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The Impact Of The China Shock On The Manufacturing Labor Market In Brazil
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Book Synopsis The Impact of the China Shock on the Manufacturing Labor Market in Brazil by : Lourenço Senne Paz
Download or read book The Impact of the China Shock on the Manufacturing Labor Market in Brazil written by Lourenço Senne Paz and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The vigorous growth of the Chinese economy together with its growing role in international trade has raised fears of deindustrialization among developing countries. This study draws on the large increase in the international trade exposure of the Brazilian economy from 2000 to 2012 to assess the impacts of trade on its manufacturing sector. In this period, import penetration increased by 25%, and at the same time, Chinas share of import penetration increased from 3% to 20%. Using household survey data that encompasses both formal and informal workers, this papers estimates indicate that higher import penetration reduces the employment level, the share of employment in the population, the hourly wage, the interindustry wage premium, and the share of informal employment. The industry-level results indicate that a rise in import penetration from either China or the rest of the world (ROW) reduced the employment level, hourly wage, and share of informal employment while increasing the interindustry wage premium. The worker-level results suggest that industry-level import penetration from China and the ROW raised workers wages and reduced the likelihood of their being informally employed. The state-level estimates imply that Chinese and ROW imports per worker initially reduced the employment level, the hourly wage, and share of informal employment, but these effects were reversed after 2008. Chinese imports per firm had a negative impact on the share of informal employment and a positive one on average years of schooling. Before 2008, Chinese imports per firm increased the share of workers with both high-school and college educations, and the net impact on both shares became negative after 2008. Estimates using actual imports per worker and per firm did not impact state-level labor-market outcomes. Finally, these effects were modulated by the labor intensity of the industry, the state-level initial share of manufacturing in the gross domestic product, the availability of a sea harbor in the state, and the implementation of the Nova Matriz Econmica policies in 2008.
Book Synopsis The Short-Term Impact of COVID-19 on Labor Markets, Poverty and Inequality in Brazil by : International Monetary Fund
Download or read book The Short-Term Impact of COVID-19 on Labor Markets, Poverty and Inequality in Brazil written by International Monetary Fund and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2021-03-05 with total page 36 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We document the short-term impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Brazilian labor market focusing on employment, wages and hours worked using the nationally representative household surveys PNAD-Continua and PNAD COVID. Sectors most susceptible to the shock because they are more contact-intensive and less teleworkable, such as construction, domestic services and hospitality, suffered large job losses and reductions in hours. Given low income workers experienced the largest decline in earnings, extreme poverty and the Gini coefficient based on labor income increased by around 9.2 and 5 percentage points, respectively, due to the immediate shock. The government’s broad based, temporary Emergency Aid transfer program more than offset the labor income losses for the bottom four deciles, however, such that poverty relative to the pre-COVID baseline fell. At a cost of around 4 percent of GDP in 2020 such support is not fiscally sustainable beyond the short-term and ended in late 2020. The challenge will be to avoid a sharp increase in poverty and inequality if the labor market does not pick up sufficiently fast in 2021.
Book Synopsis The Rise of China and Labor Market Adjustments in Latin America by : Erhan Artuc
Download or read book The Rise of China and Labor Market Adjustments in Latin America written by Erhan Artuc and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 58 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper assesses the impact of the rise of China on the trade of Latin American and Caribbean economies. The study proposes an index to measure the impact on trade, which suggests sizable effects, especially in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Honduras, Mexico, and Paraguay. The paper uses the index and a model of labor mobility, to calculate the impact of China's growth on labor markets in Argentina, Brazil, and Mexico. The resulting evidence suggests that the rise of China has had positive effects on agriculture and mining in Argentina and Brazil, which offset negative impacts on manufacturing industries, thus leaving total employment and real wages virtually unchanged in the long run. In contrast, the estimated impacts of China's rise on Mexico imply that the sizable shock to manufacturing was not offset by the positive shocks on mining and agriculture, reducing employment in the long run. The paper also discusses the effect of China on the degree of informality in these three economies and contrasts short-run and long-run effects on employment and wages across industries.
Book Synopsis The Rise of China and Labor Market Adjustments in Latin America by : Erhan Artuc
Download or read book The Rise of China and Labor Market Adjustments in Latin America written by Erhan Artuc and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 58 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper assesses the impact of the rise of China on the trade of Latin American and Caribbean economies. The study proposes an index to measure the impact on trade, which suggests sizable effects, especially in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Honduras, Mexico, and Paraguay. The paper uses the index and a model of labor mobility, to calculate the impact of China's growth on labor markets in Argentina, Brazil, and Mexico. The resulting evidence suggests that the rise of China has had positive effects on agriculture and mining in Argentina and Brazil, which offset negative impacts on manufacturing industries, thus leaving total employment and real wages virtually unchanged in the long run. In contrast, the estimated impacts of China's rise on Mexico imply that the sizable shock to manufacturing was not offset by the positive shocks on mining and agriculture, reducing employment in the long run. The paper also discusses the effect of China on the degree of informality in these three economies and contrasts short-run and long-run effects on employment and wages across industries.
Book Synopsis Trading Promises for Results by : Mauricio Mesquita Moreira
Download or read book Trading Promises for Results written by Mauricio Mesquita Moreira and published by . This book was released on 2019-11-07 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Three Essays on Labor Market Dynamics in Brazil by : Laura Connolly
Download or read book Three Essays on Labor Market Dynamics in Brazil written by Laura Connolly and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 164 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the first essay, we use linked employer-employee data for the formal labor market in Brazil to examine the relative importance of firm age and firm size for job creation and destruction in Brazil. We find that firm age is a more important determinant of job creation in Brazil than is firm size; young firms and firm start-ups create a relatively high number of jobs in Brazil. We also find that young firms are more likely to exit the market and have higher levels of employment volatility. We, therefore, condition the job creation analysis on job stability and find that young firms and large firms create most of the stable jobs in Brazil. In the second essay, I analyze the impact of a trade shock on gender-specific local labor market outcomes in Brazil. I use an instrumental variable approach and linked employer-employee data to estimate the effect of both increased imports from China and exports to China on labor market outcomes in Brazil. Exports to China increase female employment growth in both the traded sector and the non-traded sector. Increased trade with China also increases female wage growth in both sectors; however, this does not translate to any improvements in the average wage ratio. In the third and final essay, we analyze the effect of the China trade shock on labor market reallocation and migration in Brazil. Microregions more exposed to exports to China experienced higher migration rates, but those more exposed to imports from China experienced lower migration rates. Additionally, workers employed in microregions more exposed to increased imports are: (1) less likely to transition from the traded sector to nonemployment, but (2) more likely to transition from nonemployment to the nontraded sector. However, we do not find many significant effects of export exposure on labor reallocation across industries or nonemployment.
Book Synopsis Trade, Productivity, Innovation, and Employment by : Mauricio Mesquita Moreira
Download or read book Trade, Productivity, Innovation, and Employment written by Mauricio Mesquita Moreira and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper uses the sudden surge in Chinese competition faced by Brazil's manufacturers in the 2000s to revisit the findings from the literature on how productivity, innovation, and employment were impacted by the Great Liberalizationa period of massive trade opening in the early 1990s in Latin America. Using manufacturing firm-level data and sectoral variation of Chinese competition, we focus on the most intense period of the shock -2000 to 2013- and on its procompetitive and employment effects. The results reinforce some of the key findings of the earlier literature, notably the positive, procompetitive effect of trade on total factor productivity (TFP). However, as in the 1990s, these gains do not seem to have been robust enough to prevent the countrys TFP performance from being dismal. Likewise, they seem to be more consistent with level effects than growth effects. Inconclusive results on innovation also seem to point in this direction. The estimated effects on employment point to a relatively small negative shock, not unlike that of the early 1990s, that was centered on low-skilled labor and was consistent with the countrys relative abundance of natural resources. Overall, the results seem to underline the limits of trade policy in boosting employment and long-term productivity growth. Policymakers should manage their expectations accordingly.
Download or read book Sticky Feet written by Claire H. Hollweg and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2014-07-03 with total page 123 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report quantifies labor mobility costs in developing countries and simulates the implied adjustment paths of employment and wages following a change in trade policy. High mobility costs are shown to reduce the potential gains to trade reform.
Book Synopsis How China Is Reshaping the Global Economy by : Rhys Jenkins
Download or read book How China Is Reshaping the Global Economy written by Rhys Jenkins and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2022 with total page 465 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: China's growing economic involvement in Sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America has been a source of major controversy. The official Chinese position maintains that the growth of bilateral relations is of mutual benefit and provides a good example of South-South cooperation. Critics on the other hand see the economic relations between China and other developing countries as highly unequal with most of the benefits accruing to China and a few local elites. They also point to negative socio-economic, political, and environmental consequences. How China is Reshaping the Global Economy: Development Impacts in Africa and Latin-America throws more light on these controversies through a comparative study of China's impact on the two regions. It looks not just at bilateral relations between China and the two regions but also analyses the changes in the global economy brought about as a result of the shift in economic activity from North America and Western Europe to Asia. This book looks at the factors which led to rapid economic growth in China and the way in which this has affected global manufacturing, commodity markets, the international presence of Chinese companies, and financial glows. It examines the different forms of Chinese economic involvement in Sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America, the main drivers, and economic, social, political, and environmental consequences. It ends with a comparison of the two regions that highlights the importance of different histories and political and institutional contexts in determining the impacts of China. Since the first edition of How China is Reshaping the Global Economy: Development Impacts in Africa and Latin-America, China's role in the global economy has continued to expand and the Chinese government's foreign policy has become more assertive. The global presence of China has been marked by the expansion of the Belt and Road Initiative to almost 150 countries and the trade-war between the US and China, as well as increased Western concerns over the activities of major Chinese companies such as Huawei. This new edition documents these changes and their implications for SSA and LAC.
Book Synopsis Women and Trade by : World Bank;World Trade Organization
Download or read book Women and Trade written by World Bank;World Trade Organization and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2020-09-04 with total page 270 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Trade can dramatically improve women’s lives, creating new jobs, enhancing consumer choices, and increasing women’s bargaining power in society. It can also lead to job losses and a concentration of work in low-skilled employment. Given the complexity and specificity of the relationship between trade and gender, it is essential to assess the potential impact of trade policy on both women and men and to develop appropriate, evidence-based policies to ensure that trade helps to enhance opportunities for all. Research on gender equality and trade has been constrained by limited data and a lack of understanding of the connections among the economic roles that women play as workers, consumers, and decision makers. Building on new analyses and new sex-disaggregated data, Women and Trade: The Role of Trade in Promoting Gender Equality aims to advance the understanding of the relationship between trade and gender equality and to identify a series of opportunities through which trade can improve the lives of women.
Download or read book Exports to Jobs written by Erhan Artuc and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2019-02-25 with total page 215 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: South Asia has grown rapidly with significant reductions in poverty, but it has not been able to match the fast-growing working age population, leading to lingering concerns about jobless growth and poor job quality. Could export growth in South Asia result in better labor market outcomes? The answer is yes, according to our study, which rigorously estimates—using a new methodology—the potential impact from higher South Asian exports per worker on wages and employment over a 10-year period. Our study shows the positive side of trade. It finds that increasing exports per worker would result in higher wages—mainly for better-off groups, like more educated workers, males, and more-experienced workers—although less-skilled workers would see the largest reduction in informality. How can the benefits be spread more widely? Our study suggests that scaling up exports in labor-intensive industries could significantly lower informality for groups like rural and less-educated workers in the region. Also, increasing skills, and participation of women and young workers in the labor force could make an even bigger dent in informal employment. The region could achieve these gains by: (i) boosting and connecting exports to people (e.g., removing trade barriers and investment in infrastructure); (ii) eliminating distortions in production (e.g., by more efficient allocation of inputs); and (iii) protecting workers (e.g., by investing in education and skills).
Book Synopsis Adjusting to Globalization by : David Greenaway
Download or read book Adjusting to Globalization written by David Greenaway and published by Wiley-Blackwell. This book was released on 2005-05-20 with total page 176 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume investigates the ways in which firms and workers are adjusting to globalization. A collection of cutting-edge essays investigating the ways in which firms and workers are adjusting to globalization. Written by leading researchers in the field. Covers such issues as: outsourcing; the productivity effects of entry to export markets; job losses and wage insurance; and the protection of intellectual property. Presents original research on adjusting to globalization. Provides important insights into the microeconomics effects of globalization. Highlights key issues for policy makers.
Book Synopsis The Labor Market and Economic Adjustment by : Pierre-Richard Agénor
Download or read book The Labor Market and Economic Adjustment written by Pierre-Richard Agénor and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 1995-11-01 with total page 98 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper examines the role of the labor market in the transmission process of adjustment policies in developing countries. It begins by reviewing the recent evidence regarding the functioning of these markets. It then studies the implications of wage inertia, nominal contracts, labor market segmentation, and impediments to labor mobility for stabilization policies. The effect of labor market reforms on economic flexibility and the channels through which labor market imperfections alter the effects of structural adjustment measures are discussed next. The last part of the paper identifies a variety of issues that may require further investigation, such as the link between changes in relative wages and the distributional effects of adjustment policies.
Book Synopsis The Political Economy of Upgrading Regimes: Brazil and beyond by : Michael Schedelik
Download or read book The Political Economy of Upgrading Regimes: Brazil and beyond written by Michael Schedelik and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-06-20 with total page 297 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Today’s middle-income countries tend to be locked in a middle-income trap, unable to transition to higher income levels due to rising costs and declining competitiveness. While there is a broad consensus that upgrading these economies towards innovation-led growth is imperative, countless institutional and political economy obstacles remain. This book brings together analytical perspectives from comparative political economy, innovation studies, and development economics for the study of technological upgrading. Its distinctive contribution is the development of an innovative theoretical framework, named upgrading regimes, combining and extending the comparative capitalism and innovation system perspectives. It explores the usefulness of this approach by providing an indepth assessment of the political economy of upgrading in Brazil under the Workers’ Party governments. As the politics of technological upgrading will be one of the crucial research areas in the years to come, this book promises to become a key reference point in this debate.
Book Synopsis Belt and Road Initiative in South America by : Lunting Wu
Download or read book Belt and Road Initiative in South America written by Lunting Wu and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on with total page 279 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Labor Market Duality in Korea by : Johanna Schauer
Download or read book Labor Market Duality in Korea written by Johanna Schauer and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2018-06-01 with total page 36 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Labor market duality is a complex and critical issue for many countries that can lower productivity, contribute to inequality and result in negative externalities. In this paper, I study duality in the Korean labor market and analyze its sources and potential policy options. I find that employment protection legislations and large productivity differentials are the key drivers of Korea’s duality. In addition, applying a general equilibrium search-and-matching model and calibrating it to the Korean economy, I show that well-calibrated flexicurity policies can significantly reduce duality and inequality and raise welfare and productivity. Notably, the introduction of all three pillars—flexiblity, a strong safety net and active labor market policies—is critical for its success. If only one pillar is introduced it can result in negative side-effects and might not reduce duality.
Download or read book Schism written by Paul Blustein and published by McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. This book was released on 2019-09-10 with total page 249 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: China's entry into the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 2001 was heralded as historic, and for good reason: the world's most populous nation was joining the rule-based system that has governed international commerce since World War II. But the full ramifications of that event are only now becoming apparent, as the Chinese economic juggernaut has evolved in unanticipated and profoundly troublesome ways. In this book, journalist Paul Blustein chronicles the contentious process resulting in China's WTO membership and the transformative changes that followed, both good and bad - for China, for its trading partners, and for the global trading system as a whole. The book recounts how China opened its markets and underwent far-reaching reforms that fuelled its economic takeoff, but then adopted policies - a cheap currency and heavy-handed state intervention - that unfairly disadvantaged foreign competitors and circumvented WTO rules. Events took a potentially catastrophic turn in 2018 with the eruption of a trade war between China and the United States, which has brought the trading system to a breaking point. Regardless of how the latest confrontation unfolds, the world will be grappling for decades with the challenges posed by China Inc.
