Tourism and Hospitality Development Between China and EU

Download Tourism and Hospitality Development Between China and EU PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3642359108
Total Pages : 276 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (423 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Tourism and Hospitality Development Between China and EU by : Guojun Zeng

Download or read book Tourism and Hospitality Development Between China and EU written by Guojun Zeng and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-10-16 with total page 276 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Tourism and hospitality industry is facing a substantial amount of opportunities and challenges due to the globalization. The Third International Conference on Tourism and Hospitality between China and Spain (ICTCHS) provides a unique global forum for academics, thought leaders and key industry practitioners from diverse backgrounds and interests to meet, discuss and debate critical issues that will affect the future direction of tourism and hospitality research and practice.

Tourism Product Development in China, Asian and European Countries

Download Tourism Product Development in China, Asian and European Countries PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 9811544476
Total Pages : 250 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (115 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Tourism Product Development in China, Asian and European Countries by : Yuhua Luo

Download or read book Tourism Product Development in China, Asian and European Countries written by Yuhua Luo and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-05-21 with total page 250 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book analyzes a broad variety of tourism products in China, Asia and Europe that employ both cutting-edge IT technologies and advanced methodologies. These products are cultural tourism, recreational tourism, sport tourism, adventure tourism, medical tourism and more. Authors from different areas contributed to the book, including academic researchers, graduate students, government administrators and industry practitioners. The book covers the entire chain of tourism product business processes: product development and improvement, tourist behavior analysis, marketing and sales, customer service, etc. In addition, it addresses related issues such as tourism sustainability, policymaking, environmental protection and human resource development. Big data processing, data mining, visual content analysis and textural content analysis, semantic nets and sentiment analysis are among the cutting-edge technological tools used to study tourism product development here. The book gathers selected papers from the 9th International Conference on Tourism and Hospitality between China and Spain (www.china-spain.org) with participants from 18 countries. Though the book is mainly intended for researchers and policymakers, it will also appeal to a wider audience, due to its first-hand content, insightful analysis and broad geographic coverage.

Tourism and Hotel Development in China

Download Tourism and Hotel Development in China PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1136393358
Total Pages : 326 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (363 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Tourism and Hotel Development in China by : Ray J Pine

Download or read book Tourism and Hotel Development in China written by Ray J Pine and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2013-04-03 with total page 326 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Examine the reasons for the rapid growth of China’s tourism industry Tourism and Hotel Development in China: From Political to Economic Success is a comprehensive guide to the development of the tourism industry in Mainland China following the end of the Cultural Revolution. Conceived as a textbook but equally valuable as a professional resource for consultants, researchers, and tourist organizations, this insightful book tracks the unique circumstances that sparked the growth of China’s tourism and hotel industry from a political, diplomatic activity to a burgeoning economic industry. The book includes background information on geography, culture, history, politics, and economics, and examines the evolution of tourism policies, inbound vs. outbound travel, hotel operations and trends, and the Chinese government’s role in developing tourism. China may be a latecomer to international tourism development, but visitors have made it one of the world’s top 10 travel destinations every year since 1994. Since historic policy shifts in 1978 opened China’s doors to the outside world, inbound tourism has played a significant role in building a national economy. And the increase in disposable income among China’s citizens has helped create a sizable market for domestic and outbound tourism as well. Tourism and Hotel Development in China looks at the major factors and characteristics of each type of tourism, international hotel development trends and their influence on China’s hotel industry, related human resources issues, travel services, the development of hotel chains in China, compensation and incentive management, and the future of China’s tourism and hotel industry. Topics examined in Tourism and Hotel Development in China include: travel and tourism, pre-and post-1949 the Asia market the intercontinental market international tourism in different regions of China popular urban tourist destinations in China approved outbound destinations outbound travel to Hong Kong challenges facing travel services local protectionism travel agencies hotel franchising foreign vs. local hotel chains outsourcing and much more! Tourism and Hotel Development in China: From Political to Economic Success follows the journey of China’s tourism industry from a public relations vehicle, restricted by the economy and controlled by the government, to an important source of commerce for a country whose national economy was nearly on the verge of collapse.

Tourism, Aviation and Hospitality Development During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Download Tourism, Aviation and Hospitality Development During the COVID-19 Pandemic PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 9811916616
Total Pages : 264 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (119 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Tourism, Aviation and Hospitality Development During the COVID-19 Pandemic by : Yuhua Luo

Download or read book Tourism, Aviation and Hospitality Development During the COVID-19 Pandemic written by Yuhua Luo and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-05-09 with total page 264 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a snapshot of the COVID-19 pandemic situation from the perspective of the tourism, aviation and hospitality industries. The book analyzes the challenges and possible strategies for recovery to meet the urgent needs of the industry to deal with this catastrophic health crisis. A good part of the book discusses the negative effect of the pandemic to these industrial sectors and the strategies to reduce it. The book also explores other aspects of the tourism and hospitality development as the base for recovery such as applying more flexible business models, understanding the resident’s perception and emotion experience, strengthening the human resource management, and improving the destination image for marketing, etc. Some long-term issues are also discussed such as management education and environment protection education. The book is highly recommended for tourism and aviation researchers, policy makers, industry practitioners, and graduate students. This book is a collection of selected papers from the 10th International Conference on Tourism and Hospitality between China and Spain (www.china-spain.org).

Tourism and Culture in the Age of Innovation

Download Tourism and Culture in the Age of Innovation PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319275283
Total Pages : 625 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (192 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Tourism and Culture in the Age of Innovation by : Vicky Katsoni

Download or read book Tourism and Culture in the Age of Innovation written by Vicky Katsoni and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-03-03 with total page 625 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book focuses on cultural tourism as it develops into the second decade of the new millennium. It presents recent hospitality and tourism research findings from various sources, including academic researchers and scholars, industry professionals, government and quasi-government officials, and other key industry practitioners. It discusses the latest tourism industry trends and identifies gaps in the research from a pragmatic and applied perspective. It includes specific chapters on innovation in tourism, the virtual visitor, cross-cultural visions of digital collections, heritage and museum management in the digital era, cultural and digital tourism policy, marketing and governance, social media, emerging technologies and e-tourism and many other topics of contemporary significance in global hospitality and tourism. The book is edited in collaboration with the International Association of Cultural and Digital Tourism (IACuDiT) and includes the proceedings of the Second International Conference on Cultural and Digital Tourism.

Promoting Creative Tourism: Current Issues in Tourism Research

Download Promoting Creative Tourism: Current Issues in Tourism Research PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1000353567
Total Pages : 834 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (3 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Promoting Creative Tourism: Current Issues in Tourism Research by : Ahmad Hudaiby Galih Kusumah

Download or read book Promoting Creative Tourism: Current Issues in Tourism Research written by Ahmad Hudaiby Galih Kusumah and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2021-04-23 with total page 834 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The papers presented in this work cover themes such as sustainable tourism; ICT and tourism; marine tourism; tourism and education; tourism, economics, and finance; tourism marketing; recreation and sport tourism; halal & sharia tourism; culture and indigenous tourism; destination management; tourism gastronomy; politic, social, and humanities in tourism; heritage tourism; medical & health tourism; film induced tourism; community based tourism; tourism planning and policy; meeting, incentive, convention, and exhibition; supply chain management; hospitality management; restaurant management and operation; safety and crisis management; corporate social responsibility (CSR); tourism geography; disruptive innovation in tourism; infrastructure and transportation in tourism development; urban and rural tourism planning and development; community resilience and social capital in tourism. The 4th ISOT 2020 aimed at (1) bringing together scientists, researchers, practitioners, professionals, and students in a scientific forum and (2) having discussions on theoretical and practical knowledge about current issues in tourism. The keynote speakers contributing to this conference are those with expertise in tourism, either in an academic or industrial context.

The Palgrave Handbook of Globalization with Chinese Characteristics

Download The Palgrave Handbook of Globalization with Chinese Characteristics PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 9811967008
Total Pages : 810 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (119 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Palgrave Handbook of Globalization with Chinese Characteristics by : Paulo Afonso B. Duarte

Download or read book The Palgrave Handbook of Globalization with Chinese Characteristics written by Paulo Afonso B. Duarte and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-01-07 with total page 810 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This handbook offers readers various perspectives on globalization and multilateralism with Chinese characteristics. Its originality is derived from the hybrid approaches the handbook takes, where chapters provide complementary, intertwined, and multi-level analysis on the topic. Based on contributions of scholars and practitioners from a number of countries, the handbook helps readers to comprehend ongoing debates on the Belt and Road Initiative and global governance, within a shifting balance of world power, characterized by competing views between Western and Chinese norms, standards, values, and narratives. Split into three Parts, and consisting of 46 chapters, the handbook views globalization as comprehensive concept that benefits from the contributions of various disciplines such as geography, geo-economics, political science and international relations. In producing one of the most ambitious and updated outputs on the topic, the handbook as a whole seeks to discuss what globalization with Chinese characteristics looks like, and the role of the Belt and Road Initiative in this process.

China Tourism: Cross-cultural Studies

Download China Tourism: Cross-cultural Studies PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317613406
Total Pages : 147 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (176 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis China Tourism: Cross-cultural Studies by : Honggen Xiao

Download or read book China Tourism: Cross-cultural Studies written by Honggen Xiao and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2016-02-12 with total page 147 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Deriving from a special issue on "China Watching" (Journal of China Tourism Research), this book presents the readers with a collection of seven independent research reports that adopt cross-cultural communication and cultural studies approaches to China tourism. Topics covered include the authenticity in cultural diffusion, the articulation of China through tourism, cross-cultural comparison of vacation consumption interpretation, the Chinese gaze of Europe, influence of globalization and localization on the development of tourism, behavioral implications of Chinese outbound tourism, and citing behaviors of Chinese tourism researchers from foreign language sources. The book will be of great interest to academic researchers, graduate students, policy makers, and destination managers who are interested in China tourism. The varied aspects covered, together with the engaging writing style, makes the text a pleasure to read. This book was published as a special issue of the Journal of China Tourism Research.

The SAGE Handbook of Hospitality Management

Download The SAGE Handbook of Hospitality Management PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : SAGE
ISBN 13 : 1446206424
Total Pages : 577 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (462 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The SAGE Handbook of Hospitality Management by : Roy C Wood

Download or read book The SAGE Handbook of Hospitality Management written by Roy C Wood and published by SAGE. This book was released on 2008-06-05 with total page 577 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: At last, a comprehensive, systematically organized Handbook which gives a reliable and critical guide to all aspects of one of the world′s leading industries: the hospitality industry. The book focuses on key aspects of the hospitality management curriculum, research and practice bringing together leading scholars throughout the world. Each essay examines a theme or functional aspect of hospitality management and offers a critical overview of the principle ideas and issues that have contributed, and continue to contribute, within it. Topics include: • The nature of hospitality and hospitality management • The relationship of hospitality management to tourism, leisure and education provision • The current state of development of the international hospitality business • The core activities of food, beverage and accommodation management • Research strategies in hospitality management • Innovation and entrepreneurship trends • The role of information technology The SAGE Handbook of Hospitality Management constitutes a single, comprehensive source of reference which will satisfy the information needs of both specialists in the field and non-specialists who require a contemporary introduction to the hospitality industry and its analysis. Bob Brotherton formerly taught students of Hospitality and Tourism at Manchester Metropolitan University. He has also taught Research Methods to Hospitality and Tourism students at a number of international institutions as a visiting lecturer; Roy C. Wood is based in the Oberoi Centre of Learning and Development, India

Hospitality and Tourism Education in China

Download Hospitality and Tourism Education in China PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1000535118
Total Pages : 254 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (5 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Hospitality and Tourism Education in China by : Jigang Bao

Download or read book Hospitality and Tourism Education in China written by Jigang Bao and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2021-12-30 with total page 254 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is the first to systematically introduce China’s tourism education system and the various tourism education practices in China to the international audience and stakeholders. China has the world’s largest tourism education system, which consists of over 1,000 higher learning institutions with tourism-related programs and over half a million of tertiary-level students studying in these programs. Despite the industry scale, internationally, little is known about this tourism education system and how it operates. Knowledge and better understanding of China’s tourism education system are important as tourism becomes one of the critical forces transforming economy, society and environment. The book offers an historical evaluation of China tourism education development and elaborates on the current industry status and practices in different subject fields of China’s tourism education, including tourism management, hospitality management, events and festival management in higher education, tourism vocational education, tour guides training and certification, master of tourism administration (MTA) education as a unique education model in China, PhD education in tourism, tourism curriculum, research and international collaboration in tourism education in China. The book provides relevant knowledge to international tourism education providers, industry practitioners, human resource managers, government officials, and tourism academics, researchers, and students.

The Hospitality and Tourism Industry in China

Download The Hospitality and Tourism Industry in China PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 135137656X
Total Pages : 319 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (513 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Hospitality and Tourism Industry in China by : Jinlin Zhao

Download or read book The Hospitality and Tourism Industry in China written by Jinlin Zhao and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2018-06-27 with total page 319 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Here is an insightful look into the great changes in the hospitality and tourism industry in China in recent years. The steady growth of the GDP in China, the increasing middle-income population, lifestyle changes of the Chinese people, and fast infrastructure development (speed trains, airports, highways, and seaports, linking many mega cities, mid-level cities, and townships) have all had a significant effect on the Chinese hospitality industry, which is booming in China. With much more money in their pockets, the Chinese are spending more than 60% of their disposable income on food and travel. International food and hotel chains have responded by increasing their presence in China, and in turn, new domestic restaurant and hotel chains have sprung up to compete for the business. With chapters by scholars from various universities in China and the United States, these issues and more are covered in this new volume. Readers will gain a true understanding of the current development of Chinese hospitality and tourism industry.

Marketing for Tourism and Hospitality

Download Marketing for Tourism and Hospitality PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317308794
Total Pages : 708 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (173 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Marketing for Tourism and Hospitality by : Alan Fyall

Download or read book Marketing for Tourism and Hospitality written by Alan Fyall and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2019-03-04 with total page 708 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The marketing landscape has changed dramatically in recent years, especially for tourism and hospitality practitioners. Marketing for these industries is now a multi-dimensional, collaborative venture driven by technological change and the growing demand for authentic co-created experiences. Marketing for Tourism and Hospitality provides students with a contemporary, accessible and useful resource as they prepare to encounter the complexities and challenges of tourism and hospitality marketing globally. A clear articulation of the changing landscape, a comprehensive introduction to the three underpinning themes of collaboration, technology and experiences, and a plentiful supply of international case material provide students with an enjoyable and digestible resource that is both academically rigorous and practice-oriented, helping them prepare for day-to-day problems in the dynamic world of marketing. This contemporary, challenging and highly applied text is an indispensable resource for all students of tourism and hospitality degree programmes.

Tourism in China

Download Tourism in China PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1136394192
Total Pages : 354 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (363 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Tourism in China by : Kaye Sung Chon

Download or read book Tourism in China written by Kaye Sung Chon and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2013-05-13 with total page 354 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Examine China's impact on the world tourism market! Tourism in China is a comprehensive study of tourism and the travel industry in China--past, present, and future. Since joining many of its Asia-Pacific neighbors in identifying tourism as a vehicle for socioeconomic growth and poverty alleviation, China has become the leader in the Asian travel industry, surpassing all forecasts with high and constant growth in international and domestic tourism activity. In fact, the World Trade Organization predicts that by 2020, China will become the world's leading tourism destination, receiving 145 million visitors. This timely book examines the diverse opportunities and challenges the country's tourism industry faces in meeting those projections. A unique, interdisciplinary guide that appeals to practitioners and academics, Tourism in China has been called “probably the most in-depth analysis of China's tourism industry” by the World Trade Organization's Dr. Harsh Varma. The book presents a collection of articles--scholarly in nature, comprehensive in scope--that serves as a significant (and much-needed) reference on Chinese tourism, though not including minority or border tourism, or the Hong Kong or Taiwan markets. The industry's historical development, its impact on the Chinese economy and ecology, and its current and future markets are examined extensively. Tourism in China also examines: the impressions of Western travelers in China during the 19th century the tourism boom and its development since 1978 the development of ecotourism in China's nature reserves the effect of the tourism boom on the hotel industry the development of theme parks in China. With two-thirds of China's provincial governments committed to making tourism one of their pillar industries, it is essential that tourism professionals, academics, and students around the world have a thorough understanding of this leader in current and future world travel. Tourism in China provides a detailed look at how the country’s tourism industry was built and how it will continue to expand. Helpful tables and figures, as well as a glossary of relevant terms, make the information easy to access and understand.

European Journal of Tourism Research

Download European Journal of Tourism Research PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Varna University of Management
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 165 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis European Journal of Tourism Research by :

Download or read book European Journal of Tourism Research written by and published by Varna University of Management. This book was released on with total page 165 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The European Journal of Tourism Research is an academic journal in the field of tourism, published by Varna University of Management, Bulgaria. Its aim is to provide a platform for discussion of theoretical and empirical problems in tourism. Publications from all fields, connected with tourism such as tourism management, tourism marketing, sociology, psychology, tourism geography, political sciences, mathematics, tourism statistics, tourism anthropology, culture, information technologies in tourism and others are invited. The journal is open to all researchers. Young researchers and authors from Central and Eastern Europe are encouraged to submit their contributions. Regular Articles in the European Journal of Tourism Research should normally be between 4 000 and 20 000 words. Major research articles of between 10 000 and 20 000 are highly welcome. Longer or shorter papers will also be considered. The journal publishes also Research Notes of 1 500 – 2 000 words. Submitted papers must combine theoretical concepts with practical applications or empirical testing. The European Journal of Tourism Research includes also the following sections: Book Reviews, announcements for Conferences and Seminars, abstracts of successfully defended Doctoral Dissertations in Tourism, case studies of Tourism Best Practices. The European Journal of Tourism Research is published in three Volumes per year. The full text of the European Journal of Tourism Research is available in the following databases: EBSCO Hospitality and Tourism Complete; CABI Leisure, Recreation and Tourism; ProQuest Research Library Individual articles can be rented via journal's page at DeepDyve. The journal is indexed in Scopus and Clarivate Analytics' Emerging Sources Citation Index. The editorial team welcomes your submissions to the European Journal of Tourism Research.

Handbook on Tourism and China

Download Handbook on Tourism and China PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Edward Elgar Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1788117530
Total Pages : 416 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (881 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Handbook on Tourism and China by : Songshan Huang

Download or read book Handbook on Tourism and China written by Songshan Huang and published by Edward Elgar Publishing. This book was released on 2020-06-26 with total page 416 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Covering a wide range of current issues, this comprehensive Handbook explores the links between tourism as a dynamic tertiary industry and China as the world’s most influential tourism market and destination.

China's Tourism Industry

Download China's Tourism Industry PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : GRIN Verlag
ISBN 13 : 3640600789
Total Pages : 33 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (46 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis China's Tourism Industry by : Melanie Bobik

Download or read book China's Tourism Industry written by Melanie Bobik and published by GRIN Verlag. This book was released on 2010 with total page 33 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Scientific Essay from the year 2010 in the subject South Asian Studies, South-Eastern Asian Studies, grade: 1,3, University of Applied Sciences Berlin (MBA EurAsia), language: English, abstract: According to the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), China will become the world's flagship tourism destination as the largest host country worldwide and the fourth largest to send tourists abroad by 2020. This paper focuses on the growing marketplace for the Chinese tourism industry and evaluates the current industry trends, evolving market and growth prospects of the tourism industry, focusing on inbound tourists, i.e. international visitors from abroad. Including current figures about the tourism sector of this global player, a collection of further reading and important surveys about the tourist market and its challenges nowadays, this paper provides an in-depth insight into the future of this industry.

New Trends and Opportunities for Central and Eastern European Tourism

Download New Trends and Opportunities for Central and Eastern European Tourism PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : IGI Global
ISBN 13 : 1799814254
Total Pages : 338 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (998 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis New Trends and Opportunities for Central and Eastern European Tourism by : Nistoreanu, Puiu

Download or read book New Trends and Opportunities for Central and Eastern European Tourism written by Nistoreanu, Puiu and published by IGI Global. This book was released on 2019-12-13 with total page 338 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Within the past decade, there has been a re-emergence of tourism in Europe, especially in the central and eastern regions. With socialism becoming a distant memory, these former communist countries are now attractive destinations for travel. Research on this current phenomenon is essential, as professionals and scientists must stay informed on the modern development of this global region. New Trends and Opportunities for Central and Eastern European Tourism provides emerging research exploring the theoretical and practical aspects of contemporary tourism in Eastern Europe and its effect on economics and sociology. Featuring coverage on a broad range of topics such as monument protection, economic features, and socialist architecture, this book is ideally designed for travel agents, tour developers, restaurateurs, hotel management, economic analysts, government officials, policymakers, tourism journalists, tourism practitioners, researchers, and professors seeking current research on the development of travel in Eastern and Central Europe.