johnson, to the highly contested and consequential election of 1876, Suri explores the conflicts and questions Americans wrestled with as competing visions of democracy, race, and freedom came to a vicious breaking point. What emerges is a vivid and at times unsettling portrait of a country striving to rebuild itself, but unable to compromise on or adhere to the most basic democratic tenets. What should have been a moment of national renewal was ultimately wasted, with reverberations still felt today. The recent shocks to American democracy are rooted in this forgotten, urgent history.

Computational Propaganda

Author : Samuel C. Woolley
Publisher : Oxford Studies in Digital Poli
ISBN 13 : 019093140X
Total Pages : 273 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (99 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Computational Propaganda by : Samuel C. Woolley

Download or read book Computational Propaganda written by Samuel C. Woolley and published by Oxford Studies in Digital Poli. This book was released on 2018-11-12 with total page 273 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Social media platforms do not just circulate political ideas, they support manipulative disinformation campaigns. While some of these disinformation campaigns are carried out directly by individuals, most are waged by software, commonly known as bots, programmed to perform simple, repetitive, robotic tasks. Some social media bots collect and distribute legitimate information, while others communicate with and harass people, manipulate trending algorithms, and inundate systems with spam. Campaigns made up of bots, fake accounts, and trolls can be coordinated by one person, or a small group of people, to give the illusion of large-scale consensus. Some political regimes use political bots to silence opponents and to push official state messaging, to sway the vote during elections, and to defame critics, human rights defenders, civil society groups, and journalists. This book argues that such automation and platform manipulation, amounts to a new political communications mechanism that Samuel Woolley and Philip N. Noward call "computational propaganda." This differs from older styles of propaganda in that it uses algorithms, automation, and human curation to purposefully distribute misleading information over social media networks while it actively learns from and mimicks real people so as to manipulate public opinion across a diverse range of platforms and device networks. This book includes cases of computational propaganda from nine countries (both democratic and authoritarian) and four continents (North and South America, Europe, and Asia), covering propaganda efforts over a wide array of social media platforms and usage in different types of political processes (elections, referenda, and during political crises).