The Sacred Science Of Ancient Japan

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The Sacred Science of Ancient Japan

Author : Avery Morrow
Publisher : Simon and Schuster
ISBN 13 : 1591437504
Total Pages : 210 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (914 download)

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Book Synopsis The Sacred Science of Ancient Japan by : Avery Morrow

Download or read book The Sacred Science of Ancient Japan written by Avery Morrow and published by Simon and Schuster. This book was released on 2014-01-24 with total page 210 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The first English translation and examination of secret Japanese writings dating from the paleolithic to classical eras • Examines four suppressed and secret texts to discover the deeper truths beneath Japanese mythology • Introduces evidence of ancient civilizations in Japan, the sacred geometry of primitive times, and claims of a non-Earthly origin of the Emperors • Explores how these texts convey the sacred spiritual science of Japan’s Golden Age with parallels in ancient India, Europe, and Egypt In Japan there are roughly two dozen secret manuscripts originally dating back to the paleolithic era, the age of heroes and gods, that have been handed down by the ruling families for centuries. Rejected by orthodox Japanese scholars and never before translated into English, these documents speak of primeval alphabets, lost languages, forgotten technologies, and the sacred spiritual science. Some even refer to UFOs, Atlantis, and Jesus coming to Japan. Translating directly from the original Japanese, Avery Morrow explores four of these manuscripts in full as well as reviewing the key stories of the other Golden Age chronicles. In the Kujiki manuscript Morrow uncovers the secret symbolism of a Buddhist saint and the origin of a modern prophecy of apocalypse. In the Hotsuma Tsutaye manuscript he reveals the exploits of a noble tribe who defeated a million-strong army without violence. In the Takenouchi Documents he shows us how the first Japanese emperor came from another world and ruled at a time when Atlantis and Mu still existed. And in the Katakamuna Documents the author unveils the sacred geometries of the universe from the symbolic songs of the 10,000-year-old Ashiya tribe. He also discusses the lost scripts known as the Kamiyo Moji and the magic spiritual science that underlies all of these texts, which enabled initiates to ascend to higher emotional states and increase their life force. Taking a spiritual approach à la Julius Evola to these “parahistorical” chronicles, Morrow shows how they access a higher order of knowledge and demonstrate direct parallels to many ancient texts of India, Europe, and Egypt.

Religious Dimensions of Conspiracy Theories

Author : Francesco Piraino
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1000782689
Total Pages : 318 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (7 download)

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Book Synopsis Religious Dimensions of Conspiracy Theories by : Francesco Piraino

Download or read book Religious Dimensions of Conspiracy Theories written by Francesco Piraino and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2022-11-30 with total page 318 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Religious Dimensions of Conspiracy Theories contributes to the study of conspiracy culture by analysing the religious and esoteric dimensions of conspiracy theories. The book examines both historical and contemporary examples to explore transnational and transhistorical continuities between religious doctrines, eschatologies, and conspiracy theories. It draws on a broad range of disciplinary insights from historians, sociologists, anthropologists, and religious studies scholars. The book has a global focus and features case studies from North America, Europe, the Middle East, Asia, and Africa. This book will be of great interest to researchers of conspiracy theories, esotericism, extremism, and religion

The Invention of Religion in Japan

Author : Jason Ānanda Josephson
Publisher : University of Chicago Press
ISBN 13 : 0226412342
Total Pages : 402 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (264 download)

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Book Synopsis The Invention of Religion in Japan by : Jason Ānanda Josephson

Download or read book The Invention of Religion in Japan written by Jason Ānanda Josephson and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2012-10-03 with total page 402 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Throughout its long history, Japan had no concept of what we call “religion.” There was no corresponding Japanese word, nor anything close to its meaning. But when American warships appeared off the coast of Japan in 1853 and forced the Japanese government to sign treaties demanding, among other things, freedom of religion, the country had to contend with this Western idea. In this book, Jason Ananda Josephson reveals how Japanese officials invented religion in Japan and traces the sweeping intellectual, legal, and cultural changes that followed. More than a tale of oppression or hegemony, Josephson’s account demonstrates that the process of articulating religion offered the Japanese state a valuable opportunity. In addition to carving out space for belief in Christianity and certain forms of Buddhism, Japanese officials excluded Shinto from the category. Instead, they enshrined it as a national ideology while relegating the popular practices of indigenous shamans and female mediums to the category of “superstitions”—and thus beyond the sphere of tolerance. Josephson argues that the invention of religion in Japan was a politically charged, boundary-drawing exercise that not only extensively reclassified the inherited materials of Buddhism, Confucianism, and Shinto to lasting effect, but also reshaped, in subtle but significant ways, our own formulation of the concept of religion today. This ambitious and wide-ranging book contributes an important perspective to broader debates on the nature of religion, the secular, science, and superstition.

Spirituality and Alternativity in Contemporary Japan

Author : Ioannis Gaitanidis
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1350262633
Total Pages : 265 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (52 download)

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Book Synopsis Spirituality and Alternativity in Contemporary Japan by : Ioannis Gaitanidis

Download or read book Spirituality and Alternativity in Contemporary Japan written by Ioannis Gaitanidis and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2022-10-20 with total page 265 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book critically analyses the creation and effects of spirituality as both discourse and practice in Japan. It shows how the value of spirituality has been sustained by scholars who have wished for a more civic role for religion; by the publishing industry whose exponential growth in the 1980s fashioned those who later identified as the representatives of this “new spirituality culture”; by “spiritual therapists” who have sought to eke out a livelihood in an increasingly professionalized and regulated therapeutic field; and by the cruel optimism of an increasingly precarious workforce placing its hopes in the imagined alternative that the supirichuaru represents. Ioannis Gaitanidis offers a new transdisciplinary conceptualisation of 'alternativity' that can be applied across and beyond the disciplines of religious studies, media studies, popular culture studies and the anthropology/sociology of medicine.

The Lost Art of Resurrection

Author : Freddy Silva
Publisher : Simon and Schuster
ISBN 13 : 1620556375
Total Pages : 370 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (25 download)

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Book Synopsis The Lost Art of Resurrection by : Freddy Silva

Download or read book The Lost Art of Resurrection written by Freddy Silva and published by Simon and Schuster. This book was released on 2017-01-27 with total page 370 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Reveals the radical ancient practice of living resurrection, in which initiates ritually died and were reborn into a state of higher consciousness • Explores living resurrection initiation practices from world cultures, including Egyptian, Greek, Gnostic, Chinese, Celtic, and Native American traditions • Describes the secret chambers and temples where Mystery Schools practiced “raising the dead” • Shows why this practice was branded a heresy and suppressed by the Church More than two thousand years before the resurrection of Jesus, initiates from spiritual traditions around the world were already practicing a secret mystical ritual in which they metaphorically died and were reborn into a higher spiritual state. During this living resurrection, they experienced a transformative spiritual awakening that revealed the nature of reality and the purpose of the soul, described as “rising from the dead.” Exploring the practice of living resurrection in ancient Egyptian, Phoenician, Greek, Persian, Indian, Japanese, Chinese, Celtic, and Native American traditions, Freddy Silva explains how resurrection was never meant for the dead, but for the living--a fact supported by the suppressed Gnostic Gospel of Philip: “Those who say they will die first and then rise are in error. If they do not first receive the resurrection while they live, when they die they will receive nothing.” He reveals how these practices were not only common in the ancient world but also shared similar facets in each tradition: initiates were led through a series of challenging ordeals, retreated for a three-day period into a cave or restricted room, often called a “bridal chamber,” and while out-of-body, became fully conscious of travels in the Otherworld. Upon returning to the body, they were led by priests or priestesses to witness the rising of Sirius or the Equinox sunrise. Silva describes some of the secret chambers around the world where the ritual was performed, including the so-called tomb of Thutmosis III in Egypt, which featured an empty sarcophagus and detailed instructions for the living on how to enter the Otherworld and return alive. He reveals why esoteric and Gnostic sects claimed that the literal resurrection of Jesus promoted by the Church was a fraud and how the Church branded all living resurrection practices as a heresy, relentlessly persecuting the Gnostics to suppress knowledge of this self-empowering experience. He shows how the Knights Templar revived these concepts and how they survive to this day within Freemasonry. Exploring the hidden art of living resurrection, Silva shows how this personal experience of the Divine opened the path to self-empowerment and higher consciousness, leading initiates such as Plato to describe it as the pinnacle of spiritual development.

Female Leaders in New Religious Movements

Author : Inga Bårdsen Tøllefsen
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319615270
Total Pages : 297 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (196 download)

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Book Synopsis Female Leaders in New Religious Movements by : Inga Bårdsen Tøllefsen

Download or read book Female Leaders in New Religious Movements written by Inga Bårdsen Tøllefsen and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-10-06 with total page 297 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this book, historians of religion and gender studies explore the biographies of a number of female leaders, and the factors within their groups and cultural contexts that support these women’s religious leadership. New Religious Movements have been supportive of women taking roles of leadership for a long time. Authors of this book examine issues of gender and female leadership from diverse theoretical and methodological standpoints. The book covers a broad range of groups both with regard to time and place, covering Paganism, Hindu guru groups, Christian organizations, esoteric/ mystical movements, African churches, and a Japanese NRM. The common focal point is the powerful, prophetic, charismatic women who have founded and/ or led New Religious Movements.

Religion, Power, and the Rise of Shinto in Early Modern Japan

Author : Stefan Köck
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1350181080
Total Pages : 298 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (51 download)

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Book Synopsis Religion, Power, and the Rise of Shinto in Early Modern Japan by : Stefan Köck

Download or read book Religion, Power, and the Rise of Shinto in Early Modern Japan written by Stefan Köck and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2021-04-08 with total page 298 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book sheds new light on the relationship between religion and state in early modern Japan, and demonstrates the growing awareness of Shinto in both the political and the intellectual elite of Tokugawa Japan, even though Buddhism remained the privileged means of stately religious control. The first part analyses how the Tokugawa government aimed to control the populace via Buddhism and at the same time submitted Buddhism to the sacralization of the Tokugawa dynasty. The second part focuses on the religious protests throughout the entire period, with chapters on the suppression of Christians, heterodox Buddhist sects, and unwanted folk practitioners. The third part tackles the question of why early Tokugawa Confucianism was particularly interested in “Shinto” as an alternative to Buddhism and what “Shinto” actually meant from a Confucian stance. The final part of the book explores attempts to curtail the institutional power of Buddhism by reforming Shinto shrines, an important step in the so called “Shintoization of shrines” including the development of a self-contained Shinto clergy.

Sacred Mathematics

Author : Fukagawa Hidetoshi
Publisher : Princeton University Press
ISBN 13 : 1400829712
Total Pages : 392 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (8 download)

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Book Synopsis Sacred Mathematics by : Fukagawa Hidetoshi

Download or read book Sacred Mathematics written by Fukagawa Hidetoshi and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2021-08-10 with total page 392 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Between the seventeenth and nineteenth centuries Japan was totally isolated from the West by imperial decree. During that time, a unique brand of homegrown mathematics flourished, one that was completely uninfluenced by developments in Western mathematics. People from all walks of life--samurai, farmers, and merchants--inscribed a wide variety of geometry problems on wooden tablets called sangaku and hung them in Buddhist temples and Shinto shrines throughout Japan. Sacred Mathematics is the first book published in the West to fully examine this tantalizing--and incredibly beautiful--mathematical tradition. Fukagawa Hidetoshi and Tony Rothman present for the first time in English excerpts from the travel diary of a nineteenth-century Japanese mathematician, Yamaguchi Kanzan, who journeyed on foot throughout Japan to collect temple geometry problems. The authors set this fascinating travel narrative--and almost everything else that is known about temple geometry--within the broader cultural and historical context of the period. They explain the sacred and devotional aspects of sangaku, and reveal how Japanese folk mathematicians discovered many well-known theorems independently of mathematicians in the West--and in some cases much earlier. The book is generously illustrated with photographs of the tablets and stunning artwork of the period. Then there are the geometry problems themselves, nearly two hundred of them, fully illustrated and ranging from the utterly simple to the virtually impossible. Solutions for most are provided. A unique book in every respect, Sacred Mathematics demonstrates how mathematical thinking can vary by culture yet transcend cultural and geographic boundaries.

Reinventing the Sacred

Author : Stuart A Kauffman
Publisher : Basic Books
ISBN 13 : 046501240X
Total Pages : 338 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (65 download)

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Book Synopsis Reinventing the Sacred by : Stuart A Kauffman

Download or read book Reinventing the Sacred written by Stuart A Kauffman and published by Basic Books. This book was released on 2008-01-10 with total page 338 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Consider the woven integrated complexity of a living cell after 3.8 billion years of evolution. Is it more awe-inspiring to suppose that a transcendent God fashioned the cell, or to consider that the living organism was created by the evolving biosphere? As the eminent complexity theorist Stuart Kauffman explains in this ambitious and groundbreaking new book, people who do not believe in God have largely lost their sense of the sacred and the deep human legitimacy of our inherited spirituality. For those who believe in a Creator God, no science will ever disprove that belief. In Reinventing the Sacred, Kauffman argues that the science of complexity provides a way to move beyond reductionist science to something new: a unified culture where we see God in the creativity of the universe, biosphere, and humanity. Kauffman explains that the ceaseless natural creativity of the world can be a profound source of meaning, wonder, and further grounding of our place in the universe. His theory carries with it a new ethic for an emerging civilization and a reinterpretation of the divine. He asserts that we are impelled by the imperative of life itself to live with faith and courage-and the fact that we do so is indeed sublime. Reinventing the Sacred will change the way we all think about the evolution of humanity, the universe, faith, and reason.

Sacred Kingship in World History

Author : A. Azfar Moin
Publisher : Columbia University Press
ISBN 13 : 0231555407
Total Pages : 653 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (315 download)

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Book Synopsis Sacred Kingship in World History by : A. Azfar Moin

Download or read book Sacred Kingship in World History written by A. Azfar Moin and published by Columbia University Press. This book was released on 2022-05-10 with total page 653 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sacred kingship has been the core political form, in small-scale societies and in vast empires, for much of world history. This collaborative and interdisciplinary book recasts the relationship between religion and politics by exploring this institution in long-term and global comparative perspective. Editors A. Azfar Moin and Alan Strathern present a theoretical framework for understanding sacred kingship, which leading scholars reflect on and respond to in a series of essays. They distinguish between two separate but complementary religious tendencies, immanentism and transcendentalism, which mold kings into divinized or righteous rulers, respectively. Whereas immanence demands priestly and cosmic rites from kings to sustain the flourishing of life, transcendence turns the focus to salvation and subordinates rulers to higher ethical objectives. Secular modernity does not end the struggle between immanence and transcendence—flourishing and righteousness—but only displaces it from kings onto nations and individuals. After an essay by Marshall Sahlins that ranges from the Pacific to the Arctic, the book contains chapters on religion and kingship in settings as far-flung as ancient Egypt, classical Greece, medieval Islam, Mughal India, modern European drama, and ISIS. Sacred Kingship in World History sheds new light on how religion has constructed rulership, with implications spanning global history, religious studies, political theory, and anthropology.

The Sacred Science

Author : Nick Polizzi
Publisher : Hay House
ISBN 13 : 1401952917
Total Pages : 249 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (19 download)

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Book Synopsis The Sacred Science by : Nick Polizzi

Download or read book The Sacred Science written by Nick Polizzi and published by Hay House. This book was released on 2018 with total page 249 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the work of documentary filmmakers, explains Nick Polizzi, one cardinal rule is never forget that your job is to document, not participate. But when Nick set out to explore the native outback of the Americas - meeting healers, shamans, and medicine women and tapping their well of ancient wisdom, nearly lost to the rest of the world - he had to bend that rule. As he found his way into highly sacred and often very private shamanic ceremonies, not participating ceased to be an option. Nick invites readers along on his journey of discovery to make indigenous knowledge of healing accessible to us all.

Creation of the Sacred

Author : Walter Burkert
Publisher : Harvard University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780674175709
Total Pages : 274 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (757 download)

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Book Synopsis Creation of the Sacred by : Walter Burkert

Download or read book Creation of the Sacred written by Walter Burkert and published by Harvard University Press. This book was released on 1998-01-13 with total page 274 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sacrifice is essential to all religions. Could there be a natural, even biological, reason? Why are sacrifice and numerous other religious rituals and concepts shared by so many different cultures? In this extraordinary book, one of the world’s leading authorities on ancient religions explores the possibility of natural religion.

Civilization and Monsters

Author : Gerald A. Figal
Publisher : Duke University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780822324188
Total Pages : 310 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (241 download)

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Book Synopsis Civilization and Monsters by : Gerald A. Figal

Download or read book Civilization and Monsters written by Gerald A. Figal and published by Duke University Press. This book was released on 1999 with total page 310 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Discusses the representation/role of the supernatural or the "fantastic" in the construction of Japanese modernism in late 19th and early 20th century Japan.

The Lost Wolves of Japan

Author : Brett L. Walker
Publisher : University of Washington Press
ISBN 13 : 0295989939
Total Pages : 355 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (959 download)

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Book Synopsis The Lost Wolves of Japan by : Brett L. Walker

Download or read book The Lost Wolves of Japan written by Brett L. Walker and published by University of Washington Press. This book was released on 2009-11-23 with total page 355 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Many Japanese once revered the wolf as Oguchi no Magami, or Large-Mouthed Pure God, but as Japan began its modern transformation wolves lost their otherworldly status and became noxious animals that needed to be killed. By 1905 they had disappeared from the country. In this spirited and absorbing narrative, Brett Walker takes a deep look at the scientific, cultural, and environmental dimensions of wolf extinction in Japan and tracks changing attitudes toward nature through Japan's long history. Grain farmers once worshiped wolves at shrines and left food offerings near their dens, beseeching the elusive canine to protect their crops from the sharp hooves and voracious appetites of wild boars and deer. Talismans and charms adorned with images of wolves protected against fire, disease, and other calamities and brought fertility to agrarian communities and to couples hoping to have children. The Ainu people believed that they were born from the union of a wolflike creature and a goddess. In the eighteenth century, wolves were seen as rabid man-killers in many parts of Japan. Highly ritualized wolf hunts were instigated to cleanse the landscape of what many considered as demons. By the nineteenth century, however, the destruction of wolves had become decidedly unceremonious, as seen on the island of Hokkaido. Through poisoning, hired hunters, and a bounty system, one of the archipelago's largest carnivores was systematically erased. The story of wolf extinction exposes the underside of Japan's modernization. Certain wolf scientists still camp out in Japan to listen for any trace of the elusive canines. The quiet they experience reminds us of the profound silence that awaits all humanity when, as the Japanese priest Kenko taught almost seven centuries ago, we "look on fellow sentient creatures without feeling compassion."

The Sacred Cookbook

Author : Nick Polizzi
Publisher : Hay House, Inc
ISBN 13 : 1401978878
Total Pages : 289 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (19 download)

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Book Synopsis The Sacred Cookbook by : Nick Polizzi

Download or read book The Sacred Cookbook written by Nick Polizzi and published by Hay House, Inc. This book was released on 2024-10-01 with total page 289 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Now in paperback, discover the healing power of food using over 100 ancient recipes and ingredients adapted for the modern world, from the author of The Sacred Science. Satisfy your tastebuds, appetite, and soul with this inspiring collection of easy-to-make, flavorful recipes. Nick Polizzi grew up in a restaurant and has spent much of his life traveling the world studying traditional healing foods, from Northern Africa all the way to remote regions of the Amazon rainforest. In their home kitchen, Nick and his wife, Michelle, have translated this hard-earned culinary wisdom into everyday meals meant for sharing. Every recipe meets three fundamental criteria: 1) it has ingredients that can be traced back at least 500 years, 2) it has well-documented health benefits, and 3) it's absolutely delicious. Accessible and easy-to-follow, this cookbook focuses on: Soups and stews Medicinal spices and sauces Fermented superfoods Dried and cured snacks Nutrient-dense proteins Savory mushroom dishes Greens, petals, and grasses Forgotten ancient grains Enzyme-rich breads Healing elixirs and spirits Teas and tonics Appealing to a broad palate, this full-color cookbook provides tips and substitutions for adjusting to different needs, including gluten-free and vegan diets.

Kansai Cool

Author : Christal Whelan
Publisher : Tuttle Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1462914128
Total Pages : 280 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (629 download)

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Book Synopsis Kansai Cool by : Christal Whelan

Download or read book Kansai Cool written by Christal Whelan and published by Tuttle Publishing. This book was released on 2014-03-25 with total page 280 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In Kansai Cool anthropologist, writer and filmmaker Christal Whelan offers profound insights in the only collection of essays to focus on Kansai, Japan's ancient heartland. Kansai--the region in Western Japan that boasts the ancient capitals of Kyoto and Nara, the bustling commercial city of Osaka and the cosmopolitan port city of Kobe--has a character all its own, right down to its dialect, mannerisms, and cuisine. It is home to some of Japan's oldest history and an area where the country's most time-honored arts and crafts still thrive. Worldly and otherworldly, spirited and spiritual, trendy and traditional, it's a place where past and future live side-by-side, sometimes at odds. Part Japanese travel book, part cultural commentary, these 25 spirited essays and 32 pages of color photos paint a broad yet penetrating portrait of the unique Western Japan region, covering such diverse topics as: The needs of the spirit--shrines, temples and the call to pilgrimage The arts in Kansai--dance, painting, anime, and combat The relationship between hi-tech and old-tech Material culture--bikes, robots, and dolls The culture of fashion in Kansai--from kimonos and obis to modern fashion designers, and the Lolita complex The meaning of landscape-- human-made islands and the mystical power of water The hidden meaning of food--an anthropology of coffee and traditional cuisine From the deep-seated ancient beliefs of Kyoto to modern teen otaku culture, costume play and haute couture of Kobe and Osaka--Whelan delves below the surface to let readers eager to travel to Japan experience how art, science, faith and history swirl together in the Kansai region to produce this unique wellspring of Japanese culture.

Lore and Science in Ancient Pythagoreanism

Author : Walter Burkert
Publisher : Harvard University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780674539181
Total Pages : 552 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (391 download)

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Book Synopsis Lore and Science in Ancient Pythagoreanism by : Walter Burkert

Download or read book Lore and Science in Ancient Pythagoreanism written by Walter Burkert and published by Harvard University Press. This book was released on 1972 with total page 552 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For this first English edition of his distinguished study of Pythagoreanism, Weisheit und Wissenschajt: Studien zu Pythagoras, Philolaos, und Platon, Walter Burkert has carefully revised text and notes, taking account of additional literature on the subject which appeared between 1962 and 1969. By a thorough critical sifting of all the available evidence, the author lays a new foundation for the understanding of ancient Pythagoreanism and in particular of the relationship within it of "lore" and "science." He shows that in the twilight zone when the Greeks were discovering the rational interpretation of the world and quantitative natural science, Pythagoras represented not the origin of the new, but the survival or revival of ancient, pre-scientific lore or wisdom, based on superhuman authority and expressed in ritual obligation.