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The Measurement Of Hate Crimes In America
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Book Synopsis The Measurement of Hate Crimes in America by : Frank S. Pezzella
Download or read book The Measurement of Hate Crimes in America written by Frank S. Pezzella and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-10-23 with total page 133 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Using data from the Uniform Crime Reporting Hate Crime Statistics Program and the National Crime Victimization Survey, this brief highlights the uniqueness of hate or bias crime victimization. It compares these to non-bias crimes and delineates the situational circumstances that distinguish bias from non-bias offending. The nuances of under-reporting shed light on bias-group and victim reasons for not reporting. By examining measurement issues associated with data collection systems, this brief helps explain why eighty-nine percent of participating law enforcement agencies report zero hate crimes each year. It describes patterns and trends in reporting the volume of general bias motivations and specific bias types, as the most prevalent hate crime offense types and most likely victims and offenders. With recommendations to address issues in measurement and under-reporting, including an action plan by the Enhance the Response to Hate Crimes Advisory Committee and the International Association of Chiefs of Police, a best practice model by the Oak Creek Police Department, and other promising law enforcement reporting models, this brief provides an increasingly critical resource for law enforcement practitioners and researchers dealing with hate crimes.
Book Synopsis Hate Crime in America by : Danielle Smith-Llera
Download or read book Hate Crime in America written by Danielle Smith-Llera and published by Compass Point Books. This book was released on 2020 with total page 65 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Hate crime in the United States is on the rise. The FBI has reported that hate crimes rose by 17 percent in 2017, increasing for the third straight year, and the trend continued into 2018 and 2019. The crimes are most commonly motivated by hatred related to race, ethnicity, or country of origin. Many crimes are also motivated by bias against sexual orientation or gender identity. Students will learn why hate crime is on the rise and how they can help combat it.
Book Synopsis Predicting Hate Crime Reporting to Police by : Heather Zaykowski
Download or read book Predicting Hate Crime Reporting to Police written by Heather Zaykowski and published by ProQuest. This book was released on 2008 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Significant variation among the legal and scholarly definitions of hate crimes impact how these crimes are measured. Although scholars tend to use the Uniform Crime Reports to understand the scope of hate crime in the United States, these data suffer from limitations due to this lack of conformity as well as the future of local agencies to submit hate crime statistics. Furthermore, a crime has to be reported to police to be counted in the UCR data. Using the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) 1992-2005, this paper examines the factors related to police reporting behavior by violent hate crime through analyzing the demographic (gender, race, education, age, urban location) and the contextual characteristics of the incident (victim-offender relationship, severity: injury to victim, weapon used, multiple offenders). Particular attention was given to racial hate crimes to investigate differences within hate crime victimization categories. Understanding the mechanisms of police reporting behavior is important because the failure of victims to contact authorities undermines the ability of the criminal justice system to appropriately punish hate crime offenders and effectively deter future incidents. Supporting previous studies on victimization reporting, severity of the incident, gender and offenders unknown to the victim significantly and substantially increased reporting likelihood. Most interestingly, race did not dramatically impact reporting behavior for total hate crime, but had a significant and substantial effect on racial hate crime. Victimizations of Whites were more than 50 percent more likely to be reported than Non-White victimizations for racial hate crime.
Book Synopsis Making Hate A Crime by : Valerie Jenness
Download or read book Making Hate A Crime written by Valerie Jenness and published by Russell Sage Foundation. This book was released on 2001-08-15 with total page 237 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Violence motivated by racism, anti-Semitism, misogyny, and homophobia weaves a tragic pattern throughout American history. Fueled by recent high-profile cases, hate crimes have achieved an unprecedented visibility. Only in the past twenty years, however, has this kind of violence—itself as old as humankind—been specifically categorized and labeled as hate crime. Making Hate a Crime is the first book to trace the emergence and development of hate crime as a concept, illustrating how it has become institutionalized as a social fact and analyzing its policy implications. In Making Hate a Crime Valerie Jenness and Ryken Grattet show how the concept of hate crime emerged and evolved over time, as it traversed the arenas of American politics, legislatures, courts, and law enforcement. In the process, violence against people of color, immigrants, Jews, gays and lesbians, women, and persons with disabilities has come to be understood as hate crime, while violence against other vulnerable victims-octogenarians, union members, the elderly, and police officers, for example-has not. The authors reveal the crucial role social movements played in the early formulation of hate crime policy, as well as the way state and federal politicians defined the content of hate crime statutes, how judges determined the constitutional validity of those statutes, and how law enforcement has begun to distinguish between hate crime and other crime. Hate crime took on different meanings as it moved from social movement concept to law enforcement practice. As a result, it not only acquired a deeper jurisprudential foundation but its scope of application has been restricted in some ways and broadened in others. Making Hate a Crime reveals how our current understanding of hate crime is a mix of political and legal interpretations at work in the American policymaking process. Jenness and Grattet provide an insightful examination of the birth of a new category in criminal justice: hate crime. Their findings have implications for emerging social problems such as school violence, television-induced violence, elder-abuse, as well as older ones like drunk driving, stalking, and sexual harassment. Making Hate a Crime presents a fresh perspective on how social problems and the policies devised in response develop over time. A Volume in the American Sociological Association's Rose Series in Sociology
Book Synopsis Hate Crime Statutes by : Frank S. Pezzella
Download or read book Hate Crime Statutes written by Frank S. Pezzella and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-07-28 with total page 87 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Brief provides a clearly outlined and accessible overview of the challenges in creating and enforcing hate crime legislation in the United States. As the author explains, while it is generally not controversial that hate crime behavior should be stopped, the question of how to do so effectively is complex. This volume begins with an introduction about defining hate crimes, and the history of hate crimes and hate crime legislation in the United States. The author shows arguments in favor of hate crime statutes, for example: hate crimes reach beyond their victims to members of the victims’ protected group and cohesion of society at large, and should therefore carry higher penalties.The author also shows arguments against hate crime statutes, for example that they sometimes contain enhanced penalties for certain specially protected groups and not others, and have a high potential for ambiguity and uneven enforcement. From a law enforcement perspective, the author explores the practical challenges in enforcing these statutes, and solutions to address them. Investigative techniques and resources vary significantly across police departments, as does training to identify and distinguish hate crimes from ordinary crimes. There is high potential for law enforcement and prosecutors’ personal biases to effect the classification of crimes as hate crimes. Law enforcement organizations are constantly faced with the dilemma of what and how to enforce legislation. This brief will be relevant for researchers in criminology and criminal justice, policy makers involved in hate crime legislation, social justice, and police-community relations, as well as related fields such as sociology, public policy and demography.
Book Synopsis Understanding Hate Crimes by : Carolyn Turpin-Petrosino
Download or read book Understanding Hate Crimes written by Carolyn Turpin-Petrosino and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2015-03-27 with total page 255 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Hate crimes and lesser acts of bigotry and intolerance are seen to be constants in today’s world. Since 1990, the federal government has published annual reports on hate crime incidents in the United States. While the reported numbers are disturbing, even more devastating is the impact of these crimes on individuals, communities, and society. This comprehensive textbook can serve as a stand-alone source for instructors and students who study hate crimes and/or other related acts. It invites the reader to consider relevant social mores and practices as well as criminal justice policies as they relate to hate crimes by presenting this subject within a broad context.
Book Synopsis Hate Crimes by : United States. Federal Bureau of Investigation
Download or read book Hate Crimes written by United States. Federal Bureau of Investigation and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 12 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Hate Crimes in America by : Melissa Abramovitz
Download or read book Hate Crimes in America written by Melissa Abramovitz and published by ABDO. This book was released on 2016-12-15 with total page 115 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Hate Crimes in America covers the history of crimes motivated by prejudice, examples of such incidents in the headlines today, and the ways in which communities are responding to these vicious acts. Aligned to Common Core Standards and correlated to state standards. Essential Library is an imprint of Abdo Publishing, a division of ABDO.
Author :United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judiciary. Subcommittee on the Constitution Publisher : ISBN 13 : Total Pages :146 pages Book Rating :4.F/5 ( download)
Book Synopsis The Hate Crimes Statistics Act by : United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judiciary. Subcommittee on the Constitution
Download or read book The Hate Crimes Statistics Act written by United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judiciary. Subcommittee on the Constitution and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 146 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Measurement Problems in Criminal Justice Research by : National Research Council
Download or read book Measurement Problems in Criminal Justice Research written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2003-01-18 with total page 112 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Most major crime in this country emanates from two major data sources. The FBI's Uniform Crime Reports has collected information on crimes known to the police and arrests from local and state jurisdictions throughout the country. The National Crime Victimization Survey, a general population survey designed to cover the extent, nature, and consequences of criminal victimization, has been conducted annually since the early1970s. This workshop was designed to consider similarities and differences in the methodological problems encountered by the survey and criminal justice research communities and what might be the best focus for the research community. In addition to comparing and contrasting the methodological issues associated with self-report surveys and official records, the workshop explored methods for obtaining accurate self-reports on sensitive questions about crime events, estimating crime and victimization in rural counties and townships and developing unbiased prevalence and incidence rates for rate events among population subgroups.
Download or read book Hate Crimes written by James B. Jacobs and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2000-12-28 with total page 224 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the early 1980s, a new category of crime appeared in the criminal law lexicon. In response to concerted advocacy-group lobbying, Congress and many state legislatures passed a wave of "hate crime" laws requiring the collection of statistics on, and enhancing the punishment for, crimes motivated by certain prejudices. This book places the evolution of the hate crime concept in socio-legal perspective. James B. Jacobs and Kimberly Potter adopt a skeptical if not critical stance, maintaining that legal definitions of hate crime are riddled with ambiguity and subjectivity. No matter how hate crime is defined, and despite an apparent media consensus to the contrary, the authors find no evidence to support the claim that the United States is experiencing a hate crime epidemic--instead, they cast doubt on whether the number of hate crimes is even increasing. The authors further assert that, while the federal effort to establish a reliable hate crime accounting system has failed, data collected for this purpose have led to widespread misinterpretation of the state of intergroup relations in this country. The book contends that hate crime as a socio-legal category represents the elaboration of an identity politics now manifesting itself in many areas of the law. But the attempt to apply the anti-discrimination paradigm to criminal law generates problems and anomalies. For one thing, members of minority groups are frequently hate crime perpetrators. Moreover, the underlying conduct prohibited by hate crime law is already subject to criminal punishment. Jacobs and Potter question whether hate crimes are worse or more serious than similar crimes attributable to other anti-social motivations. They also argue that the effort to single out hate crime for greater punishment is, in effect, an effort to punish some offenders more seriously simply because of their beliefs, opinions, or values, thus implicating the First Amendment. Advancing a provocative argument in clear and persuasive terms, Jacobs and Potter show how the recriminalization of hate crime has little (if any) value with respect to law enforcement or criminal justice. Indeed, enforcement of such laws may exacerbate intergroup tensions rather than eradicate prejudice.
Book Synopsis Hate Crimes Revisited by : Jack Levin
Download or read book Hate Crimes Revisited written by Jack Levin and published by Basic Books. This book was released on 2009-03-25 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Two leading experts on hate crime reassess the threat of violence based on difference--whether in sexual orientation, race, gender, ethnicity, or citizenship-- to help us better understand and ultimately prevent such acts from occurring in the future.
Author :U.s. Department of Justice Publisher :Createspace Independent Pub ISBN 13 :9781479366965 Total Pages :84 pages Book Rating :4.3/5 (669 download)
Book Synopsis A Policymaker's Guide to Hate Crimes by : U.s. Department of Justice
Download or read book A Policymaker's Guide to Hate Crimes written by U.s. Department of Justice and published by Createspace Independent Pub. This book was released on 2012-08-12 with total page 84 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Despite the best efforts of political and community leaders to foster tolerance and understanding, deep-seated racial tensions continue to plague the Nation. News stories of bias-motivated incidents fill the national pages of major U.S. newspapers. A rash of arsons at African-American churches in the South, for example, has spurred the Federal Government to launch a major investigation that, so far, has led to the arrest of 120 suspects. Of the 298 Federal arson investigations carried out between January 1995 and November 1996, approximately 43 percent involved fires at black churches, although white churches far outnumber black churches in the Nation. Political and religious leaders said that the disproportionate number of black churches being burned indicated that the Nation was experiencing a serious wave of hate crimes. While the hate crime problem has moved up the political agendas of policymakers at every level of government in recent years, the phenomenon is hardly new. From the Romans' persecution of Christians and the Nazis' “final solution” for the Jews to the “ethnic cleansing” in Bosnia and genocide in Rwanda, hate crimes have shaped and sometimes defined world history. In the United States, racial and religious biases largely have inspired most hate crimes. As Europeans began to colonize the New World in the 16th and 17th centuries, Native Americans increasingly became the targets of biasmotivated intimidation and violence. During the past two centuries, some of the more typical examples of hate crimes in this Nation include the lynchings of African Americans, cross burnings to drive black families from predominantly white neighborhoods, assaults on homosexuals, and the painting of swastikas on Jewish synagogues. For the purposes of this monograph, hate crimes, or bias-motivated crimes, are defined as offenses motivated by hatred against a victim based on his or her race, religion, sexual orientation, handicap, ethnicity, or national origin. While such a definition may make identifying a hate crime seem like a simple task, criminal acts motivated by bias can easily be confused with forms of expression protected by the U.S. Constitution. In recent years hate crimes and related legal issues have received a significant amount of coverage and commentary in the news media. As a result of several dramatic incidents of hate crimes and domestic terrorism, public awareness and concern over bias-motivated crimes have heightened, and the topic has steadily moved up the political agendas of leaders at every level of government. These developments have led Attorney General Janet Reno to seek an assessment of laws and strategies designed to fight, gauge, and prevent bias-motivated offenses; this monograph both reflects and helps meet that commitment. A Policymaker's Guide to Hate Crimes is the product of a review of recent literature on hate crimes, interviews with hate crime experts, and attendance at congressional hearings and a planning meeting on hate crimes and terrorism. It is meant to explain, in layperson's terms, the scope and nature of the Nation's hate crime problem and to provide a general overview of the current responses to hate crimes by local, State, and Federal government agencies; law enforcement authorities; and civil rights groups. This monograph examines the significant strides made by the Federal Government in creating a baseline of raw data on hate crimes and the problems that impede the reporting of hate crime incidents. In addition, the monograph summarizes current State laws and U.S. Supreme Court decisions regarding hate crimes. Preventive measures and tactics for dealing with hate crime offenders also are discussed with references to vanguard programs in specific communities. We hope that this monograph will educate and guide public officials in developing policies that address one of the Nation's most insidious problems.
Book Synopsis Measuring Racial Discrimination by : National Research Council
Download or read book Measuring Racial Discrimination written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2004-07-24 with total page 335 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Many racial and ethnic groups in the United States, including blacks, Hispanics, Asians, American Indians, and others, have historically faced severe discriminationâ€"pervasive and open denial of civil, social, political, educational, and economic opportunities. Today, large differences among racial and ethnic groups continue to exist in employment, income and wealth, housing, education, criminal justice, health, and other areas. While many factors may contribute to such differences, their size and extent suggest that various forms of discriminatory treatment persist in U.S. society and serve to undercut the achievement of equal opportunity. Measuring Racial Discrimination considers the definition of race and racial discrimination, reviews the existing techniques used to measure racial discrimination, and identifies new tools and areas for future research. The book conducts a thorough evaluation of current methodologies for a wide range of circumstances in which racial discrimination may occur, and makes recommendations on how to better assess the presence and effects of discrimination.
Download or read book Hate Crimes written by James B. Jacobs and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 1998 with total page 223 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Discusses the evolution of hate crime laws in the United States, examining the effectiveness of such laws, the interpretation of their legal definitions, and the challenges they pose to law enforcement officials.
Author :National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Publisher :National Academies Press ISBN 13 :0309467136 Total Pages :409 pages Book Rating :4.3/5 (94 download)
Book Synopsis Proactive Policing by : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
Download or read book Proactive Policing written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2018-03-23 with total page 409 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Proactive policing, as a strategic approach used by police agencies to prevent crime, is a relatively new phenomenon in the United States. It developed from a crisis in confidence in policing that began to emerge in the 1960s because of social unrest, rising crime rates, and growing skepticism regarding the effectiveness of standard approaches to policing. In response, beginning in the 1980s and 1990s, innovative police practices and policies that took a more proactive approach began to develop. This report uses the term "proactive policing" to refer to all policing strategies that have as one of their goals the prevention or reduction of crime and disorder and that are not reactive in terms of focusing primarily on uncovering ongoing crime or on investigating or responding to crimes once they have occurred. Proactive policing is distinguished from the everyday decisions of police officers to be proactive in specific situations and instead refers to a strategic decision by police agencies to use proactive police responses in a programmatic way to reduce crime. Today, proactive policing strategies are used widely in the United States. They are not isolated programs used by a select group of agencies but rather a set of ideas that have spread across the landscape of policing. Proactive Policing reviews the evidence and discusses the data and methodological gaps on: (1) the effects of different forms of proactive policing on crime; (2) whether they are applied in a discriminatory manner; (3) whether they are being used in a legal fashion; and (4) community reaction. This report offers a comprehensive evaluation of proactive policing that includes not only its crime prevention impacts but also its broader implications for justice and U.S. communities.
Download or read book Hate Crime written by Robert J. Kelly and published by SIU Press. This book was released on 1998 with total page 276 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: These previously unpublished essays explore the international phenomenon of hate crimes, examining the socio-psychological dynamics of these crimes and the settings in which they occur, the relationships between offenders and their victims, the emotional states of the participants, and the legal and law enforcement responses to these crimes. The essays address religious, racial, ethnic, and sexual crimes in the United States, Latin America, Africa, Europe, and the Middle East. The essayists provide historical reviews of the problems and the ways local authorities understand and cope with the dilemmas as well as prognoses about the persistence of hate crime and the measures that can be taken to control and contain it. "Introduction", Robert J. Kelly and Jess Maghan "Black Rage, Murder, Racism, and Madness: The Metamorphosis of Colin Ferguson", Robert J. Kelly "The Neo-Nazis and Skinheads of Germany: Purveyors of Hate", Robert Harnishmacher and Robert J. Kelly "The Ku Klux Klan: Recurring Hate in America", Robert J. Kelly "The Homeless Palestinians in Israel and the Arab World", Ghada Talhami "Hate Crimes in India: A Historical Perspective", Asad ur Rahman "Social Cleansing in Colombia: The War on Street Children", Suzanne Wilson and Julia Greider-Durango "The Emergence and Implications of American Hate Crime Jurisprudence", James B. Jacobs "Spectacular Punishment and the Orchestration of Hate: The Pillory and Popular Morality in Eighteenth-Century England", Antony E. Simpson "Epilogue", Robert J. Kelly and Jess Maghan "An Annotated Bibliography of Hate Crime Literature", Jess Maghan
