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Torture, Humiliate, Kill

Author : Hikmet Karcic
Publisher : University of Michigan Press
ISBN 13 : 0472902717
Total Pages : 469 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (729 download)

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Book Synopsis Torture, Humiliate, Kill by : Hikmet Karcic

Download or read book Torture, Humiliate, Kill written by Hikmet Karcic and published by University of Michigan Press. This book was released on 2022-03-25 with total page 469 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Half a century after the Holocaust, on European soil, Bosnian Serbs orchestrated a system of concentration camps where they subjected their Bosniak Muslim and Bosnian Croat neighbors to torture, abuse, and killing. Foreign journalists exposed the horrors of the camps in the summer of 1992, sparking worldwide outrage. This exposure, however, did not stop the mass atrocities. Hikmet Karčić shows that the use of camps and detention facilities has been a ubiquitous practice in countless wars and genocides in order to achieve the wartime objectives of perpetrators. Although camps have been used for different strategic purposes, their essential functions are always the same: to inflict torture and lasting trauma on the victims. Torture, Humiliate, Kill develops the author’s collective traumatization theory, which contends that the concentration camps set up by the Bosnian Serb authorities had the primary purpose of inflicting collective trauma on the non-Serb population of Bosnia and Herzegovina. This collective traumatization consisted of excessive use of torture, sexual abuse, humiliation, and killing. The physical and psychological suffering imposed by these methods were seen as a quick and efficient means to establish the Serb “living space.” Karčić argues that this trauma was deliberately intended to deter non-Serbs from ever returning to their pre-war homes. The book centers on multiple examples of experiences at concentration camps in four towns operated by Bosnian Serbs during the war: Prijedor, Bijeljina, Višegrad, and Bileća. Chosen according to their political and geographical position, Karčić demonstrates that these camps were used as tools for the ethno-religious genocidal campaign against non-Serbs. Torture, Humiliate, Kill is a thorough and definitive resource for understanding the function and operation of camps during the Bosnian genocide.

Genocide

Author : Adam Jones
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1000958701
Total Pages : 807 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (9 download)

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Book Synopsis Genocide by : Adam Jones

Download or read book Genocide written by Adam Jones and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2023-11-30 with total page 807 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction is the most wide-ranging textbook on genocide yet published. Designed as a text for undergraduate and graduate students from a range of disciplines, it will also appeal to non-specialists and general readers. Fully updated to reflect the latest thinking in this rapidly developing field, this unique book: Provides an introduction to genocide as both a historical phenomenon and an analytical-legal concept, including the concept of genocidal intent and the dynamism and contingency of genocidal processes. Discusses the role of state-building, imperialism, war, and social revolution in fueling genocide. Supplies a wide range of full-length case studies of genocides worldwide, each with a supplementary study. Explores perspectives on genocide from the social sciences, including psychology, sociology, anthropology, political science/international relations, and gender studies. Considers the future of genocide, with attention to historical memory and genocide denial; initiatives for truth, justice, and redress; and strategies of intervention and prevention. Highlights of the new edition include: New case studies of the Uyghur genocide in the People’s Republic of China, the Rohingya Muslims of Myanmar, and Muslims in India. The historical and archaeological legacy of genocide. New and vivid testimonies of survivors and witnesses to genocide. This significantly revised fourth edition will remain an indispensable text for new generations of genocide study and scholarship. An accompanying website (www.genocidetext.net) features a selection of supplementary materials, teaching aids, and Internet resources.

Bosnian Studies

Author : Dzeneta Karabegovic
Publisher : University of Missouri Press
ISBN 13 : 082627479X
Total Pages : 312 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (262 download)

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Book Synopsis Bosnian Studies by : Dzeneta Karabegovic

Download or read book Bosnian Studies written by Dzeneta Karabegovic and published by University of Missouri Press. This book was released on 2023-01-30 with total page 312 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It has been 27 years since the end of the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and the history of the conflict, its consequences, and long-term implications for the politics and lives of its citizens has remained a source of interest for scholars across the globe and across disciplines. This scholarship has included works by historians and political scientists seeking to explain the war’s origins with a view to Bosnia’s traditional multi-ethnic character and background. The country has been used as a case study in state- and peace-building, as well as to study the implications of ongoing transitional justice processes. Other scholars within the fields of human rights and genocide studies have focused on documenting the war crimes committed against the people of Bosnia and Herzegovina during the conflict and the mass-scale displacement of people, mostly Bosnian Muslims, from their homes and homelands. International law scholars have carried this work further, tracing the development of courts created in response to war crimes in Bosnia and their effectiveness in generating justice for victims. Diaspora communities have formed in North America (especially in St. Louis), Europe, and Australia because of war and displacement, and have themselves become a considerable topic of study spanning the disciplines of anthropology, migration studies, political science, memory studies, conflict and security studies, psychology, and geography. This volume seeks to illuminate how Bosnian migrant and diaspora scholars are contributing to the development of Bosnian Studies. The authors included in this volume are either writing from their (new) home bases in Australia, Austria, Canada, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and the United States, among others, or they have returned to Bosnia after a period of migration. Their chapters have distinct entry points of inquiry, demonstrating how scholars have integrated Bosnia as a theme across the range of disciplines in which they are situated. The selections included in the volume range from literary analysis to personal memoirs of the conflict, from studies of heritage and identity to political science analysis of diaspora voting, to genocide studies and questions of (or lack of) ethics in the growing field of Bosnian Studies.

Serbian Paramilitaries and the Breakup of Yugoslavia

Author : Iva Vukušić
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 100070971X
Total Pages : 218 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (7 download)

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Book Synopsis Serbian Paramilitaries and the Breakup of Yugoslavia by : Iva Vukušić

Download or read book Serbian Paramilitaries and the Breakup of Yugoslavia written by Iva Vukušić and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2022-09-30 with total page 218 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is the first book to offer a comprehensive analysis of the emergence, nature, and function of Serbian paramilitary units during the violent breakup of Yugoslavia. The book investigates the nature and functions of paramilitary units throughout the 1990s, and their ties to the state and President Slobodan Milošević. The work relies on the archives of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia in The Hague, which conducted dozens of trials relating to paramilitary violence, and records from judicial proceedings in the region. It discusses how and why certain important paramilitary units emerged, how they functioned and transformed through the decade, what their relationships and entanglements were with the state, the Milošević regime, and organized crime. The study thus investigates the interrelated ideological, political, and social factors and processes, fueling paramilitary engagement, and assesses the impact of this engagement on victims of paramilitary violence and on the state and society for which the units purportedly fought. It argues that coordinated action by a number of state institutions gave rise to paramilitaries tasked with altering borders while maintaining plausible deniability for the sponsoring regime. The outsourcing of violence by the state to paramilitaries led to a significant weakening of the very state these units and their sponsors swore to protect. The book also analyzes differences between the units and how they attacked civilians, arguing that the different forms of violence stemmed not only from the function they fulfilled for the state but also the ways in which they were set up and operated. The final chapter brings the different strands of the argument together into a coherent whole, suggesting avenues for further research, in the former Yugoslavia and beyond. This book will be of much interest to students of ethnic conflict and civil war, war crimes, Balkan politics, and International Relations in general.

Balkan Genocides

Author : Paul Mojzes
Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield
ISBN 13 : 1442206632
Total Pages : 317 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (422 download)

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Book Synopsis Balkan Genocides by : Paul Mojzes

Download or read book Balkan Genocides written by Paul Mojzes and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2011 with total page 317 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: During the twentieth century, the Balkan Peninsula was affected by three major waves of genocides and ethnic cleansings, some of which are still being denied today. In Balkan Genocides Paul Mojzes provides a balanced and detailed account of these events, placing them in their proper historical context and debunking the common misrepresentations and misunderstandings of the genocides themselves. A native of Yugoslavia, Mojzes offers new insights into the Balkan genocides, including a look at the unique role of ethnoreligiosity in these horrific events and a characterization of the first and second Balkan wars as mutual genocides. Mojzes also looks to the region's future, discussing the ongoing trials at the International Criminal Tribunal in Yugoslavia and the prospects for dealing with the lingering issues between Balkan nations and different religions. Balkan Genocides attempts to end the vicious cycle of revenge which has fueled such horrors in the past century by analyzing the terrible events and how they came to pass.

Mass Atrocities and the Police

Author : Christian Axboe Nielsen
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1350204560
Total Pages : 247 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (52 download)

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Book Synopsis Mass Atrocities and the Police by : Christian Axboe Nielsen

Download or read book Mass Atrocities and the Police written by Christian Axboe Nielsen and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2022-06-16 with total page 247 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Between April 1992 and December 1995, more than 100,000 people were killed in the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The terrible atrocities committed in this period have been much discussed and studied and many prosecuted as acts of genocide, war crimes or crimes against humanity. But so far, the academic scholarship has focused on the role of the military in these events. This has come at the expense of considering the police's role, which Nielsen here demonstrates as crucial. Nielsen traces the origins of the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina to the police and associated paramilitary groups. Nielsen makes this ground-breaking case by drawing on a host of confidential archival sources, academic research and practical experience as a widely cited expert witness in the most notorious of the war crimes tribunals. His innovative new history sheds light on wider issues regarding the dissolution of Yugoslavia, the Balkan wars and the region today.

Understanding Diaspora Development

Author : Melissa Phillips
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030978664
Total Pages : 229 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (39 download)

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Book Synopsis Understanding Diaspora Development by : Melissa Phillips

Download or read book Understanding Diaspora Development written by Melissa Phillips and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-05-30 with total page 229 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book brings together new research that engages with the concept of diaspora from a uniquely Australian perspective and provides a timely contribution to the development of research-informed policy, both in the Australian context and more broadly. It builds on the understanding of the complex drivers and domains of diaspora transnationalism and its implications for countries and people striving to develop human capabilities in a globally interconnected but also fractured world. The chapters showcase a wide range of diaspora experiences from culturally and linguistically diverse communities in Australia. This work demonstrates the usefulness of diaspora as a concept to explore the experiences of migrant and refugee communities in Australia and the Pacific and further understanding on the peacebuilding, conflict, economic, humanitarian and political engagements of diaspora communities globally. The insights and findings from the breadth of research featured shed light on broader debates about diasporas, migration and development, and transnationalism.

The Bosniaks

Author : Jasmin Mujanovic
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0197775373
Total Pages : 298 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (977 download)

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Book Synopsis The Bosniaks by : Jasmin Mujanovic

Download or read book The Bosniaks written by Jasmin Mujanovic and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2024-03 with total page 298 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A compelling exploration of Bosniak political identity, chronicling the development of a nation and its people in the wake of catastrophe.

Book of the Disappeared

Author : Jennifer Heath
Publisher : University of Michigan Press
ISBN 13 : 047290325X
Total Pages : 369 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (729 download)

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Book Synopsis Book of the Disappeared by : Jennifer Heath

Download or read book Book of the Disappeared written by Jennifer Heath and published by University of Michigan Press. This book was released on 2023-05-30 with total page 369 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Book of the Disappeared confronts worldwide human rights violations of enforced disappearance and genocide and explores the global quest for justice with forceful, outstanding contributions by respected scholars, expert practitioners, and provocative contemporary artists. This profoundly humane book spotlights our historic inhumanity while offering insights for survival and transformation.

The Politics of Replacement

Author : Sarah Bracke
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1003813097
Total Pages : 283 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (38 download)

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Book Synopsis The Politics of Replacement by : Sarah Bracke

Download or read book The Politics of Replacement written by Sarah Bracke and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2023-12-01 with total page 283 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Politics of Replacement explores current demographic conspiracy theories and their entanglement with different forms of racism and exclusionary politics such as sexism. The book focuses on population replacement conspiracy theories, that is, those imaginaries and discourses centered on the idea that the national population is under threat of being overtaken or even wiped out by those considered as “alien” to the nation and that this is the result of concerted efforts by “elites”. Replacement conspiracy theories are on the rise again: from Eurabia fantasies to Renaud Camus’ The Great Replacement, white supremacist discourses are thriving and increasingly broadcasting in mainstream venues. To account for their rise and spread, this edited volume brings together research on various dimensions of population replacement conspiracy theories: different theoretical and methodological approaches, different social scientific and humanities (inter)disciplinary backgrounds, different geographical case studies (across Europe, North America, Southeast Asia, and Oceania), different time periods (medieval archives, colonial archives, Nazi archives, postcolonial migrations, post-9/11), and different forms of racialization and racisms (Islamophobia, antisemitism, racism against migrants and refugees). It also explores the entanglement of population replacement discourse with gendered violence. The book is organized into four sections: (1) exploring the historical background of the current rise of demographic conspiracy theories; (2) tracing the (neoliberal) governmentalities in and through which replacement discourse operates; (3) analyzing the particularly intense focus on the threat of Muslims in contemporary replacement conspiracy theories, and (4) investigating the connection between replacement conspiracies, gender, and violence. This title is essential reading for scholars, journalists, and activists interested in the contemporary far right, conspiracy theories, and racisms.

Terror in the Land of the Holy Spirit

Author : Virginia Garrard-Burnett
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0199702039
Total Pages : 288 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (997 download)

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Book Synopsis Terror in the Land of the Holy Spirit by : Virginia Garrard-Burnett

Download or read book Terror in the Land of the Holy Spirit written by Virginia Garrard-Burnett and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2010-01-15 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Waging a counterinsurgency war and justified by claims of 'an agreement between Guatemala and God,' Guatemala's Evangelical Protestant military dictator General Ríos Montt incited a Mayan holocaust: over just 17 months, some 86,000 mostly Mayan civilians were murdered. Virginia Garrard-Burnett dives into the horrifying, bewildering murk of this episode, the Western hemisphere's worst twentieth-century human rights atrocity. She has delivered the most lucid historical account and analysis we yet possess of what happened and how, of the cultural complexities, personalities, and local and international politics that made this tragedy. Garrard-Burnett asks the hard questions and never flinches from the least comforting answers. Beautifully, movingly, and clearly written and argued, this is a necessary and indispensable book." -- Francisco Goldman, author of The Art of Political Murder: Who Killed the Bishop? "Virginia Garrard-Burnett's Terror in the Land of the Holy Spirit is impressively researched and argued, providing the first full examination of the religious dimensions of la violencia - a period of extreme political repression that overwhelmed Guatemala in the 1980s. Garrard-Burnett excavates the myriad ways Christian evangelical imagery and ideals saturated political and ethical discourse that scholars usually treat as secular. This book is one of the finest contributions to our understanding of the violence of the late Cold War period, not just in Guatemala but throughout Latin America." --Greg Grandin, Professor of History, New York University Drawing on newly-available primary sources including guerrilla documents, evangelical pamphlets, speech transcripts, and declassified US government records, Virginia Garrard-Burnett provides aa fine-grained picture of what happened during the rule of Guatelaman president-by-coup Efraín Ríos Montt. She suggests that three decades of war engendered an ideology of violence that cut not only vertically, but also horizontally, across class, cultures, communities, religions, and even families. The book examines the causality and effects of the ideology of violence, but it also explores the long durée of Guatemalan history between 1954 and the late 1970s that made such an ideology possible. More significantly, she contends that self-interest, willful ignorance, and distraction permitted the human rights tragedies within Guatemala to take place without challenge from the outside world.

Questions and Answers about Islam

Author : Muhammad Ali Alkhuli
Publisher : Al Manhal
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 117 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Questions and Answers about Islam by : Muhammad Ali Alkhuli

Download or read book Questions and Answers about Islam written by Muhammad Ali Alkhuli and published by Al Manhal. This book was released on 2006-01-01 with total page 117 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book gives answers to questions on Islam received by the author related to faith, worship, ethics, foods, drinks, clothes, and other Islamic aspects.

Humiliation, Degradation, Dehumanization

Author : Paulus Kaufmann
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9048196612
Total Pages : 266 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (481 download)

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Book Synopsis Humiliation, Degradation, Dehumanization by : Paulus Kaufmann

Download or read book Humiliation, Degradation, Dehumanization written by Paulus Kaufmann and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2010-10-07 with total page 266 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Degradation, dehumanization, instrumentalization, humiliation, and nonrecognition – these concepts point to ways in which we understand human beings to be violated in their dignity. Violations of human dignity are brought about by concrete practices and conditions; some commonly acknowledged, such as torture and rape, and others more contested, such as poverty and exclusion. This volume collates reflections on such concepts and a range of practices, deepening our understanding of human dignity and its violation, bringing to the surface interrelationships and commonalities, and pointing to the values that are thereby shown to be in danger. In presenting a streamlined discussion from a negative perspective, complemented by conclusions for a positive account of human dignity, the book is at once a contribution to the body of literature on what dignity is and how it should be protected as well as constituting an alternative, fresh and focused perspective relevant to this significant recurring debate. As the concept of human dignity itself crosses disciplinary boundaries, this is mirrored in the unique range of perspectives brought by the book’s European and American contributors – in philosophy and ethics, law, human rights, literature, cultural studies and interdisciplinary research. This volume will be of interest to social and moral philosophers, legal and human rights theorists, practitioners and students.

Social Exclusion, Power, and Video Game Play

Author : David G. Embrick
Publisher : Lexington Books
ISBN 13 : 0739138626
Total Pages : 284 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (391 download)

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Book Synopsis Social Exclusion, Power, and Video Game Play by : David G. Embrick

Download or read book Social Exclusion, Power, and Video Game Play written by David G. Embrick and published by Lexington Books. This book was released on 2012-03-01 with total page 284 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: While many books and articles are emerging on the new area of game studies and the application of computer games to learning, therapeutic, military and entertainment environments, few have attempted to contextualize the importance of virtual play within a broader social, cultural and political environment that raises the question of the significance of work, play, power and inequalities in the modern world. Many studies tend to concentrate on the content of virtual games, but few have questioned how power is produced or reproduced by publishers, gamers or even social media; how social exclusion (e.g., race, class, gender, etc.) in the virtual environments are reproduced from the real world; and how actors are able to use new media to transcend their fears, anxieties, prejudices and assumptions. The articles presented by the contributors in this volume represent cutting-edge research in the area of critical game play with the hope to draw attention to the need for more studies that are both sociological and critical.

The Green Movement in Iran

Author : Hamid Dabashi
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1351481800
Total Pages : 166 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (514 download)

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Book Synopsis The Green Movement in Iran by : Hamid Dabashi

Download or read book The Green Movement in Iran written by Hamid Dabashi and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-09-08 with total page 166 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Green Movement in Iran contains Hamid Dabashi's most important writings on the Iran's June 2009 election, its tumultuous aftermath, and the characteristics and aspirations of the emerging Green Movement. These analyses range from close analysis of the nature of the events to the Green Movement's historical background and future political consequences. The writings have been modified and updated for book publication. The volume presents Dabashi's account of the events since June 12, 2009-the Election Day itself-and his recap of highlights of the build-up period to the mass protests. He provides insightful background for events on the ground, dealing with debates about the credibility of the election. He then discusses political continuity in Iran, as well as the characteristics of the Green Movement. Dabashi argues that the reaction of the custodians of the Islamic Republic to the charge of the election being a fraud only affirms its lost legitimacy, and casts the system as being neither "Islamic" nor a "republic." Dabashi also comments on US politics and its relations to Iran and the Green Movement, pointing out shortcomings in American media culture. The role of the Iranian opposition in the Green Movement and American political policies, the political and economic consequence of the U.S. sanctions against Iran, and the way these may be interpreted by Iranian society are all viewed from an enlightening perspective. Dabashi argues that the Iranian regime, suffering deeply from legitimacy issues, makes use of its bureaucratic, economic, and political leverage to stage a show of support and project division among the people.

Police Morality

Author : James Vadackumchery
Publisher : Gyan Publishing House
ISBN 13 : 9788178350387
Total Pages : 274 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (53 download)

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Book Synopsis Police Morality by : James Vadackumchery

Download or read book Police Morality written by James Vadackumchery and published by Gyan Publishing House. This book was released on 2002-04 with total page 274 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Morally insane and Legally sane-this is a cliche in police subculture. Don't worry about the morality of your act, but be cautious about the legality of your action -this is the advice given to younger generations by the elders in police.The author thinks that any law without a morality is a jungle law and the policeman cannot enforce jungle law in a democracy.The author says that the police do not require any encouragement to become moral in police works.

The Muslim Resolutions

Author : Hikmet Karcic
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781955653015
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (53 download)

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Book Synopsis The Muslim Resolutions by : Hikmet Karcic

Download or read book The Muslim Resolutions written by Hikmet Karcic and published by . This book was released on 2021-06-15 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: On April 6, 1941, the Axis powers attacked Yugoslavia. Within days, the Yugoslav army had surrendered, and Yugoslavia was officially under occupation. Serbia was ruled by a puppet government under German occupation. In Croatia, the Ustashas had established a puppet state called "The Independent State of Croatia" (Nezavisna Drzava Hrvatska or NDH), led by Ante Pavelic. In the NDH, the Ustashas introduced Nazi-style laws against Serbs, Jews, and Roma and established concentration camps, where they incarcerated and murdered members of those peoples. Bosniaks (then referred to as Muslims) found themselves between a rock and a hard place. Without proper political representation or institutions, they were split as a nation on all sides. Some joined the Independent State of Croatia, others sided with the Serb royalists (chetniks), and yet others made nice with Nazi Germany, hoping for greater autonomy for Bosnia in return. While the Ustasha regime did not target Bosniaks en masse, many members of their elites disagreed with the new regime's policies. The persecution of Serbs, Jews, and Roma provoked the public condemnation of these crimes. Under-represented, unprotected, and generally labeled enemies or collaborators, the Bosniak elites were pragmatic in their condemnation of the regime's policies: using it as an opportunity for seeking Bosnia's autonomy, hoping in this way to improve the country's position and the security of their people. They did so through the resolutions included in this book, which were initiated and signed by members of the Bosniak establishment, which is to say of the clergy and the judicial and economic elites, who sought to distance themselves from the Ustasha regime. In fact, most of the people to actually sign these resolutions were members of El-Hidaje, the Association of Muslim Clergy. The resolutions played a large role, not only during the war but in the post-war era too, as the struggle for Muslim identity and nationhood got underway. They are one of the few cases in the region, perhaps the only, of such atrocities being condemned and criticized by the elite of a "people without a state."