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The Production Of High Levels Of Renewable Natural Gas From Biomass Using Steam Hydrogasification
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Book Synopsis The Production of High Levels of Renewable Natural Gas from Biomass Using Steam Hydrogasification by : Yoothana Thanmongkhon
Download or read book The Production of High Levels of Renewable Natural Gas from Biomass Using Steam Hydrogasification written by Yoothana Thanmongkhon and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 176 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Renewable Natural Gas (RNG) has been identified as an important alternative fuel that can help to achieve a number of national goals related to the reduction of fossil fuels and to the reduction in carbon dioxide emission. RNG can be produced from various carbonaceous materials such as biomass and organic wastes via a gasification process. The CE-CERT steam hydrogasification technology combines hydrogen with steam under pressurized conditions to convert a wet feedstock to a methane enriched syngas which can be upgraded to RNG and used for electric power and as an alternative transportation fuel.
Book Synopsis Studies of Steam-hydrogasification, Steam Reformer and Sulfur Removal System to Produce Synthesis Gases from Biomass for Synthetic Fuel Production by : Seok Ku Jeon
Download or read book Studies of Steam-hydrogasification, Steam Reformer and Sulfur Removal System to Produce Synthesis Gases from Biomass for Synthetic Fuel Production written by Seok Ku Jeon and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 228 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Substitute Natural Gas from Waste by : Massimiliano Materazzi
Download or read book Substitute Natural Gas from Waste written by Massimiliano Materazzi and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2019-05-01 with total page 538 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Substitute Natural Gas from Waste: Technical Assessment and Industrial Applications of Biochemical and Thermochemical Processes provides an overview of the science and technology of anaerobic digestion and thermal gasification for the treatment of biomass and unrecyclable waste residues. The book provides both the theoretical and practical basis for the clean and high-efficiency utilization of waste and biomass to produce Bio-Substitute Natural Gas (SNG). It examines different routes to produce bio-SNG from waste feedstocks, detailing solutions to unique problems, such as scale up issues and process integration. Final sections review waste sourcing and processing. This book is an ideal and practical reference for those developing, designing, scaling and managing bio-SNG production and utilization systems. Engineering students will find this to be a comprehensive resource on the application of fundamental concepts of bio-SNG production that are illustrated through innovative, recent case studies. Presents detailed scientific and technical information Describes up-to-date concepts, processes and plants for efficient anaerobic digestion and gasification of wastes and syngas utilization Compares gasification with anaerobic digestion for different situations Proposes alternative strategies to increase efficiency and overcome energy balance limitations Includes benchmarking data and industrial real-life examples to demonstrate the main process features and implementation pathways of bio-SNG systems from dry and wet waste, both in developed and developing countries
Book Synopsis Chemical Energy from Natural and Synthetic Gas by : Yatish T. Shah
Download or read book Chemical Energy from Natural and Synthetic Gas written by Yatish T. Shah and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2017-03-16 with total page 715 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Commercial development of energy from renewables and nuclear is critical to long-term industry and environmental goals. However, it will take time for them to economically compete with existing fossil fuel energy resources and their infrastructures. Gas fuels play an important role during and beyond this transition away from fossil fuel dominance to a balanced approach to fossil, nuclear, and renewable energies. Chemical Energy from Natural and Synthetic Gas illustrates this point by examining the many roles of natural and synthetic gas in the energy and fuel industry, addressing it as both a "transition" and "end game" fuel. The book describes various types of gaseous fuels and how are they are recovered, purified, and converted to liquid fuels and electricity generation and used for other static and mobile applications. It emphasizes methane, syngas, and hydrogen as fuels, although other volatile hydrocarbons are considered. It also covers storage and transportation infrastructure for natural gas and hydrogen and methods and processes for cleaning and reforming synthetic gas. The book also deals applications, such as the use of natural gas in power production in power plants, engines, turbines, and vehicle needs. Presents a unified and collective look at gas in the energy and fuel industry, addressing it as both a "transition" and "end game" fuel. Emphasizes methane, syngas, and hydrogen as fuels. Covers gas storage and transport infrastructure. Discusses thermal gasification, gas reforming, processing, purification and upgrading. Describes biogas and bio-hydrogen production. Deals with the use of natural gas in power production in power plants, engines, turbines, and vehicle needs.
Book Synopsis Sustainable Hydrogen Production Via Glycerol Steam Reforming with and Without In-situ CO2 Removal by : Marziehossadat Shokrollahi Yancheshmeh
Download or read book Sustainable Hydrogen Production Via Glycerol Steam Reforming with and Without In-situ CO2 Removal written by Marziehossadat Shokrollahi Yancheshmeh and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 251 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over the past few decades, hydrogen has attracted a great deal of attention as a green energy carrier. Currently, more than 95 % of hydrogen is produced from fossil fuels, which has been questioned by the depletion of resources andincrease of greenhouse gas emissions. Therefore, renewable, carbon-neutral resources such as biomass and biomass-derived chemicals has been receiving a growing interest as an option to produce hydrogen. As a main by product in the biodiesel manufacturing process, glycerol has emerged as a promising source for hydrogen production. Although steam reforming (SR) is being recognized as a promising approach for converting glycerol to hydrogen, this process faces a number of challenges including the presence of equilibrium-limited reactions and the need of an expensive downstream purification system. To alleviate these problems, a promising alternative is sorption enhanced steam reforming (SESR) process, in which steam reforming, water gas shift (WGS), and CO2 capture reactions occur simultaneously using areforming catalyst and a CO2solid sorbent. In this process, CO2 removal occurs simultaneously with the reforming reaction, shifting the WGS reaction towards hydrogen production and producing a hydrogen-enriched gas stream in a single step. The key factors in the successful application of this technology are mainly: (i) reforming catalysts and CO2 sorbents that can work efficiently under the harsh conditions of SESR process and (ii) mixing pattern of catalyst and sorbent. This thesis focuses on the development of efficient catalyst and catalyst-sorbent bifunctional materials for sustainable hydrogen production by SR and SESR of glycerol (SRG and SESRG). More specifically, four main objectives of our workare: (i) investigating the influence of steam addition during either carbonation or calcination on the CO2 capture performance of Ca9Al6O18-CaO sorbent, (ii) developing Ca9Al6O18−CaO/xNiO (x = 15, 20, and 25 wt.%) and Ca9Al6O18−CaO/20NiO−yCeO2(y = 5, 10, and 15 wt %) catalyst-sorbent bifunctional materials and studying the influence of CeO2 on the material stability incyclic SESRG/regeneration operation, (iii) proposing a new method for the synthesis of a more readily reducible NiAl2O4 spinel and studying the influence of CeO2 addition on its catalytic performance, and (iv) novel synthesis of two Ni-CaO-based catalyst-sorbent bifunctional materials with highlyuniform distribution of catalytic active sites. (i) CO2 capture performance of Ca9Al6O18-CaO sorbent was investigated in the presence of two concentrations of steam, 2.3 and 9.5 vol. %.The obtained results revealed that the sorbent reactivity was remarkably enhanced for both concentrations of steam injected during carbonation step. In the case of steam addition during calcination, the CO2 capture performance was influenced negatively or positively depending on the concentration of steam. For 2.3 vol.% steam, the sorbent reactivity was worsened, while the presence of 9.5 vol.% steam led to an increase in the CO2capture capacity during 9 initial cycles.(ii) Two series of catalyst-sorbent bifunctional materials were developed for the sustainable production of high-purity hydrogen by SESRG. Using Ca9Al6O18−CaO/xNiO (x = 15,20, and 25 wt.%) materials during five SESRG/regeneration cycles revealed that their reactivity was rapidly deteriorated mainly due to CaO sintering and coke deposition. As a result, the pre-breakthrough time and hydrogen yield decreased notably over five cycles. Interestingly, the addition of CeO2 to the most efficient catalyst (Ca9Al6O18−CaO/20NiO) led to a significant enhancement in material stability during cyclic operation. The bifunctional material promoted with 10 wt.% of CeO2 demonstrated the best performance, with a stable H2purity of ∼98% and H2yield of ∼91% over 20SESRG/regeneration cycles. (iii) A novel method, involving one-or two-step calcination of Ni-Al mixed-metal alkoxide((Ni-Al)-Glycerate), was developed for the synthesis of NiAl2O4 spinel. For comparison purposes, the NiAl2O4 spinel was also synthesized throughthe conventional co-precipitation method followed by two-step calcination technique. The characterization results revealed that the synthesis of NiAl2O4 spinel through two-step calcination of (Ni-Al)-Glycerateresulted in the formation of a more easily reducible catalyst and a more developed porous structure. This sample showed the highest H2yield (76.38 %) and glycerol conversion into gaseous products (95.42 %) when compared to other two samples. In order to avoid or reduce coke formation, 10 wt.% of CeO2 was incorporated into the sample prepared by two-step calcination of (Ni-Al)-Glycerate. The thermogravimetric analysis of the CeO2-promoted catalyst after SRG reaction revealed that the coke formation was almost completely suppressed. The method developed for the synthesis of NiAl2O4 spinel in the previous work was combined with the ethanol/water treatment of CaO-based sorbents to synthesistwo new NiCaO-based catalyst-sorbent bifunctional materials for hydrogen production via SESRG. Cyclic SESRG/regeneration experiments showed that the Ca3Al2O6-CaO/NiO-CeO2 bifunctional material possessed higher activity and stability when compared to NiAl2O4-CaO/NiAl2O4-CeO2. The former one exhibited a high constant H2 purity of around 96% over 10 cycles, while the latter showed a H2 purity of approximately 90% over the first 6 cycles, followed by the further decrease to 86 % over the last 4 cycles. In conclusion, the results presented in this thesis show that SESRG can be a very promising approach for high-purity hydrogen production in a single step, providing that the employed catalyst-sorbent bifunctional materials possess uniform distribution of catalytic and sorption active sites on nanoscale and high resistance against CaO sintering and coke formation. To prepare catalyst-sorbent bifunctional materials with these characteristics, two main approaches were employed in this work: (i) developing new synthesis methods that provide a homogeneous distribution of targeted elements (Ca, Ni, Al, and Ce in this study) and (ii) using CeO2 as a promising promoter to reduce or suppress coke formation and enhance the cyclic stability of CaO particles.
Author :California Energy Commission. Energy Research and Development Division Publisher : ISBN 13 : Total Pages :142 pages Book Rating :4.:/5 (318 download)
Book Synopsis Natural Gas Research and Development ... Annual Report by : California Energy Commission. Energy Research and Development Division
Download or read book Natural Gas Research and Development ... Annual Report written by California Energy Commission. Energy Research and Development Division and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 142 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis 1st World Conference on Biomass for Energy and Industry by : Spyros Kyritsis
Download or read book 1st World Conference on Biomass for Energy and Industry written by Spyros Kyritsis and published by Earthscan. This book was released on 2001 with total page 1170 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The 1st World Conference and Technology Exhibition on Biomass for Energy and Industry, held in Sevilla in June 2000, brought together for the first time the traditional European Conference on Biomass for Energy and Industry and the Biomass Conference of the Americas, thus creating the largest and most outstanding event in the worldwide biomass sector. The conference elaborated innovative global strategies, projects and efficient practice rules for energy and the environment at a key stage in the industry's development. New concepts and projects were highlighted to increase the social and political awareness for a change in worldwide resource consumption and to promote economically, socially and environmentally sustainable development for the next millennium. In 2 volumes, the Proceedings include some 470 papers essential to an understanding of current thinking, practice, research and global developments in the biomass sector - a vital reference source for researchers, manufacturers, and policy makers involved or interested in the use of biomass for energy and industry.
Download or read book Renewable Gas written by Jo Abbess and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-04-29 with total page 216 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The author looks at the prospects for a transition from natural gas to low carbon gas, which could take several decades, and at how this will depend on the evolution of the fossil fuel industry. She investigates the technologies and energy systems for making the best use of renewable gas resources.
Book Synopsis Renewable Hydrogen Production by : Ibrahim Dincer
Download or read book Renewable Hydrogen Production written by Ibrahim Dincer and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2021-11-27 with total page 384 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Renewable Hydrogen Production provides a comprehensive analysis of renewable energy-based hydrogen production. Through simulation analysis and experimental investigations, the book provides fundamentals, compares existing hydrogen production applications, discusses novel technologies, and offers insights into the future directions of this rapidly evolving industry. This all-in-one resource on how to produce clean hydrogen production to enhance energy efficiency and support sustainable development will appeal to a wide variety of industries and professionals. Addresses the production of clean hydrogen from the major sources of renewable energy, including wind, solar, geothermal, hydro, biomass and marine energy Presents information from simulations and experimental analyses Offers insights into the future of renewable hydrogen production
Book Synopsis Gasification for Low-grade Feedstock by : Yongseung Yun
Download or read book Gasification for Low-grade Feedstock written by Yongseung Yun and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2018-07-11 with total page 290 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Most coveted energy forms nowadays are gas in nature and electricity due to their environmental cleanness and convenience. Recently, gasification market trend is starting to switch to low-grade feedstock such as biomass, wastes, and low-rank coal that are still not properly utilized. In this sense, the most promising area of development in gasification field lies in low-grade feedstock that should be converted to more user-friendly gas or electricity form in utilization. This book tried to shed light on the works on gasification from many parts of the world and thus can feel the technology status and the areas of interest regarding gasification for low-grade feedstock.
Book Synopsis Hydrogen Production Technologies by : Mehmet Sankir
Download or read book Hydrogen Production Technologies written by Mehmet Sankir and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2017-03-20 with total page 653 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Provides a comprehensive practical review of the new technologies used to obtain hydrogen more efficiently via catalytic, electrochemical, bio- and photohydrogen production. Hydrogen has been gaining more attention in both transportation and stationary power applications. Fuel cell-powered cars are on the roads and the automotive industry is demanding feasible and efficient technologies to produce hydrogen. The principles and methods described herein lead to reasonable mitigation of the great majority of problems associated with hydrogen production technologies. The chapters in this book are written by distinguished authors who have extensive experience in their fields, and readers will have a chance to compare the fundamental production techniques and learn about the pros and cons of these technologies. The book is organized into three parts. Part I shows the catalytic and electrochemical principles involved in hydrogen production technologies. Part II addresses hydrogen production from electrochemically active bacteria (EAB) by decomposing organic compound into hydrogen in microbial electrolysis cells (MECs). The final part of the book is concerned with photohydrogen generation. Recent developments in the area of semiconductor-based nanomaterials, specifically semiconductor oxides, nitrides and metal free semiconductor-based nanomaterials for photocatalytic hydrogen production are extensively discussed.
Book Synopsis Allocation of Hydrogen Produced Via Power-to-gas Technology to Various Power-to-gas Pathways by : Suaad S. Al-Zakwani
Download or read book Allocation of Hydrogen Produced Via Power-to-gas Technology to Various Power-to-gas Pathways written by Suaad S. Al-Zakwani and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Demand for renewable energy systems is accelerating and will account for a significant share of future power systems aimed to enhance and decarbonize the world's energy system. Unlike conventional power plants, electricity output from renewable sources cannot be adjusted easily to match consumer power demand because renewable resources are intermittent short-term seasonal power sources. Accordingly, a rapid increase in surplus power is expected in the future. The Canadian Province of Ontario, in line with global efforts, has targeted 80 % reduction of greenhouse gas emission levels by 2050 compared to 1990 levels. One key step to accomplish this goal is to harness more renewable energies for power generation. Instead of losing the surplus power or exporting it for low returns, storage and utilization in other sectors urgently need to be explored. Power-to-Gas technology offers a possible solution for optimal use of energy surplus. It is efficient at the huge - national- consumption scale and global acceptance of Power-to-Gas as energy storage and transportation technology is growing noticeably. In short, Power-to-Gas is a potential means to manage intermittent and weather-dependent renewable energies like wind, solar, or hydro in a storable chemical energy form. The main concept behind Power-to-Gas technology is to make use of surplus electricity to decompose water molecules into their primary components: hydrogen and oxygen. Power-to-Gas is not only a storage technology; its role can be extended to other energy streams including transportation, industrial use, injection into the natural gas grid as pure hydrogen, and renewable natural gas. The current study investigated four specific Power-to-Gas pathways: Power-to-Gas to mobility fuel, Power-to-Gas to industry, Power-to-Gas to natural gas pipeline for use as hydrogen-enriched natural gas, and Power-to-Gas to Renewable Natural Gas (i.e., Methanation). This study quantifies the hydrogen volumes at three production capacity factors (67%, 80%, and 96%) upon utilizing Ontario's surplus electricity baseload. Five allocation scenarios (A-E) of the hydrogen produced to the four Power-to-Gas pathways are investigated and their economic and environmental aspects considered. Allocation scenario A in which hydrogen assigned to each pathway is constrained by a specific demand, is based on Ontario's energy plans for pollution management in line with international efforts to reduce global warming impacts. Scenarios B-E are about utilization of the produced hydrogen entirely for one of mobility fuel, industrial feedstock, injection into the natural gas grid, or renewable natural gas synthesis, respectively. The study also examines the economic feasibility and carbon offset of the PtG pathways in each scenario. The research sets the assumption that hydrogen is produced at three capacity production factors: 67% (16 h/day), 80% (19 h/day), and 96% (23 h/day). The amount of surplus baseload electricity for 2017 of each capacity factor is converted to hydrogen via water electrolysis. Accordingly, the total hydrogen produced is approximately 170 kilo-tonnes (kt), 193 kt, and 227 kt, respectively. Results indicate that the Power-to-Gas to mobility fuel pathway in scenarios A and B has the potential to be implemented. Utilization of hydrogen produced via Power-to-Gas technology for refueling light-duty vehicles is a profitable business case with an average positive net present value of $4.5 billions, five years payback time, and 20% internal rate of return. Moreover, this PtG pathway promises a potential 2,215,916 tonnes of CO2 reduction from road travel. In the scenario to utilize Ontario's surplus electricity to produce hydrogen via the PtG technology for industrial demand, results indicate that supply could achieve 82%, 93%, and 110% of the industrial demand for hydrogen at the three capacity factors, respectively. Nevertheless, hydrogen production through PtG is still costly compared to other available cheaper alternatives, namely hydrogen produced via steam methane reforming. Power-to-Gas for industry projects should, however, be part of government incentives to encourage clean energy utilization. In addition, although using hydrogen-enriched natural gas or renewable natural gas instead of the conventional natural gas could offset huge amounts of carbon, their capital and operational costs are extremely high, resulting in negative net present values and very long payback time.
Book Synopsis Biomass Combustion Science, Technology and Engineering by : Lasse Rosendahl
Download or read book Biomass Combustion Science, Technology and Engineering written by Lasse Rosendahl and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2013-04-04 with total page 321 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The utilisation of biomass is increasingly important for low- or zero-carbon power generation. Developments in conventional power plant fuel flexibility allow for both direct biomass combustion and co-firing with fossil fuels, while the integration of advanced technologies facilitates conversion of a wide range of biomass feedstocks into more readily combustible fuel. Biomass combustion science, technology and engineering reviews the science and technology of biomass combustion, conversion and utilisation. Part one provides an introduction to biomass supply chains and feedstocks, and outlines the principles of biomass combustion for power generation. Chapters also describe the categorisation and preparation of biomass feedstocks for combustion and gasification. Part two goes on to explore biomass combustion and co-firing, including direct combustion of biomass, biomass co-firing and gasification, fast pyrolysis of biomass for the production of liquids and intermediate pyrolysis technologies. Largescale biomass combustion and biorefineries are then the focus of part three. Following an overview of large-scale biomass combustion plants, key engineering issues and plant operation are discussed, before the book concludes with a chapter looking at the role of biorefineries in increasing the value of the end-products of biomass conversion. With its distinguished editor and international team of expert contributors, Biomass combustion science, technology and engineering provides a clear overview of this important area for all power plant operators, industrial engineers, biomass researchers, process chemists and academics working in this field. Reviews the science and technology of biomass combustion, conversion and utilisation Provides an introduction to biomass supply chains and feedstocks and outlines the principles of biomass combustion for power generation Describes the categorisation and preparation of biomass feedstocks for combustion and gasification
Book Synopsis Hydrogen as a Future Energy Carrier by : Andreas Züttel
Download or read book Hydrogen as a Future Energy Carrier written by Andreas Züttel and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2011-09-22 with total page 441 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book fills the gap for concise but comprehensive literature on this interdisciplinary topic, involving chemical, physical, biological and engineering challenges. It provides broad coverage of the most important fields of modern hydrogen technology: hydrogen properties, production, storage, conversion to power, and applications in materials science. In so doing, the book covers all the pertinent materials classes: metal hydrides, inorganic porous solids, organic materials, and nanotubes. The authors present the entire view from fundamental research to viable devices and systems, including the latest scientific results and discoveries, practical approaches to design and engineering, as well as functioning prototypes and advanced systems.
Book Synopsis Development of a Fischer-Tropsch Gasoline Process for the Steam Hydrogasification Technology by : Yang Li
Download or read book Development of a Fischer-Tropsch Gasoline Process for the Steam Hydrogasification Technology written by Yang Li and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 149 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The CE-CERT Steam Hydrogasification Technology efficiently converts carbonaceous materials to high energetic synthesis gas. This thesis investigates the direct production of gasoline range liquid hydrocarbons with high iso-paraffin content from synthesis gas. The goal is to provide a process to efficiently produce renewable gasoline that can be used directly without modification of engine or infrastructure. An H-ZSM-5 shell Co/Al[subscript 2]O[subscript 3] Fischer-Tropsch catalyst is prepared using a secondary-growth hydrothermal synthesis method. The catalyst not only synthesizes long-chain hydrocarbons from synthesis gas, but also cracks and isomerizes them into gasoline-range hydrocarbons with high iso-paraffin content. Characterization results show that the catalyst has good H-ZSM-5 shell coverage with no cracks or pinholes, with a shell thickness is around 4.29 [mu]m. H-ZSM-5 shell composition is confirmed by EDX and XRD. In addition, the zeolite-shell catalyst has a 10% increase of surface area, compared to a conventional Fischer-Tropsch catalyst. A high-temperature high-pressure lab-scale continuous Fischer-Tropsch reactor with LabVIEW automation system was designed and built. The reactor system has online gas and liquid sampling capabilities. It also has a PID controller with gain scheduling for precise heating control during Fischer-Tropsch synthesis test. Safety during reactor operation is ensured with alarms and automatic emergency response system. Performance of a H-ZSM-5 shell Co/Al[subscript 2]O[subscript 3] Fischer-Tropsch catalyst was investigated under various conditions. A maximum CO conversion of 97.1%, with a highest gasoline yield of 58% and iso-paraffin selectivity of 14.3%, was obtained. Sensitivity analysis shows that reaction temperature significantly affects CO conversion and iso-paraffin selectivity. Catalyst silicon to aluminum ratio also influences iso-paraffin selectivity, but has no effect on CO conversion. In addition, H-ZSM-5 shell Co/Al[subscript 2]O[subscript 3] Fischer-Tropsch catalyst has much less carbon deposition than conventional catalyst, which can help reduce catalyst deactivation rate.
Book Synopsis Production of Substituted Natural Gas from the Wet Organic Waste by Utilizing PDU-scale Steam Hydrogasification Process by : Chan Seung Park
Download or read book Production of Substituted Natural Gas from the Wet Organic Waste by Utilizing PDU-scale Steam Hydrogasification Process written by Chan Seung Park and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 84 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Energy Research Abstracts written by and published by . This book was released on 1994-06 with total page 544 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
