The Nature of Consciousness

Download The Nature of Consciousness PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : New Harbinger Publications
ISBN 13 : 1684030021
Total Pages : 296 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (84 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Nature of Consciousness by : Rupert Spira

Download or read book The Nature of Consciousness written by Rupert Spira and published by New Harbinger Publications. This book was released on 2017-06-01 with total page 296 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: “I’ve gained deeper understanding listening to Rupert Spira than I have from any other exponent of modern spirituality. Reality is sending us a message we desperately need to hear, and at this moment no messenger surpasses Spira and the transformative words in his essays.” —Deepak Chopra, author of You Are the Universe, Spiritual Solutions, and Super Brain Our world culture is founded on the assumption that the Big Bang gave rise to matter, which in time evolved into the world, into which the body was born, inside which a brain appeared, out of which consciousness at some late stage developed. As a result of this “matter model,” most of us believe that consciousness is a property of the body. We feel that it is “I,” this body, that knows or is aware of the world. We believe and feel that the knowing with which we are aware of our experience is located in and shares the limits and destiny of the body. This is the fundamental presumption of mind and matter that underpins almost all our thoughts and feelings and is expressed in our activities and relationships. The Nature of Consciousness suggests that the matter model has outlived its function and is now destroying the very values it once sought to promote. For many people, the debate as to the ultimate reality of the universe is an academic one, far removed from the concerns and demands of everyday life. After all, life happens independently of our models of it. However, The Nature of Consciousness will clearly show that the materialist paradigm is a philosophy of despair and, as such, the root cause of unhappiness in individuals. It is a philosophy of conflict and, as such, the root cause of hostilities between families, communities, and nations. Far from being abstract and philosophical, its implications touch each one of us directly and intimately. An exploration of the nature of consciousness has the power to reveal the peace and happiness that truly lie at the heart of experience. Our experience never ceases to change, but the knowing element in all experience—consciousness, or what we call “I”—itself never changes. The knowing with which all experience is known is always the same knowing. Being the common, unchanging element in all experience, consciousness does not share the qualities of any particular experience: it is not qualified, conditioned, or limited by experience. The knowing with which a feeling of loneliness or sorrow is known is the same knowing with which the thought of a friend, the sight of a sunset, or the taste of ice cream is known. Just as a screen is never disturbed by the action in a movie, so consciousness is never disturbed by experience; thus it is inherently peaceful. The peace that is inherent in us—indeed that is us—is not dependent on the situations or conditions we find ourselves in. In a series of essays that draw you, through your own direct experience, into an exploration of the nature of this knowing element that each of us calls “I,” The Nature of Consciousness posits that consciousness is the fundamental reality of the apparent duality of mind and matter. It shows that the overlooking or ignoring of this reality is the root cause of the existential unhappiness that pervades and motivates most people’s lives, as well as the wider conflicts that exist between communities and nations. Conversely, the book suggests that the recognition of the fundamental reality of consciousness is the first step in the quest for lasting happiness and the foundation for world peace.

The Nature of Consciousness, the Universe and Everything

Download The Nature of Consciousness, the Universe and Everything PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780999229408
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (294 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Nature of Consciousness, the Universe and Everything by : Alex Milov

Download or read book The Nature of Consciousness, the Universe and Everything written by Alex Milov and published by . This book was released on 2017-08-25 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An evidenced-based compilation of findings across disciplines supported by direct observations and the formal experiments of peer review research. What does it mean to know? Are plants conscious? Is the waggle dance of the honeybee a language? Do fish dream? Can squirrel monkeys learn to perceive the color red? Do chimpanzees lie? In charting the development of consciousness across species the nature of human consciousness is revealed and healthy life choices become clear. In the process, we discover some surprising implications for the ideas of self-concept and free-will. The information compiled here allows for nothing less than an awakening as to who we are in the universe. Though the evidence comes from naturalistic observations and the methods are based on the principles of science, the destination is ultimately spiritual.

Our Mathematical Universe

Download Our Mathematical Universe PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Vintage
ISBN 13 : 0307744256
Total Pages : 434 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (77 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Our Mathematical Universe by : Max Tegmark

Download or read book Our Mathematical Universe written by Max Tegmark and published by Vintage. This book was released on 2015-02-03 with total page 434 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Max Tegmark leads us on an astonishing journey through past, present and future, and through the physics, astronomy and mathematics that are the foundation of his work, most particularly his hypothesis that our physical reality is a mathematical structure and his theory of the ultimate multiverse. In a dazzling combination of both popular and groundbreaking science, he not only helps us grasp his often mind-boggling theories, but he also shares with us some of the often surprising triumphs and disappointments that have shaped his life as a scientist. Fascinating from first to last—this is a book that has already prompted the attention and admiration of some of the most prominent scientists and mathematicians.

Biocentrism

Download Biocentrism PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : ReadHowYouWant.com
ISBN 13 : 1458795179
Total Pages : 298 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (587 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Biocentrism by : Robert Lanza

Download or read book Biocentrism written by Robert Lanza and published by ReadHowYouWant.com. This book was released on 2011 with total page 298 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Robert Lanza is one of the most respected scientists in the world a US News and World Report cover story called him a genius and a renegade thinker, even likening him to Einstein. Lanza has teamed with Bob Berman, the most widely read astronomer in the world, to produce Biocentrism, a revolutionary new view of the universe. Every now and then a simple yet radical idea shakes the very foundations of knowledge. The startling discovery that the world was not flat challenged and ultimately changed the way people perceived themselves and their relationship with the world. For most humans of the 15th century, the notion of Earth as ball of rock was nonsense. The whole of Western, natural philosophy is undergoing a sea change again, increasingly being forced upon us by the experimental findings of quantum theory, and at the same time, toward doubt and uncertainty in the physical explanations of the universes genesis and structure. Biocentrism completes this shift in worldview, turning the planet upside down again with the revolutionary view that life creates the universe instead of the other way around. In this paradigm, life is not an accidental byproduct of the laws of physics. Biocentrism takes the reader on a seemingly improbable but ultimately inescapable journey through a foreign universe our own from the viewpoints of an acclaimed biologist and a leading astronomer. Switching perspective from physics to biology unlocks the cages in which Western science has unwittingly managed to confine itself. Biocentrism will shatter the readers ideas of life--time and space, and even death. At the same time it will release us from the dull worldview of life being merely the activity of an admixture of carbon and a few other elements; it suggests the exhilarating possibility that life is fundamentally immortal. The 21st century is predicted to be the Century of Biology, a shift from the previous century dominated by physics. It seems fitting, then, to begin the century by turning the universe outside-in and unifying the foundations of science with a simple idea discovered by one of the leading life-scientists of our age. Biocentrism awakens in readers a new sense of possibility, and is full of so many shocking new perspectives that the reader will never see reality the same way again.

Origins of Consciousness: How the Search to Understand the Nature of Consciousness is Leading to a New View of Reality

Download Origins of Consciousness: How the Search to Understand the Nature of Consciousness is Leading to a New View of Reality PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Lulu.com
ISBN 13 : 1329298772
Total Pages : 222 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (292 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Origins of Consciousness: How the Search to Understand the Nature of Consciousness is Leading to a New View of Reality by : Adrian David Nelson

Download or read book Origins of Consciousness: How the Search to Understand the Nature of Consciousness is Leading to a New View of Reality written by Adrian David Nelson and published by Lulu.com. This book was released on 2015-07-04 with total page 222 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In recent years science and philosophy have seen a resurgence of open-mindedness toward deeper views of consciousness. This book explores ideas and evidence now changing the way scientists and philosophers approach the place of consciousness in the universe. From the frontiers of modern physics and cosmology to controversial experiments exploring telepathy and mind-matter interaction, the emerging view promises to change how we understand our place in the universe, our relationship to other life, and the nature of reality itself.

Mind and Cosmos

Download Mind and Cosmos PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0199919755
Total Pages : 141 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (999 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Mind and Cosmos by : Thomas Nagel

Download or read book Mind and Cosmos written by Thomas Nagel and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2012-11-22 with total page 141 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The modern materialist approach to life has conspicuously failed to explain such central mind-related features of our world as consciousness, intentionality, meaning, and value. This failure to account for something so integral to nature as mind, argues philosopher Thomas Nagel, is a major problem, threatening to unravel the entire naturalistic world picture, extending to biology, evolutionary theory, and cosmology. Since minds are features of biological systems that have developed through evolution, the standard materialist version of evolutionary biology is fundamentally incomplete. And the cosmological history that led to the origin of life and the coming into existence of the conditions for evolution cannot be a merely materialist history, either. An adequate conception of nature would have to explain the appearance in the universe of materially irreducible conscious minds, as such. Nagel's skepticism is not based on religious belief or on a belief in any definite alternative. In Mind and Cosmos, he does suggest that if the materialist account is wrong, then principles of a different kind may also be at work in the history of nature, principles of the growth of order that are in their logical form teleological rather than mechanistic. In spite of the great achievements of the physical sciences, reductive materialism is a world view ripe for displacement. Nagel shows that to recognize its limits is the first step in looking for alternatives, or at least in being open to their possibility.

The Nature of Consciousness and the Universe

Download The Nature of Consciousness and the Universe PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Tate Publishing & Enterprises
ISBN 13 : 9781680286274
Total Pages : 34 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (862 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Nature of Consciousness and the Universe by : Daniel J. Alworth

Download or read book The Nature of Consciousness and the Universe written by Daniel J. Alworth and published by Tate Publishing & Enterprises. This book was released on 2015-09-29 with total page 34 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Many of us ask, "What is the point of life?" or similar inquiries. Well, the point is to find out for yourself! To think for yourself! To be for yourself! What a wonderful universe it is to experience existence in. This collection of words, thoughts, and experiences is to assist in the magnificent journey called you. You are the connection to the entire universe. Ever wonder about the nature of the universe, consciousness, and merely the workings of all that is? How can we enjoy life? In this reading, I explain basic logics and ideals to understand balance. For balance is in everything that exists; with a true understanding of balance, one is well ready to tackle what comes next. My friends, there will always be more challenges, more battles, and new things thought not possible, or nearly inconceivable. This book is designed to get one to really think for themselves, to ask why, and to respect all life.

The Romance of Reality

Download The Romance of Reality PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : BenBella Books
ISBN 13 : 1637740441
Total Pages : 321 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (377 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Romance of Reality by : Bobby Azarian

Download or read book The Romance of Reality written by Bobby Azarian and published by BenBella Books. This book was released on 2022-06-28 with total page 321 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Why do we exist? For centuries, this question was the sole province of religion and philosophy. But now science is ready to take a seat at the table. According to the prevailing scientific paradigm, the universe tends toward randomness; it functions according to laws without purpose, and the emergence of life is an accident devoid of meaning. But this bleak interpretation of nature is currently being challenged by cutting-edge findings at the intersection of physics, biology, neuroscience, and information theory—generally referred to as “complexity science.” Thanks to a new understanding of evolution, as well as recent advances in our understanding of the phenomenon known as emergence, a new cosmic narrative is taking shape: Nature’s simplest “parts” come together to form ever-greater “wholes” in a process that has no end in sight. In The Romance of Reality, cognitive neuroscientist Bobby Azarian explains the science behind this new view of reality and explores what it means for all of us. In engaging, accessible prose, Azarian outlines the fundamental misunderstanding of thermodynamics at the heart of the old assumptions about the universe’s evolution, and shows us the evidence that suggests that the universe is a “self-organizing” system, one that is moving toward increasing complexity and awareness. Cosmologist and science communicator Carl Sagan once said of humanity that “we are a way for the cosmos to know itself.” The Romance of Reality shows that this poetic statement in fact rests on a scientific foundation and gives us a new way to know the cosmos, along with a riveting vision of life that imbues existence with meaning—nothing supernatural required.

The Idea of the World

Download The Idea of the World PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Hunt Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1785357409
Total Pages : 292 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (853 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Idea of the World by : Bernardo Kastrup

Download or read book The Idea of the World written by Bernardo Kastrup and published by John Hunt Publishing. This book was released on 2019-03-29 with total page 292 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A rigorous case for the primacy of mind in nature, from philosophy to neuroscience, psychology and physics. The Idea of the World offers a grounded alternative to the frenzy of unrestrained abstractions and unexamined assumptions in philosophy and science today. This book examines what can be learned about the nature of reality based on conceptual parsimony, straightforward logic and empirical evidence from fields as diverse as physics and neuroscience. It compiles an overarching case for idealism - the notion that reality is essentially mental - from ten original articles the author has previously published in leading academic journals. The case begins with an exposition of the logical fallacies and internal contradictions of the reigning physicalist ontology and its popular alternatives, such as bottom-up panpsychism. It then advances a compelling formulation of idealism that elegantly makes sense of - and reconciles - classical and quantum worlds. The main objections to idealism are systematically refuted and empirical evidence is reviewed that corroborates the formulation presented here. The book closes with an analysis of the hidden psychological motivations behind mainstream physicalism and the implications of idealism for the way we relate to the world.

THE NATURE OF REALITY

Download THE NATURE OF REALITY PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780983036432
Total Pages : 89 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (364 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis THE NATURE OF REALITY by :

Download or read book THE NATURE OF REALITY written by and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 89 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Being Aware of Being Aware

Download Being Aware of Being Aware PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : New Harbinger Publications
ISBN 13 : 1626259984
Total Pages : 73 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (262 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Being Aware of Being Aware by : Rupert Spira

Download or read book Being Aware of Being Aware written by Rupert Spira and published by New Harbinger Publications. This book was released on 2017-11-01 with total page 73 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Everybody is aware, all seven billion of us. We are aware of thoughts, feelings, sensations, and perceptions. All people share the experience of being aware, but relatively few people are aware that they are aware. Most people’s lives consist of a flow of thoughts, images, ideas, feelings, sensations, sights, sounds, and so on. Very few people ask, 'What is it that knows this flow of thoughts, feelings, and perceptions? With what am I aware of my experience?' The knowing of our being—or rather, awareness’s knowing of its own being in us—is our primary, fundamental and most intimate experience. It is in this experience that the peace, happiness and love for which all people long reside. The happiness we have sought so long outside of ourselves, in situations, objects and relationships, turns out to be always present and available in the simple knowing of our own being as it truly is. The knowing of our own being shines in each of us as the experience ‘I am’ or ‘I am aware’, or simply the knowledge ‘I’. This obvious, familiar and intimate experience has no objective qualities and is, therefore, overlooked or ignored by the majority of people. This overlooking of our own being is the ultimate cause of unhappiness. What is the nature of the experience of being aware or awareness itself? The exploration of this question is the subject matter of this book and the essence of the Direct Path to peace and happiness. * * * The Essence of Meditation Series presents meditations on the essential, non-dual understanding that lies at the heart of all the great religious and spiritual traditions, compiled from contemplations led by Rupert Spira at his meetings and retreats. This simple, contemplative approach, which encourages a clear seeing of one’s experience rather than any kind of effort or discipline, leads the reader to an experiential understanding of their own essential being and the peace and fulfillment that are inherent within it. Being Aware of Being Aware is the first and introductory volume in The Essence of Meditation Series.

The Nature of Consciousness, the Structure of Reality

Download The Nature of Consciousness, the Structure of Reality PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780970316103
Total Pages : 810 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (161 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Nature of Consciousness, the Structure of Reality by : Jerry Davidson Wheatley

Download or read book The Nature of Consciousness, the Structure of Reality written by Jerry Davidson Wheatley and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 810 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book describes how understanding the structure of reality leads to the Theory of Everything Equation. The equation unifies the forces of nature and enables the merging of relativity with quantum theory. The book explains the big bang theory and everything else.

The Nature of Consciousness

Download The Nature of Consciousness PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : iUniverse
ISBN 13 : 0595122159
Total Pages : 214 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (951 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Nature of Consciousness by : Susan Pockett

Download or read book The Nature of Consciousness written by Susan Pockett and published by iUniverse. This book was released on 2000-09 with total page 214 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Book Description: Few books about consciousness get to the nitty gritty as quickly as this one. By the end of the preface, the essence of the novel hypothesis that is at the heart of the book is clear. The reader is then taken on a stimulating intellectual journey that ranges from ancient Hindu religious texts to the most up-to-the minute papers in the neuroscience literature as the author supports and defends the hypothesis. If you have any interest at all in the academic field of consciousness studies, don't miss this book!

The New Science of Consciousness Survival and the Metaparadigm Shift to a Conscious Universe

Download The New Science of Consciousness Survival and the Metaparadigm Shift to a Conscious Universe PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Dog Ear Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1457546949
Total Pages : 242 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (575 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The New Science of Consciousness Survival and the Metaparadigm Shift to a Conscious Universe by : Dr. Alan Ross Hugenot

Download or read book The New Science of Consciousness Survival and the Metaparadigm Shift to a Conscious Universe written by Dr. Alan Ross Hugenot and published by Dog Ear Publishing. This book was released on 2016-06-30 with total page 242 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Alan Hugenot" lectures on “the Leading-Edge Science of the Afterlife,… he concluded that the entire universe is conscious and that this explains both near-death experiences and certain paradoxes of quantum theory…. As someone with a physics degree, I know that Hugenot’s….basic idea of a conscious universe is neither crazy nor new…. Erwin Schrödinger, one of the fathers of quantum physics, was an avid student of Hindu philosophy, and believed something similar." Gideon Lichfield, April 2015 Atlantic Monthly “The existence of a hidden field (Bohm’s implicate order) of non-physical consciousness, occupying as yet undiscerned additional dimensions, which are outside the visible reality (Bohm’s explicate order) as defined by 3-D plus time, has now been proven scientifically by the following collated data: Recent repeated replication of John Bell’s theory of non-locality, Studies of the Near-Death experience, and After-death communications demonstrated in triple blind laboratory experiments testing evidential mediumship This hidden field (implicate order) of non-physical consciousness, also provides the matrix upon which the explicate order of observed reality is continually manifested." Alan Hugenot “Our challenge is to discover, through careful science, how we can interface with this matrix of consciousness. Viewing psi phenomena as belonging to aspects of reality, about which we as yet simply know very little, is the only honest way for any scientist to proceed. Healthy scientific skepticism must be open to new discoveries; and so allow open examination of the scientific data developed by rigorous para-normal research. Honest, open minded inquiry will bring both new discoveries of truth and new laws of physics beyond the limits of the Newtonian paradigm. Alan Hugenot

Consciousness and the Universe: Quantum Physics, Evolution, Brain & Mind

Download Consciousness and the Universe: Quantum Physics, Evolution, Brain & Mind PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Science Publishers
ISBN 13 : 9781938024306
Total Pages : 824 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (243 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Consciousness and the Universe: Quantum Physics, Evolution, Brain & Mind by : Sir Roger Penrose

Download or read book Consciousness and the Universe: Quantum Physics, Evolution, Brain & Mind written by Sir Roger Penrose and published by Science Publishers. This book was released on 2017-11-26 with total page 824 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: List Price: $48.007" x 10" (17.78 x 25.4 cm) Black & White on White paper828 pagesScience PublishersISBN-13: 978-1938024511 ISBN-10: 1938024516 BISAC: Science / Physics / Quantum TheoryIs consciousness an epiphenomenal happenstance of this particular universe? Or does the very concept of a universe depend upon its presence? Does consciousness merely perceive reality, or does reality depend upon it? Did consciousness simply emerge as an effect of evolution? Or was it, in some sense, always "out there" in the world? These questions and more, are addressed in this special edition.

Reason Is

Download Reason Is PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CreateSpace
ISBN 13 : 9781506172989
Total Pages : 656 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (729 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Reason Is by : Roar Mikalsen

Download or read book Reason Is written by Roar Mikalsen and published by CreateSpace. This book was released on 2015-04-15 with total page 656 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Who are we? Why are we here? What is our relation to the universe? And what exactly is consciousness, this mystery that makes possible all our experience? This book not only answers these questions, but presents them in the context of a grand unified theory of existence-a positive vision for the world carried forth by meaning and significance. It shows how humanity's timeless wisdom traditions and experiential spirituality easily can be merged with modern science, and argues that the sum of our present knowledge necessitates a revision of the traditional interpretation of Darwin's evolutionary theory. According to the author, our consciousness is not the result of inert matter, and neither is evolution a haphazard process governed by chance. He sees this assumption as a product of our limited understanding and argues that a new form of consciousness-the cosmic-grants us access to an enlarged perspective-one that finally makes it possible for us to correctly map out our relation to the greater reality. As seen from the perspective of this cosmic consciousness, he asserts that consciousness presents itself as all there is; that the universe is revealed as a living, breathing entity-a multidimensional and hyperintelligent totality-and that our consciousness, as an integral part of this Greater Being, transcends time and space, birth and death. Furthermore history is seen as the result of this universal force's self-actualization, and the author's contention is that this new form of consciousness not only represents another evolutionary leap, but the universe's realization of itself through us. The book's purpose is to give the reader an introduction to the world as it is witnessed from the cosmic consciousness' point of view. It broadly explains how everything is interconnected with everything else, and presents us with practical and definite solutions to those problems haunting us on a collective and personal level.

The Consciousness of the Atom

Download The Consciousness of the Atom PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Literary Licensing, LLC
ISBN 13 : 9781497877474
Total Pages : 162 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (774 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Consciousness of the Atom by : Alice A. Bailey

Download or read book The Consciousness of the Atom written by Alice A. Bailey and published by Literary Licensing, LLC. This book was released on 2014-03 with total page 162 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Is A New Release Of The Original 1922 Edition.