Topics in Early Modern Philosophy of Mind

Download Topics in Early Modern Philosophy of Mind PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 904812381X
Total Pages : 277 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (481 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Topics in Early Modern Philosophy of Mind by : Jon Miller

Download or read book Topics in Early Modern Philosophy of Mind written by Jon Miller and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2009-05-16 with total page 277 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: During the early modern era (c. 1600-1800), philosophers formulated a number of new questions, methods of investigation, and theories regarding the nature of the mind. The result of their efforts has been described as “the original cognitive revolution”. Topics in Early Modern Philosophy of Mind provides a comprehensive snapshot of this exciting period in the history of thinking about the mind, presenting studies of a wide array of philosophers and topics. Written by some of today’s foremost authorities on early modern philosophy, the ten chapters address issues ranging from those that have long captivated philosophers and psychologists as well as those that have been underexplored. Likewise, the papers engage figures from the history of ideas who are well-known today (Descartes, Hume, Kant) as well as those who have been comparatively neglected by contemporary scholarship (Desgabets, Boyle, Collins). This volume will become an essential reference work that graduate students and professionals in the fields of philosophy of mind, the history of philosophy, and the history of psychology will want to own.

Philosophy of Mind in the Early Modern and Modern Ages

Download Philosophy of Mind in the Early Modern and Modern Ages PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 0429019475
Total Pages : 392 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (29 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Philosophy of Mind in the Early Modern and Modern Ages by : Rebecca Copenhaver

Download or read book Philosophy of Mind in the Early Modern and Modern Ages written by Rebecca Copenhaver and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2018-07-06 with total page 392 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The early modern period is arguably the most pivotal of all in the study of the mind, teeming with a variety of conceptions of mind. Some of these posed serious questions for assumptions about the nature of the mind, many of which still depended on notions of the soul and God. It is an era that witnessed the emergence of theories and arguments that continue to animate the study of philosophy of mind, such as dualism, vitalism, materialism, and idealism. Covering pivotal figures in philosophy such as Descartes, Hobbes, Kant, Leibniz, Cavendish, and Spinoza, Philosophy of Mind in the Early Modern and Modern Ages provides an outstanding survey of philosophy of mind of the period. Following an introduction by Rebecca Copenhaver, sixteen specially commissioned chapters by an international team of contributors discuss key topics, thinkers, and debates, including: Hobbes, Descartes’ philosophy of mind and its early critics, consciousness, the later Cartesians, Malebranche, Cavendish, Locke, Spinoza, Descartes and Leibniz, perception and sensation, desires, mental substance and mental activity, Hume, and Kant. Essential reading for students and researchers in philosophy of mind, enlightenment philosophy, and the history of philosophy, Philosophy of Mind in the Early Modern and Modern Ages is also a valuable resource for those in related disciplines such as religion, history of psychology, and history of science.

The Minds of the Moderns

Download The Minds of the Moderns PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317492404
Total Pages : 292 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (174 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Minds of the Moderns by : Janice Thomas

Download or read book The Minds of the Moderns written by Janice Thomas and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2014-12-05 with total page 292 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is a comprehensive examination of the ideas of the early modern philosophers on the nature of mind. Taking Descartes, Spinoza, Leibniz, Locke, Berkeley, and Hume in turn, Janice Thomas presents an authoritative and critical assessment of each of these canonical thinkers' views of the notion of mind. The book examines each philosopher's position on five key topics: the metaphysical character of minds and mental states; the nature and scope of introspection and self-knowledge; the nature of consciousness; the problem of mental causation and the nature of representation and intentionality. The exposition and examination of their positions is informed by present-day debates in the philosophy of mind and the philosophy of psychology so that students get a clear sense of the importance of these philosophers' ideas, many of which continue to define our current notions of the mental.Again and again, philosophers and students alike come back to the great early modern rationalist and empiricist philosophers for instruction and inspiration. Their views on the philosophy of mind are no exception and as Janice Thomas shows they have much to offer contemporary debates. The book is suitable for undergraduate courses in the philosophy of mind and the many new courses in philosophy of psychology.

Early Modern Philosophy

Download Early Modern Philosophy PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Oxford University Press, USA
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 328 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Early Modern Philosophy by : Christia Mercer

Download or read book Early Modern Philosophy written by Christia Mercer and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2005 with total page 328 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is a showcase of some of the best work being written on a wide range of issues in early modern philosophy, when some of the most influential philosophical problems were first identified by figures such as Locke, Berkeley, Kant, Spinoza and Descartes.

Theories of Perception in Medieval and Early Modern Philosophy

Download Theories of Perception in Medieval and Early Modern Philosophy PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1402061250
Total Pages : 292 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (2 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Theories of Perception in Medieval and Early Modern Philosophy by : Simo Knuuttila

Download or read book Theories of Perception in Medieval and Early Modern Philosophy written by Simo Knuuttila and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2008-03-27 with total page 292 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is the first extensive account of philosophical psychology of perception from ancient to early modern times. The book aims to shed light on the developments in the theories of sense-perception in medieval Arabic and Latin philosophy, their ancient background and traditional and new themes in early modern thought. Particular attention is paid to the philosophically significant parts of the theories. The articles concentrate on the so-called external senses and related themes.

The Cambridge Companion to Early Modern Philosophy

Download The Cambridge Companion to Early Modern Philosophy PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 448 pages
Book Rating : 4.F/5 ( download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Cambridge Companion to Early Modern Philosophy by : Donald Rutherford

Download or read book The Cambridge Companion to Early Modern Philosophy written by Donald Rutherford and published by . This book was released on 2006-10-12 with total page 448 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An exploration of one of the most innovative periods in the history of Western philosophy.

Causality and Mind

Download Causality and Mind PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0199669554
Total Pages : 291 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (996 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Causality and Mind by : Nicholas Jolley

Download or read book Causality and Mind written by Nicholas Jolley and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2013-11 with total page 291 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This text presents 17 of Nicholas Jolley's essays on early modern philosophy. They focus on two main themes: the debate over the nature of causality; and the issues posed by Descartes' innovations in the philosophy of mind. Together, they show that philosophers in the period are systematic critics of their contemporaries and predecessors.

Rethinking the Mind-Body Relationship in Early Modern Literature, Philosophy, and Medicine

Download Rethinking the Mind-Body Relationship in Early Modern Literature, Philosophy, and Medicine PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317584201
Total Pages : 180 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (175 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Rethinking the Mind-Body Relationship in Early Modern Literature, Philosophy, and Medicine by : Charis Charalampous

Download or read book Rethinking the Mind-Body Relationship in Early Modern Literature, Philosophy, and Medicine written by Charis Charalampous and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2015-08-20 with total page 180 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book explores a neglected feature of intellectual history and literature in the early modern period: the ways in which the body was theorized and represented as an intelligent cognitive agent, with desires, appetites, and understandings independent of the mind. It considers the works of early modern physicians, thinkers, and literary writers who explored the phenomenon of the independent and intelligent body. Charalampous rethinks the origin of dualism that is commonly associated with Descartes, uncovering hitherto unknown lines of reception regarding a form of dualism that understands the body as capable of performing complicated forms of cognition independently of the mind. The study examines the consequences of this way of thinking about the body for contemporary philosophy, theology, and medicine, opening up new vistas of thought against which to reassess perceptions of what literature can be thought and felt to do. Sifting and assessing this evidence sheds new light on a range of historical and literary issues relating to the treatment, perception, and representation of the human body. This book examines the notion of the thinking body across a wide range of genres, topics, and authors, including Montaigne’s Essays, Spenser’s allegorical poetry, Donne’s metaphysical poetry, tragic dramaturgy, Shakespeare, and Milton’s epic poetry and shorter poems. It will be essential for those studying early modern literature, cognition, and the body.

Encyclopedia of Early Modern Philosophy and the Sciences

Download Encyclopedia of Early Modern Philosophy and the Sciences PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3319310690
Total Pages : 2267 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (193 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Encyclopedia of Early Modern Philosophy and the Sciences by : Dana Jalobeanu

Download or read book Encyclopedia of Early Modern Philosophy and the Sciences written by Dana Jalobeanu and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-08-27 with total page 2267 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Encyclopedia offers a fresh, integrated and creative perspective on the formation and foundations of philosophy and science in European modernity. Combining careful contextual reconstruction with arguments from traditional philosophy, the book examines methodological dimensions, breaks down traditional oppositions such as rationalism vs. empiricism, calls attention to gender issues, to ‘insiders and outsiders’, minor figures in philosophy, and underground movements, among many other topics. In addition, and in line with important recent transformations in the fields of history of science and early modern philosophy, the volume recognizes the specificity and significance of early modern science and discusses important developments including issues of historiography (such as historical epistemology), the interplay between the material culture and modes of knowledge, expert knowledge and craft knowledge. This book stands at the crossroads of different disciplines and combines their approaches – particularly the history of science, the history of philosophy, contemporary philosophy of science, and intellectual and cultural history. It brings together over 100 philosophers, historians of science, historians of mathematics, and medicine offering a comprehensive view of early modern philosophy and the sciences. It combines and discusses recent results from two very active fields: early modern philosophy and the history of (early modern) science. Editorial Board EDITORS-IN-CHIEF Dana Jalobeanu University of Bucharest, Romania Charles T. Wolfe Ghent University, Belgium ASSOCIATE EDITORS Delphine Bellis University Nijmegen, The Netherlands Zvi Biener University of Cincinnati, OH, USA Angus Gowland University College London, UK Ruth Hagengruber University of Paderborn, Germany Hiro Hirai Radboud University Nijmegen, The Netherlands Martin Lenz University of Groningen, The Netherlands Gideon Manning CalTech, Pasadena, CA, USA Silvia Manzo University of La Plata, Argentina Enrico Pasini University of Turin, Italy Cesare Pastorino TU Berlin, Germany Lucian Petrescu Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium Justin E. H. Smith University de Paris Diderot, France Marius Stan Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA Koen Vermeir CNRS-SPHERE + Université de Paris, France Kirsten Walsh University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada

Ideas and Mechanism

Download Ideas and Mechanism PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Princeton University Press
ISBN 13 : 1400864984
Total Pages : 545 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (8 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Ideas and Mechanism by : Margaret Dauler Wilson

Download or read book Ideas and Mechanism written by Margaret Dauler Wilson and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2014-07-14 with total page 545 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For more than three decades, Margaret Wilson's essays on early modern philosophy have influenced scholarly debate. Many are considered classics in the field and remain as important today as they were when they were first published. Until now, however, they have never been available in book form and some have been particularly difficult to find. This collection not only provides access to nearly all of Wilson's most significant work, but also demonstrates the continuity of her thought over time. These essays show that Wilson possesses a keen intelligence, coupled with a fearlessness in tackling the work of early modern philosophers as well as the writing of modern commentators. Many of the pieces collected here respond to philosophical issues of continuing importance. The thirty-one essays gathered here deal with some of the best known early philosophers, including Descartes, Leibniz, Locke, Spinoza, and Berkeley. As this collection shows, Wilson is a demanding critic. She repeatedly asks whether the philosophers' arguments were adequate to the problems they were trying to solve and whether these arguments remain compelling today. She is not afraid to engage in complex argument but, at the same time, her own writing remains clear and fresh. Ideas and Mechanism is an essential collection of work by one of the leading scholars of our era. Originally published in 1999. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.

Philosophy of Mind in the Twentieth and Twenty-First Centuries

Download Philosophy of Mind in the Twentieth and Twenty-First Centuries PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 0429019386
Total Pages : 346 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (29 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Philosophy of Mind in the Twentieth and Twenty-First Centuries by : Amy Kind

Download or read book Philosophy of Mind in the Twentieth and Twenty-First Centuries written by Amy Kind and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2018-07-06 with total page 346 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: While the philosophical study of mind has always required philosophers to attend to the scientific developments of their day, from the twentieth century onwards it has been especially influenced and informed by psychology, neuroscience, and computer science. Philosophy of Mind in the Twentieth and Twenty-First Centuries provides an outstanding survey of the most prominent themes in twentieth-century and contemporary philosophy of mind. It also looks to the future, offering cautious predictions about developments in the field in the years to come. Following an introduction by Amy Kind, twelve specially commissioned chapters by an international team of contributors discuss key topics, thinkers, and debates, including: the phenomenological tradition, the mind–body problem, theories of consciousness, theories of perception, theories of personal identity, mental causation, intentionality, Wittgenstein and his legacy, cognitive science, and future directions for philosophy of mind. Essential reading for students and researchers in philosophy of mind and philosophy of psychology, Philosophy of Mind in the Twentieth and Twenty-First Centuries is also a valuable resource for those in related disciplines such as psychology and cognitive science.

Philosophy of Mind in the Late Middle Ages and Renaissance

Download Philosophy of Mind in the Late Middle Ages and Renaissance PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 042901953X
Total Pages : 327 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (29 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Philosophy of Mind in the Late Middle Ages and Renaissance by : Stephan Schmid

Download or read book Philosophy of Mind in the Late Middle Ages and Renaissance written by Stephan Schmid and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2018-07-06 with total page 327 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Characterized by many historically significant events, such as the invention of the printing press, the discovery of the New World, and the Protestant Reformation, the years between 1300 and 1600 are a remarkably rich source of ideas about the mind. They witnessed a resurgence of Aristotelianism and Platonism and the development of humanism. However, philosophical understanding of the complex arguments and debates during this period remain difficult to grasp. Philosophy of Mind in the Late Middle Ages and Renaissance provides an outstanding survey of philosophy of mind in this fascinating and still controversial period and examines the thought of figures such as Aquinas, Suárez, and Ficino. Following an introduction by Stephan Schmid, thirteen specially commissioned chapters by an international team of contributors discuss key topics, thinkers, and debates, including: mind and method, the mind and its illnesses, the powers of the soul, Averroism, intentionality and representationalism, theories of (self-)consciousness, will and its freedom, external and internal senses, Renaissance theories of the passions, the mind–body problem and the rise of dualism, and the ‘cognitive turn’. Essential reading for students and researchers in philosophy of mind, medieval philosophy, and the history of philosophy, Philosophy of Mind in the Late Middle Ages and Renaissance is also a valuable resource for those in related disciplines such as religion, literature, and Renaissance studies.

Contemporary Perspectives on Early Modern Philosophy

Download Contemporary Perspectives on Early Modern Philosophy PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9400762410
Total Pages : 327 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (7 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Contemporary Perspectives on Early Modern Philosophy by : Martin Lenz

Download or read book Contemporary Perspectives on Early Modern Philosophy written by Martin Lenz and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-05-13 with total page 327 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Normativity has long been conceived as more properly pertaining to the domain of thought than to the domain of nature. This conception goes back to Kant and still figures prominently in contemporary epistemology, philosophy of mind and ethics. By offering a collection of new essays by leading scholars in early modern philosophy and specialists in contemporary philosophy, this volume goes beyond the point where nature and normativity came apart, and challenges the well-established opposition between these all too neatly separated realms. It examines how the mind’s embeddedness in nature can be conceived as a starting point for uncovering the links between naturally and conventionally determined standards governing an agent’s epistemic and moral engagement with the world. The original essays are grouped in two parts. The first part focuses on specific aspects of theories of perception, thought formation and judgment. It gestures towards an account of normativity that regards linguistic conventions and natural constraints as jointly setting the scene for the mind’s ability to conceptualise its experiences. The second part of the book asks what the norms of desirable epistemic and moral practices are. Key to this approach is an examination of human beings as parts of nature, who act as natural causes and are determined by their sensibilities and sentiments. Each part concludes with a chapter that integrates features of the historical debate into the contemporary context.​

The Minds of the Moderns

Download The Minds of the Moderns PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317492412
Total Pages : 288 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (174 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Minds of the Moderns by : Janice Thomas

Download or read book The Minds of the Moderns written by Janice Thomas and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2014-12-05 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is a comprehensive examination of the ideas of the early modern philosophers on the nature of mind. Taking Descartes, Spinoza, Leibniz, Locke, Berkeley, and Hume in turn, Janice Thomas presents an authoritative and critical assessment of each of these canonical thinkers' views of the notion of mind. The book examines each philosopher's position on five key topics: the metaphysical character of minds and mental states; the nature and scope of introspection and self-knowledge; the nature of consciousness; the problem of mental causation and the nature of representation and intentionality. The exposition and examination of their positions is informed by present-day debates in the philosophy of mind and the philosophy of psychology so that students get a clear sense of the importance of these philosophers' ideas, many of which continue to define our current notions of the mental.Again and again, philosophers and students alike come back to the great early modern rationalist and empiricist philosophers for instruction and inspiration. Their views on the philosophy of mind are no exception and as Janice Thomas shows they have much to offer contemporary debates. The book is suitable for undergraduate courses in the philosophy of mind and the many new courses in philosophy of psychology.

Philosophy of Mind in the Nineteenth Century

Download Philosophy of Mind in the Nineteenth Century PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 0429019416
Total Pages : 299 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (29 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Philosophy of Mind in the Nineteenth Century by : Sandra Lapointe

Download or read book Philosophy of Mind in the Nineteenth Century written by Sandra Lapointe and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2018-07-09 with total page 299 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Between the publication of Kant’s Critique of Pure Reason in 1781 and Husserl’s Ideas in 1913, the nineteenth century is a pivotal period in the philosophy of mind, witnessing the emergence of the phenomenological and analytical traditions which continue to shape philosophical debate in fundamental ways. The nineteenth century also challenged many prevailing assumptions about the transparency of the mind, particularly in the ideas of Nietzsche and Freud, whilst at the same time witnessing the birth of modern psychology in the work of William James. Covering the main figures of German idealism to the birth of the phenomenological movement under Brentano and Husserl, Philosophy of Mind in the Nineteenth Century provides an outstanding survey to these new directions in philosophy of mind. Following an introduction by Sandra Lapointe, fourteen specially commissioned chapters by an international team of contributors discuss key topics, thinkers and debates, including: German idealism Bolzano Johann Friedrich Herbart Ernst Mach Helmholtz Nietzsche William James Sigmund Freud Brentano’s early philosophy of mind Meinong Christian von Ehrenfels Husserl Natorp. Essential reading for students and researchers in philosophy of mind, continental philosophy, and the history of philosophy, Philosophy of Mind in the Nineteenth Century is also a valuable resource for those in related disciplines such as Psychology, Religion, and Literature.

Early Modern Philosophy

Download Early Modern Philosophy PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Broadview Press
ISBN 13 : 1770488197
Total Pages : 994 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (74 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Early Modern Philosophy by : Lisa Shapiro

Download or read book Early Modern Philosophy written by Lisa Shapiro and published by Broadview Press. This book was released on 2021-08-25 with total page 994 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This new anthology of early modern philosophy enriches the possibilities for teaching this period by highlighting not only metaphysics and epistemology but also new themes such as virtue, equality and difference, education, the passions, and love. It contains the works of 43 philosophers, including traditionally taught figures such as Descartes, Spinoza, Leibniz, Locke, Berkeley, Hume, Kant, as well as less familiar writers such as Lord Shaftesbury, Anton Amo, Julien Offray de La Mettrie, and Denis Diderot. It also highlights the contributions of women philosophers, including Margaret Cavendish, Anne Conway, Gabrielle Suchon, Sor Juana Inéz de la Cruz, and Emilie Du Châtelet.

Subjectivity and Selfhood in Medieval and Early Modern Philosophy

Download Subjectivity and Selfhood in Medieval and Early Modern Philosophy PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319269143
Total Pages : 295 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (192 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Subjectivity and Selfhood in Medieval and Early Modern Philosophy by : Jari Kaukua

Download or read book Subjectivity and Selfhood in Medieval and Early Modern Philosophy written by Jari Kaukua and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-02-23 with total page 295 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is a collection of studies on topics related to subjectivity and selfhood in medieval and early modern philosophy. The individual contributions approach the theme from a number of angles varying from cognitive and moral psychology to metaphysics and epistemology. Instead of a complete overview on the historical period, the book provides detailed glimpses into some of the most important figures of the period, such as Augustine, Avicenna, Aquinas, Descartes, Spinoza, Leibniz and Hume. The questions addressed include the ethical problems of the location of one's true self and the proper distribution of labour between desire, passion and reason, and the psychological tasks of accounting for subjective experience and self-knowledge and determining different types of self-awareness.