Twenty-First Century Inequality & Capitalism: Piketty, Marx and Beyond

Download Twenty-First Century Inequality & Capitalism: Piketty, Marx and Beyond PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : BRILL
ISBN 13 : 9004357041
Total Pages : 412 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (43 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Twenty-First Century Inequality & Capitalism: Piketty, Marx and Beyond by :

Download or read book Twenty-First Century Inequality & Capitalism: Piketty, Marx and Beyond written by and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2018-01-03 with total page 412 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Twenty-First Century Inequality & Capitalism: Piketty, Marx and Beyond is a collection of critical essays on the economist’s iconic 2014 book, from the perspective of critical theory, global political economy or public sociology, mostly drawn from the Marxist tradition.

Capital in the Twenty-First Century

Download Capital in the Twenty-First Century PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Harvard University Press
ISBN 13 : 0674979850
Total Pages : 817 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (749 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Capital in the Twenty-First Century by : Thomas Piketty

Download or read book Capital in the Twenty-First Century written by Thomas Piketty and published by Harvard University Press. This book was released on 2017-08-14 with total page 817 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: What are the grand dynamics that drive the accumulation and distribution of capital? Questions about the long-term evolution of inequality, the concentration of wealth, and the prospects for economic growth lie at the heart of political economy. But satisfactory answers have been hard to find for lack of adequate data and clear guiding theories. In this work the author analyzes a unique collection of data from twenty countries, ranging as far back as the eighteenth century, to uncover key economic and social patterns. His findings transform debate and set the agenda for the next generation of thought about wealth and inequality. He shows that modern economic growth and the diffusion of knowledge have allowed us to avoid inequalities on the apocalyptic scale predicted by Karl Marx. But we have not modified the deep structures of capital and inequality as much as we thought in the optimistic decades following World War II. The main driver of inequality--the tendency of returns on capital to exceed the rate of economic growth--today threatens to generate extreme inequalities that stir discontent and undermine democratic values if political action is not taken. But economic trends are not acts of God. Political action has curbed dangerous inequalities in the past, the author says, and may do so again. This original work reorients our understanding of economic history and confronts us with sobering lessons for today.

Thomas Piketty's Capital in the Twenty-First Century

Download Thomas Piketty's Capital in the Twenty-First Century PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Verso Books
ISBN 13 : 1784786160
Total Pages : 96 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (847 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Thomas Piketty's Capital in the Twenty-First Century by : Stephen Kaufmann

Download or read book Thomas Piketty's Capital in the Twenty-First Century written by Stephen Kaufmann and published by Verso Books. This book was released on 2017-08-01 with total page 96 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An introduction to Thomas Piketty’s monumental work US Nobel Prize–winner Paul Krugman described Thomas Piketty’s Capital in the Twenty-First Century as “perhaps the most important book of the last decade.” It has sparked major international debates, dominated bestseller lists and generated a level of enthusiasm—as well as intense criticism—in a way no other economic or sociological work has in a long time. Piketty has been described as a new Karl Marx and placed in the same league as the economist John Maynard Keynes. The “rock star economist’s” underlying thesis is that inequality under capitalism has reached dramatic levels in the last few decades and continues to grow—and that this is not by chance. A small elite is making itself richer and richer and acquiring everincreasing levels of power. Given the sensational reception of Piketty’s not-so-easily digested 800-page study, the question as to where the hype around the book comes from deserves to be asked. What does it get right? And what should we make of it—both of the book itself and of the criticism it has received? This introduction lays out the argument of Piketty’s monumental work in a compact and understandable format, while also investigating the controversies Piketty has stirred up. In addition, the two authors demonstrate the limits, contradictions and errors of the so-called Piketty revolution.

Capital and Ideology

Download Capital and Ideology PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Harvard University Press
ISBN 13 : 0674245083
Total Pages : 1105 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (742 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Capital and Ideology by : Thomas Piketty

Download or read book Capital and Ideology written by Thomas Piketty and published by Harvard University Press. This book was released on 2020-03-10 with total page 1105 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A New York Times Bestseller An NPR Best Book of the Year The epic successor to one of the most important books of the century: at once a retelling of global history, a scathing critique of contemporary politics, and a bold proposal for a new and fairer economic system. Thomas Piketty’s bestselling Capital in the Twenty-First Century galvanized global debate about inequality. In this audacious follow-up, Piketty challenges us to revolutionize how we think about politics, ideology, and history. He exposes the ideas that have sustained inequality for the past millennium, reveals why the shallow politics of right and left are failing us today, and outlines the structure of a fairer economic system. Our economy, Piketty observes, is not a natural fact. Markets, profits, and capital are all historical constructs that depend on choices. Piketty explores the material and ideological interactions of conflicting social groups that have given us slavery, serfdom, colonialism, communism, and hypercapitalism, shaping the lives of billions. He concludes that the great driver of human progress over the centuries has been the struggle for equality and education and not, as often argued, the assertion of property rights or the pursuit of stability. The new era of extreme inequality that has derailed that progress since the 1980s, he shows, is partly a reaction against communism, but it is also the fruit of ignorance, intellectual specialization, and our drift toward the dead-end politics of identity. Once we understand this, we can begin to envision a more balanced approach to economics and politics. Piketty argues for a new “participatory” socialism, a system founded on an ideology of equality, social property, education, and the sharing of knowledge and power. Capital and Ideology is destined to be one of the indispensable books of our time, a work that will not only help us understand the world, but that will change it.

Disinherited Majority

Download Disinherited Majority PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317261143
Total Pages : 200 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (172 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Disinherited Majority by : Charles Derber

Download or read book Disinherited Majority written by Charles Derber and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2015-11-17 with total page 200 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Thomas Piketty's blockbuster 2014 book, Capital in the 21st Century, may prove to be a game-changer, one of those rare books such as Friedan's The Feminine Mystique, which helped spark a new feminist movement. The world-wide flood of commentary suggests Piketty's book has already opened a new conversation not only about inequality, but about class, capitalism and social justice. Inherited wealth is at the heart of Capital in the 21st Century, and Derber shows how the 'disinherited majority' is likely to affect the future. In his new book, Derber shows that there are actually 'two Pikettys' - different voices of the author on the 1%, inheritance, and capitalism itself - that create a fascinating and unacknowledged hidden debate and conversation within the book. Drawing on Piketty's discussion, Derber raises fourteen 'capital questions' - with new perspectives on caste and class warfare, the Great Recession, the decline of the American Dream and the Occupy movement - that can guide a new conversation about the past and future of capitalism. The Disinherited Majority will catalyse a conversation beyond Piketty already emerging in colleges and universities, town halls, coffee shops, workplaces and political parties and social movements; an essential class for all Americans.

Anti-Piketty

Download Anti-Piketty PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Cato Institute
ISBN 13 : 1944424261
Total Pages : 374 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (444 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Anti-Piketty by : Jean-Philippe Delsol

Download or read book Anti-Piketty written by Jean-Philippe Delsol and published by Cato Institute. This book was released on 2017-03-01 with total page 374 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Thomas Piketty's book Capital in the Twenty-First Century has enjoyed great success and provides a new theory about wealth and inequality. However, there have been major criticisms of his work. Anti-Piketty: Capital for the 21st Century collects key criticisms from 20 specialists—economists, historians, and tax experts—who provide rigorous arguments against Piketty's work while examining the notions of inequality, growth, wealth, and capital.

Piketty's Capital in the Twenty-First Century

Download Piketty's Capital in the Twenty-First Century PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781848901575
Total Pages : 286 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (15 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Piketty's Capital in the Twenty-First Century by : Edward Fullbrook

Download or read book Piketty's Capital in the Twenty-First Century written by Edward Fullbrook and published by . This book was released on 2014-11-24 with total page 286 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Thomas Piketty's book Capital in the 21st Century has already attracted more serious attention than any economics book published in the last seventy-five years. This collection of 17 essays by some of the world's most prominent economists explores Piketty's book at depth and from various vantage points. Here is what economists around the world are already saying about this book. "Marx's Capital is strong on theory but, it detractors allege, weak on data. In a dialectic worthy of Hegel himself, the critics assembled here argue that Piketty's Capital stands opposite to Marx's, as strong on data but weak on theory. This combination--plus its exquisite timing--explains it critical acclaim. The juxtaposition of economic stagnation and obscene inequality in the aftermath of the financial crisis made it impossible for mainstream economists to continue ignoring inequality, let alone applauding it as they have done for so long. Piketty made it possible for them to acknowledge it without abandoning their comforting but false mainstream theories of capitalism. These authors in this volume applaud Piketty for his contribution to empirical knowledge, but reject his views on how this inequality came about. The true Capital for the 21st century is still yet to be written." - Steve Keen, Kingston University, London "Neoclassical economics spawned a utopian belief in capitalism with unregulated market forces. Thomas Piketty's empirical analysis has dealt a fatal blow to that belief by highlighting the recent huge redistributions of income and wealth to the ultra-rich. This raises a fundamental question for people around the world: How do we achieve a better world through economic policies? This global collection addresses that question and explores theoretical explanations for Piketty's empirical findings." - Ping Chen, Fudan University and Peking University, China "Are the theoretical explanations proposed by Thomas Piketty of the rising inequalities valid? What is the meaning of his first and second "laws" of capitalism? This book is indispensable for anyone seeking answers to these questions." - Andre Orlean, Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales, Paris "By examining Thomas Piketty's Capital in the Twenty-First Century from different angles, the 18 contributors to this invaluable book add enormously to our understanding of inequality and of policy options for reducing it. They point to the lack of a distinction between rentier income and earned income, to the severe limits of marginal productivity theory that Piketty employs and to the utopian nature of Piketty's only suggested remedy. - Norbert Haering, Economics Editor, Handelsblatt, Germany "Piketty's book Capital in the Twentieth Century served the cause of drawing the world's attention to inequality under capitalism in the long haul, based on a fresh and innovative look at new evidence. This book serves that cause even better by focusing on the inadequacies of Piketty's analysis of the processes and mechanisms leading to that inequality, and, therefore, on what needs to be done to address it." - C. P. Chandrasekhar, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi "Thomas Piketty's Capital in the Twenty-First Century was the publishing sensation of 2104, focussing the world's attention on the huge and continuing growth in inequality that poses a serious economic, political and social threat to us all. In this important new book, 18 economists from Europe, North America and Asia offer sympathetic but critical appraisals of Piketty's theoretical framework, his empirical analysis and his radical policy proposals. This is not the last word on Piketty - whatever could be? - but it is indispensable reading for everyone who is interested in one of the most important challenges of our time." - John King, La Trobe University, Australia

After Piketty

Download After Piketty PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Harvard University Press
ISBN 13 : 067497817X
Total Pages : 688 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (749 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis After Piketty by : Heather Boushey

Download or read book After Piketty written by Heather Boushey and published by Harvard University Press. This book was released on 2017-05-08 with total page 688 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Are Thomas Piketty’s analyses of inequality on target? Where should researchers go from here in exploring the ideas he pushed to the forefront of global conversation? In After Piketty, a cast of economists and other social scientists tackle these questions in dialogue with Piketty, in what is sure to be a much-debated book in its own right.

The Economics of Inequality

Download The Economics of Inequality PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Harvard University Press
ISBN 13 : 0674504801
Total Pages : 153 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (745 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Economics of Inequality by : Thomas Piketty

Download or read book The Economics of Inequality written by Thomas Piketty and published by Harvard University Press. This book was released on 2015-08-03 with total page 153 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Succinct, accessible, and authoritative, Thomas Piketty’s The Economics of Inequality is the ideal place to start for those who want to understand the fundamental issues at the heart of one the most pressing concerns in contemporary economics and politics. This work now appears in English for the first time.

Pocket Piketty

Download Pocket Piketty PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Zed Books Ltd.
ISBN 13 : 1786992353
Total Pages : 80 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (869 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Pocket Piketty by : Jesper Roine

Download or read book Pocket Piketty written by Jesper Roine and published by Zed Books Ltd.. This book was released on 2017-09-01 with total page 80 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Thomas Piketty’s Capital in the Twenty-First Century has been hailed as a masterpiece, making a powerful case that wealth inequality is not an accident, but rather an inherent feature of capitalism. But how many of us who bought or borrowed the book have read more than a fraction of its 700+ pages? And how many of Piketty’s groundbreaking ideas have gone unappreciated, all for want of intellectual stamina? In this handy volume, Jesper Roine – whose own work was relied upon by Piketty – explains in clear and accessible prose the key concepts behind, and controversies surrounding, Piketty’s landmark work.

The Piketty Phenomenon

Download The Piketty Phenomenon PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Bridget Williams Books
ISBN 13 : 192727771X
Total Pages : 192 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (272 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Piketty Phenomenon by : Geoff Bertram

Download or read book The Piketty Phenomenon written by Geoff Bertram and published by Bridget Williams Books. This book was released on 2014-10-23 with total page 192 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Few books have had the global impact of Thomas Piketty’s Capital in the Twenty-First Century. An overnight bestseller, Piketty’s assessment that inherited wealth will always grow faster, on average, than earned wealth has energised debate. Hailed as ‘bigger than Marx’ (The Economist) or dismissed as ‘medieval’ (Wall Street Journal), the book is widely acknowledged as having significant economic and political implications. Collected in this BWB Text are responses to this phenomenon from a diverse range of New Zealand economists and commentators. These voices speak independently to the relevance of Piketty’s conclusions. Is New Zealand faced with a one-way future of rising inequality? Does redistribution need to focus more on wealth, rather than just income? Was the post-war Great Convergence merely an aberration and is our society doomed to regress into a new Gilded Age?

Karl Polanyi and Twenty-First-century Capitalism

Download Karl Polanyi and Twenty-First-century Capitalism PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781526127884
Total Pages : 312 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (278 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Karl Polanyi and Twenty-First-century Capitalism by : Radhika Desai

Download or read book Karl Polanyi and Twenty-First-century Capitalism written by Radhika Desai and published by . This book was released on 2020-06-24 with total page 312 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As the neoliberal order decays, we recall Polanyi's warning against market domination and his trademark ideas: commodified money, the double movement, the US exception development, the reality of society, and socialism as freedom in a complex society. The contributors consider the links between Polanyi's ideas and income inequality, world systems theory, and comparative political economy.

Postcapitalism

Download Postcapitalism PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Macmillan
ISBN 13 : 0374235546
Total Pages : 369 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (742 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Postcapitalism by : Paul Mason

Download or read book Postcapitalism written by Paul Mason and published by Macmillan. This book was released on 2015 with total page 369 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Originally published in 2015 by Allen Lane, an imprint of Penguin Random House, Great Britain"--Title page verso.

World Inequality Report 2022

Download World Inequality Report 2022 PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Harvard University Press
ISBN 13 : 0674273567
Total Pages : 267 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (742 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis World Inequality Report 2022 by : Lucas Chancel

Download or read book World Inequality Report 2022 written by Lucas Chancel and published by Harvard University Press. This book was released on 2022-11 with total page 267 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: World Inequality Report 2022 is the most authoritative and comprehensive account of global trends in inequality, providing cutting-edge information about income and wealth inequality and also pioneering data about the history of inequality, gender inequality, environmental inequalities, and trends in international tax reform and redistribution.

A Return to Marx - and Then Beyond

Download A Return to Marx - and Then Beyond PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781536176964
Total Pages : 306 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (769 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis A Return to Marx - and Then Beyond by : Tor Claussen

Download or read book A Return to Marx - and Then Beyond written by Tor Claussen and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 306 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Capitalism - Marx and Beyond" examines the current bourgeoisie capitalism. Capitalism is addressed as a unique concrete historically reality. This mode of production inherits traditional pre modern social forms that are cultivated as national identities. National sentiments are expressed as honor of possessions that are identified through diverse "we" and preserved as "our values". Capitalism transforms and modifies such pre modern heritages into an undistinguishable mix of both modern and pre modern social forms. Focus in this book will be on the unique material features of capitalism.Attention will be provided to the works of Karl Marx, particularly the second volume of Capital, where Marx apparently got stuck. His deadlock indicates a serious deficit associated with investigations of accumulation and innovation. Innovation and accumulation will, in this book, be linked to uncertainty and reoccurring crises that signify the incapacities of the capitalist system to operate as a viable mode of production.In the theory of value, Marx places human social labor in a unique historical position, where social labor is applied together with previously produced means in order to deliver new output. Anarchism and the insufficiency to provide necessary and appropriate output causes disturbances and crises.Several critical examinations of selected views on crises, uncertainties and dysfunctions of capitalism are offered. Selected strategies based on monetary solutions and financial instruments aim to regenerate balance. Rather than gaining a balance, reoccurring disruptive circumstances are assumed to be the normal state of affairs. Michael J. Piore and Charles F. Sabel and The Second Industrial Divide: Possibilities for Prosperity from 1984 draws attention to a strategy based on a system of flexible specialization accompanying the introduction of Information and Communication Technology. Their second historical divide associated with the new production strategy is critically examined.Thomas Piketty and his Capital in the Twenty-First Century from 2014 emphasizes capital, wealth distribution and inequality. A critical account of the concept of capital is a paramount assignment in the critical investigations into his contribution.Marx is offered another chance through the critical investigations of some basic concepts introduced by David Harvey in A Companion to Marx's Capital, Volume 2 from 2013. Harvey's emphasis on the role of credit and finance are critically investigated and justifies an alternative return to Marx.A renewed interpretation of Marx corresponds with his assumption that a balanced and stable economy is an illusion. Capitalism has to accumulate and create the necessary flexibility in order to reproduce. On the other hand, this system of accumulation is anarchic, arbitrary and contradictory.Identification of sources for flexibility and accumulation becomes a deadlock for Marx. Innovation is insufficiently accounted for in his analysis. A serious deficit with his whole position emerges that paves the way for an alternative beyond Marx.The alternative beyond Marx draws attention to a wider context of the critical investigations. Some philosophical implications concerning the concepts of freedom, independence, determinism and randomness are touched upon. Implications for the much-debated concepts of basis and superstructure are addressed. The consequences for the future possibility for the human species to cope with crises and other aspects of our destiny are sketched.

The Legitimation Crisis of Neoliberalism

Download The Legitimation Crisis of Neoliberalism PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 113759246X
Total Pages : 254 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (375 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Legitimation Crisis of Neoliberalism by : Alessandro Bonanno

Download or read book The Legitimation Crisis of Neoliberalism written by Alessandro Bonanno and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-07-06 with total page 254 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book proposes a theory of the legitimation crisis of neoliberalism. Through analyses of the legitimation crisis of regulated capitalism and the characteristics and theories of neoliberalism, the author contends that neoliberalism is affected by crises of system and social integration. The crisis of system integration refers to the inability of market mechanisms to address problems of capital accumulation and social stability. The crisis of social integration refers to the unmet promises of economic growth and social well-being. While attempts to address these crises are carried out through state intervention, crisis resolutions are inadequate due to the limits of the free market system and current state forms. Alessandro Bonanno contends that, as ideological and material forms of legitimation are inadequate, and processes of capital accumulation are sluggish and resistance weak, change is necessary. He outlines how this change will be controlled by corporate actors, minimally address the demands of subordinate groups, and marginally alter existing conditions.

Piketty Marx and Capital

Download Piketty Marx and Capital PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781520162003
Total Pages : 158 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (62 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Piketty Marx and Capital by : Prasanna Choudhary

Download or read book Piketty Marx and Capital written by Prasanna Choudhary and published by . This book was released on 2016-12-16 with total page 158 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is a critique of Thomas Piketty's much acclaimed work 'Capital in the Twenty-First Century'. While critically examining the book, it brings out the major contradictions and inconsistencies inherent in Piketty's treatment of the subject. Piketty's pious wish to resurrect the spirit of classical political economy on the one hand, and his pragmatic preference for the big data methodology on the other hand, has been dealt as the first major inconsistency of his book. Piketty's theoretical genealogy has been traced to Eti�nne Bonnet de Condillac (1715-1780). In course of the critique, the book surveys the evolution of economic theories and schools as well as that of the contradictions inherent in the capitalist mode of production.Piketty's book has been compared with Karl Marx's 'Capital' and some reviewers have christened it 'Capital 2.0'. Piketty too has been called 'Modern Marx' or 'Bigger than Marx' by some critics. Moreover, Marx's long shadow is quite apparent in his book from beginning to end. At every point, before propounding his conclusions, he remembers and cites Marx, but quickly backtracks. In this background, this book extensively deals with Piketty's 'Yes Marx No Marx' syndrome.Moreover, Piketty's book refrains from considering certain major developments of the twentieth century that are playing vital role in shaping the economy and society in the twenty-first century. Piketty desist from entering new time, and hence the content of the book does not justify the title of the book. However, no book is complete and free from certain inconsistencies. Some incompleteness, ceratin inconsistencies are part of a book - it keeps the door of fresh explorations, interpretations and explanations open for those who want to pursue the subject further. Hence, despite certain inconsistencies, this book thanks Mr Piketty for unequivocally drawing attention to certain realities (substantiated by data spread over two centuries) that provide enough lessons for emerging economies.The book is divided in eight sub-titles: i. Apocalypse and Exuberance; ii. Data and Dialectics; iii. Capital Social and Self-Expanding; iv. Wealth Inherited and Created; v. Century Twentieth and Twenty-First; vi. Yes Marx No Marx; vii. London Chicago Paris; and viii. Thank You Mr Piketty. At the end of the book a list of economists who have shaped our economic thinking and practice up to our own times has been provided.