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Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9783885121435
Total Pages : 71 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (214 download)
Download or read book The Impact of Innovations on Productivity, Growth and Employment written by and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 71 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Richard Michael Cyert
Publisher : Washington, D.C. (2101 Constitution Ave., NW, Washington 20418) : National Academy Press
ISBN 13 : 9780309037822
Total Pages : 248 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (378 download)
Download or read book Technology and Employment written by Richard Michael Cyert and published by Washington, D.C. (2101 Constitution Ave., NW, Washington 20418) : National Academy Press. This book was released on 1987 with total page 248 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report addresses a number of issues that have surfaced in the debates over the impact of technological change on employment. These issues include the effects of technological change on levels of employment and unemployment within the economy; on the displacement of workers in specific industries or sectors of the economy; on skill requirements; on the welfare of women, minorities, and labor force entrants in a technologically transformed economy; and on the organization of the firm and the workplace. It concludes that technological change will contribute significantly to growth in employment opportunities and wages, although workers in specific occupations and industries may have to move among jobs and careers. Recommends initiatives and options to assist workers in making such transitions. ISBN 0-309-03744-1 (pbk.).
Author : Charles Edquist
Publisher : Edward Elgar Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1843762870
Total Pages : 226 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (437 download)
Download or read book Innovation and Employment written by Charles Edquist and published by Edward Elgar Publishing. This book was released on 2001-01-01 with total page 226 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is an important addition to what can be broadly referred to as the national systems of innovation (NSI) approach. The particular contribution of the book is in the examination of the employment effects of innovation, something only indirectly considered hitherto. . . It is a thorough integration of existing knowledge on the key employment implications of innovation. . . Rachel Parker, Labour and Industry This is a highly readable, non-technical book . . . a highly clear and well-argued book that should be useful for policymakers and higher education alike. It brings together much of the most recent and useful literature in the area of innovation, employment and related public policy. It is an opportune addition to the existing documentation on the subject. Journal of Economics / Zeitschrift für Nationalökonomie Which kinds of growth lead to increased employment and which do not? This is one of the questions that this important volume attempts to answer. The book explores the complex relationships between innovation, growth and employment that are vital for both research into, and policy for, the creation of jobs. Politicians claiming that more rapid growth would remedy unemployment do not usually specify what kind of growth is meant. Is it, for example, economic (GDP) or productivity growth? Growing concern over jobless growth requires both policymakers and researchers to make such distinctions, and to clarify their employment implications. The authors initially address their theoretical approach to, and conceptualization of, innovation and employment, where the distinction between process and product innovations and between high-tech and low-tech goods and services are central. They go on to address the relationship between innovation and employment, using empirical material to analyse the effects that different kinds of innovations have upon job creation and destruction. Finally, the volume summarizes the findings and addresses conclusions as well as policy implications. This book will be of great interest to those involved in research and policy in the fields of macroeconomics (economic growth and employment), industrial economics and innovation.
Author : Mario Pianta
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1134629273
Total Pages : 241 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (346 download)
Download or read book The Employment Impact of Innovation written by Mario Pianta and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2003-09 with total page 241 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The diffusion of information and communication technologies is rapidly changing the structure of advanced economies, and fear of mass technological unemployment has emerged. This book addresses this controversy.
Author : Bart van Ark
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1475731612
Total Pages : 408 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (757 download)
Download or read book Productivity, Technology and Economic Growth written by Bart van Ark and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-09 with total page 408 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Productivity, Technology and Economic Growth presents a selection of recent research advances on long term economic growth. While the contributions stem from both economic history, macro- and microeconomics and the economics of innovation, all papers depart from a common viewpoint: the key factor behind long term growth is productivity, and the latter is primarily driven by technological change. Most contributions show implicitly or explicitly that technological change is at least partly dependent on growth itself. Furthermore, technology appears to interact strongly with investment in physical and human capital as well as with changes in historical, political and institutional settings. Together these papers are an up-to-date account of the remarkable convergence in theoretical and empirical work on productivity and growth over the past decades. The first part deals with the characteristics of growth regimes over longer periods, ranging from 20 years to two centuries. The next four chapters study the determinants of productivity growth and, in some cases, productivity slowdown during the last quarter of the twentieth century. The final five chapters focus on the role of technology and innovation as the key determinants of growth. Productivity, Technology and Economic Growth is, therefore, a welcome collection for academic scholars and graduate students in economics, history and related social sciences as well as for policy makers.
Author : National Academy of Engineering
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309038871
Total Pages : 256 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (9 download)
Download or read book Technology in Services written by National Academy of Engineering and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1988-02-01 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Beginning by dispelling some of the myths about services, this provocative volume examines the growth in services, the way technology has shaped this growth, and the consequences for the American economy. Chapters discuss such topics as the effects of technology on employment patterns and wages, international trade in services, and the relationship between services and the traditional manufacturing industries.
Author : Thierry Tressel
Publisher : World Bank Publications
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 31 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)
Download or read book Boosting Productivity Via Innovation and Adoption of New Technologies written by Thierry Tressel and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2004 with total page 31 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Scarpetta and Tressel present empirical evidence on the determinants of industry-level multifactor productivity growth. They focus on "traditional factors," including the process of technological catch up, human capital, and research and development (R & D), as well as institutional factors affecting labor adjustment costs. Their analysis is based on harmonized data for 17 manufacturing industries in 18 industrial economies over the past two decades. The disaggregated analysis reveals that the process of technological convergence takes place mainly in low-tech industries, while in high-tech industries, country leaders tend to pull ahead of the others. The link between R & D activity and productivity also depends on technological characteristics of the industries: while there is no evidence of R & D boosting productivity in low-tech industries, the effect is strong in high-tech industries, but the technology leaders tend to enjoy higher returns on R & D expenditure compared with followers. There is also evidence in the data that high labor adjustment costs (proxied by the strictness of employment protection legislation) can have a strong negative impact on productivity. In particular, when institutional settings do not allow wages or internal training to offset high hiring and firing costs, the latter reduce incentives for innovation and adoption of new technologies, and lead to lower productivity performance. Albeit drawn from the experience of industrial countries, this result may have relevant implications for many developing economies characterized by low relative wage flexibility and high labor adjustment costs. This paper--a joint product of the Social Protection Team, Human Development Network, World Bank, and the International Monetary Fund--is part of a larger effort to understand what drives productivity growth.
Author : Mark A. Dutz
Publisher : World Bank Publications
ISBN 13 : 1464812233
Total Pages : 154 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (648 download)
Download or read book The Jobs of Tomorrow written by Mark A. Dutz and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2018-04-10 with total page 154 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: While adoption of new technologies is understood to enhance long-term growth and average per-capita incomes, its impact on lower-skilled workers is more complex and merits clarification. Concerns abound that advanced technologies developed in high-income countries would inexorably lead to job losses of lower-skilled, less well-off workers and exacerbate inequality. Conversely, there are countervailing concerns that policies intended to protect jobs from technology advancement would themselves stultify progress and depress productivity. This book squarely addresses both sets of concerns with new research showing that adoption of digital technologies offers a pathway to more inclusive growth by increasing adopting firms’ outputs, with the jobs-enhancing impact of technology adoption assisted by growth-enhancing policies that foster sizable output expansion. The research reported here demonstrates with economic theory and data from Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia and Mexico that lower-skilled workers can benefit from adoption of productivity-enhancing technologies biased towards skilled workers, and often do. The inclusive jobs outcomes arise when the effects of increased productivity and expanding output overcome the substitution of workers for technology. While the substitution effect replaces some lower-skilled workers with new technology and more highly-skilled labor, the output effect can lead to an increase in the total number of jobs for less-skilled workers. Critically, output can increase sufficiently to increase jobs across all tasks and skill types within adopting firms, including jobs for lower-skilled workers, as long as lower-skilled task content remains complementary to new technologies and related occupations are not completely automated and replaced by machines. It is this channel for inclusive growth that underlies the power of pro-competitive enabling policies and institutions—such as regulations encouraging firms to compete and policies supporting the development of skills that technology augments rather than replaces—to ensure that the positive impact of technology adoption on productivity and lower-skilled workers is realized.
Author : David H. Autor
Publisher : MIT Press
ISBN 13 : 0262367742
Total Pages : 189 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (623 download)
Download or read book The Work of the Future written by David H. Autor and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2022-06-21 with total page 189 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Why the United States lags behind other industrialized countries in sharing the benefits of innovation with workers and how we can remedy the problem. The United States has too many low-quality, low-wage jobs. Every country has its share, but those in the United States are especially poorly paid and often without benefits. Meanwhile, overall productivity increases steadily and new technology has transformed large parts of the economy, enhancing the skills and paychecks of higher paid knowledge workers. What’s wrong with this picture? Why have so many workers benefited so little from decades of growth? The Work of the Future shows that technology is neither the problem nor the solution. We can build better jobs if we create institutions that leverage technological innovation and also support workers though long cycles of technological transformation. Building on findings from the multiyear MIT Task Force on the Work of the Future, the book argues that we must foster institutional innovations that complement technological change. Skills programs that emphasize work-based and hybrid learning (in person and online), for example, empower workers to become and remain productive in a continuously evolving workplace. Industries fueled by new technology that augments workers can supply good jobs, and federal investment in R&D can help make these industries worker-friendly. We must act to ensure that the labor market of the future offers benefits, opportunity, and a measure of economic security to all.
Author : Jin Woong Kim
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (137 download)
Download or read book The Inter-Industry Effect of Productivity on Employment written by Jin Woong Kim and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The development of technology improves the efficiency of the production process and increases the competitiveness of the commodity produced in general. Considering an open economy, technology raises a price and a quality competitiveness of domestic goods in the international market. Therefore, technology innovation is known to be one of the most essential factors in economic growth. However, there are two different views regarding to the effects of technology on employment. A negative insight of technology on employment insists that a simple labor-saving technology innovation like the introduction of automated equipment increases value-added at the expense of unskilled labor. On the contrary, technology innovation in some industries causes ultimate growth in the industry, and subsequently requires more employment. This is the income effect of technology innovation. Besides technology innovation in some industries spills over into other industries, leads to their growth, and brings about positive inter-industry effects from the technology. These two insights regarding to the technology effect on employment have been cited in the previous literature. First, with the negative aspects, Gali (1999) shows that positive technology innovation reduced U.S. total work hours in the short run. Francis and Ramsey(2005) and Basu, Fernald, and Kimball(2006) also suggest that an aggregate technology shock can reduce the use of labor, investment and real interest rates, even in the short run. And Canova, Lopez-Salido, and Michelacci(2007) suggest that a possible reason for this mechanism is “search friction” in the labor market. Kim, Choi, and Lee (2007) investigate the effects of labor productivity shocks on employment in aggregate, manufacturing, services, ICT, and non-ICT industries using 1993~2006 data in Korea. They show that a productivity shock in an industry reduces employment of the industry in the short run, but the positive transmission effects of productivity on employment exist from non-ICT innovation to ICT employment. Choi and Lee(2008) provide that employment was reduced, especially in for unskilled jobs, by technological development and globalization during the years 1991~2007 in Korea. They estimate that the reduction was 11,000 job positions as an annual average.6) Kim(2008b) insists that the technology innovation in Korea has had a labor saving feature. As empirical evidence, he showed the negative relationship between productivity and employment using panel model with 1993~2007 data.However, some studies show that the effect of technology on employment can be positive. The idea is based on the theory of RBC(Real Business Cycle), of which technology innovation increases employment as well as production. Related past studies are summarized in Christiano et al.(2003) and Uhlig (2004).8) Kim(2001)9) provides that there has been no significant employment reduction effect in Korea since 1970 using the empirical method of Gali (1999). Also, Kang(2006)10) uses the same empirical method with Gali(1999) and shows that the effects of technology innovation on employment can be different across industries. The effects were significantly positive in manufacturing, but insignificant in services.This paper investigates the effect of productivity on employment and also tests whether the effect has changed from the year 2000. In particular, the paper attempts to include the inter-industry effect of productivity on employment. The initiative of considering inter-industrial effect of productivity starts from Kim and Kim(2008)11) which investigates the effect of total factor productivity on investment and employment and shows two different empirical results by model specification; the effect was positive using national level data, but was negative using industry panel data. We have outlined the purpose of the paper and related studies in this first section. In section 2, the data for the empirical analysis is described. Section 3 and section 4 show the empirical model specifications for analysis and the subsequent results. Section 5 provides the conclusion and implications from the empirical results.
Author : OECD
Publisher : OECD Publishing
ISBN 13 : 9264189998
Total Pages : 153 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (641 download)
Download or read book Innovation and Productivity in Services written by OECD and published by OECD Publishing. This book was released on 2001-09-04 with total page 153 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report shows that policies can be adapted to stimulate innovation and boost productivity in service sectors, with economy-wide benefits for employment and growth.
Author : Ms.Era Dabla-Norris
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
ISBN 13 : 1498345719
Total Pages : 58 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (983 download)
Download or read book The New Normal written by Ms.Era Dabla-Norris and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2015-03-18 with total page 58 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Total factor productivity growth was stagnant or slowing in many advanced countries even prior to the crisis. This paper documents sector-level productivity patterns across advanced economies prior to the crisis and examines the role of product and labor market rigidities as well as innovation and investments in information technology and human capital in driving productivity differences across sectors and countries. Since productivity payoffs of reforms evolve over time, we also focus on large changes in the structural indicators examine their dynamic impact on productivity, employment, and output. Our results suggest that reform priorities depend on country-specific settings, including the scale of specific policy distortions and the distance from the technology frontier. Productivity gains from reforms are large and materialize predominantly in the medium term, with some important variations across industries and countries.
Author : Werner Smolny
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3642576966
Total Pages : 283 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (425 download)
Download or read book Endogenous Innovations and Knowledge Spillovers written by Werner Smolny and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 283 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The recent development of endogenous growth theories has renewed the in terest into the sources of productivity growth of the advanced industrialized economies. The basic advance of these models is that the evolution of tech nological progress is explained endogeneously within the economic model. The most important concept is the idea of endogenous, market-driven inno vations which are seen as the basic source of technological advances. Firms develop sophisticated production techniques and new products in order to reduce costs or to stimulate demand. Equally important is the concept of knowledge spillovers from innovation activities and scale economies associ ated with them. External effects drive a wedge between private and social re turns of innovation activities, and scale economies affect the market structure. In addition, each year's productivity increases exhibit an enormous social value. Therefore, the analysis of endogenous innovations, scale economies, and knowledge spillovers has important implications for economic policy which enhances the interest into empirical investigations of these issues. This book is a collection of theoretical and empirical work on this subject. It combines micro economic and macroeconomic issues; a special emphasis is placed on empirical applications. Much work has been devoted to the search and the preparation of appropriate data, and all models are estimated with panel data. The first two chapters take an aggregate view at the growth process.
Author : David B. Audretsch
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780521641661
Total Pages : 350 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (416 download)
Download or read book Innovation, Industry Evolution and Employment written by David B. Audretsch and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 1999-08-05 with total page 350 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Innovation, Industry Evolution and Employment offers a cross-disciplinary approach to employment creation and economic growth.
Author : Gül Ekinci
Publisher : Livre de Lyon
ISBN 13 : 2382360437
Total Pages : 196 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (823 download)
Download or read book The Last Technological Innovations and Its Effects on Growth Process, Labor Market and Society written by Gül Ekinci and published by Livre de Lyon. This book was released on 2020-12-17 with total page 196 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Innovation, generally based on curiosity and intuition, is defined as a discovery, invention and an R&D process that brings solutions to a social, environmental and technological problem and also that creates value and meets communal needs in product, process, market, organizational and socialfields. All over the world, investments are based on capital accumulation; the idea of having more output with less input is based on production info; and technologies, production volume, the rise of motivation are based on labor force and therefore, they are all accepted as indicators of economic growth. Capital accumulation, technological developments and increase in labor force constitute the main dynamics of growth of the global world economy. Technological progress doesn’t only provide high output and productivity but it also creates economic growth. Since growth in economic sense corresponds to the rise in tools and products that are used to meet human needs, innovations create new employment and business lines at this point. On the other hand; innovations, in social sense, fight against poverty, inequality and also exclusion being related to them. Innovations offer technological, effective, productive and sustainable solutions to these problems in social sense. While developed countries that are more advanced in technology and economic growth, constitute only one fifth of the world population, they use four of five of the world resources and therefore, the gap between developing countries and them is increasing everyday. This situation is seen as an obstacle in front of the aim of a sustainable world. Since the direction of technological innovation is determined by social and economic needs, innovation types such as radical (disruptive), incremental, contrary, operational and marketing innovations create an effect of leverage with its niche role in sustainable development. Many problems, which are untouched in economic, social and technological senses and also which are seen desperate to solve, can only be solved through paradigm-shifting and disruptive (radical) innovations that should be applied in a way that will break the existing taboos. Disruptive innovations create new business lines by bringing radical solutions for the problems that seem unsolvable and stepwise (incremental, staggered) innovations strenghten the sub-innovations in these new businesslines. At this point; opening the way for innovations, attaching importance to creative ideas to increase efficiency, evaluating the contribution of innovation and also managing the processes well are quite important in innovation management. The authors in this book consider innovations in different fields by evaluating the effects of innovations on labor market, society and economy in order to manage the process well and contribute to it
Author : National Research Council
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309261961
Total Pages : 230 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (92 download)
Download or read book Aging and the Macroeconomy written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2013-01-10 with total page 230 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The United States is in the midst of a major demographic shift. In the coming decades, people aged 65 and over will make up an increasingly large percentage of the population: The ratio of people aged 65+ to people aged 20-64 will rise by 80%. This shift is happening for two reasons: people are living longer, and many couples are choosing to have fewer children and to have those children somewhat later in life. The resulting demographic shift will present the nation with economic challenges, both to absorb the costs and to leverage the benefits of an aging population. Aging and the Macroeconomy: Long-Term Implications of an Older Population presents the fundamental factors driving the aging of the U.S. population, as well as its societal implications and likely long-term macroeconomic effects in a global context. The report finds that, while population aging does not pose an insurmountable challenge to the nation, it is imperative that sensible policies are implemented soon to allow companies and households to respond. It offers four practical approaches for preparing resources to support the future consumption of households and for adapting to the new economic landscape.
Author : Roos, Göran
Publisher : IGI Global
ISBN 13 : 1522521801
Total Pages : 283 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (225 download)
Download or read book Technology-Driven Productivity Improvements and the Future of Work: Emerging Research and Opportunities written by Roos, Göran and published by IGI Global. This book was released on 2017-02-10 with total page 283 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: While technological developments are evolving at a rapid pace, employee workplace skills are falling behind. This rate of change will continue to accelerate, and it is the responsibility of businesses to provide their employees with a solid foundation for keeping pace with the technology surrounding them. Technology-Driven Productivity Improvements and the Future of Work: Emerging Research and Opportunities provides a comprehensive discussion of the latest strategies and methods for creating harmony between the workplace population and their technological environments. Featuring coverage on relevant topics such as STEM skills, economic complexities, and social programs, this is an informative resource for all business owners, professionals, practitioners, and researchers who are interested in discovering new methods that will enable humans and technology to work together.
