The Gothic in Contemporary British Trauma Fiction

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Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030267288
Total Pages : 233 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (32 download)

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Book Synopsis The Gothic in Contemporary British Trauma Fiction by : Ashlee Joyce

Download or read book The Gothic in Contemporary British Trauma Fiction written by Ashlee Joyce and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2019-09-05 with total page 233 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book examines the intersection of trauma and the Gothic in six contemporary British novels: Martin Amis’s London Fields, Margaret Drabble’s The Gates of Ivory, Ian McEwan’s Atonement, Pat Barker’s Regeneration and Double Vision, and Kazuo Ishiguro’s Never Let Me Go. In these works, the Gothic functions both as an expression of societal violence at the turn of the twenty-first century and as a response to the related crisis of representation brought about by the contemporary individual’s highly mediated and spectatorial relationship to this violence. By locating these six novels within the Gothic tradition, this work argues that each text, to borrow a term from Jacques Derrida, “participates” in the Gothic in ways that both uphold the paradigm of “unspeakability” that has come to dominate much trauma fiction, as well as push its boundaries to complicate how we think of the ethical relationship between witnessing and writing trauma.

Trauma and Romance in Contemporary British Literature

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Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 0415661072
Total Pages : 280 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (156 download)

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Book Synopsis Trauma and Romance in Contemporary British Literature by : Jean-Michel Ganteau

Download or read book Trauma and Romance in Contemporary British Literature written by Jean-Michel Ganteau and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2013 with total page 280 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Drawing on a variety of theoretical approaches including trauma theory, psychoanalysis, genre theory, narrative theory, theories of temporality, cultural theory, and ethics, this book brings together trauma and romance, showing how romance strategies have become an essential component of trauma fiction in general and traumatic realism in particular"-- Provided by publisher.

The 1980s: A Decade of Contemporary British Fiction

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Publisher : A&C Black
ISBN 13 : 162356350X
Total Pages : 408 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (235 download)

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Book Synopsis The 1980s: A Decade of Contemporary British Fiction by : Philip Tew

Download or read book The 1980s: A Decade of Contemporary British Fiction written by Philip Tew and published by A&C Black. This book was released on 2014-02-27 with total page 408 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How did social, cultural and political events in Britain during the 1980s shape contemporary British fiction? Setting the fiction squarely within the context of Conservative politics and questions about culture and national identity, this volume reveals how the decade associated with Thatcherism frames the work of Kazuo Ishiguro, Martin Amis, and Graham Swift, of Scottish novelists and new diasporic writers. How and why 1980s fiction is a response to particular psychological, social and economic pressures is explored in detail. Drawing on the rise of individualism and the birth of neo-liberalism, contributors reflect on the tense relations between 1980s politics and realism, and between elegy and satire. Noting the creation of a 'heritage industry' during the decade, the rise of the historical novel is also considered against broader cultural changes. Viewed from the perspective of more recent theorisations of crisis following both 9/11 and the 21st-century financial crash, this study makes sense of why and how writers of the 1980s constructed fictions in response to this decade's own set of fundamental crises.

Trauma in Contemporary Literature

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Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1134738102
Total Pages : 288 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (347 download)

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Book Synopsis Trauma in Contemporary Literature by : Marita Nadal

Download or read book Trauma in Contemporary Literature written by Marita Nadal and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2014-03-26 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Trauma in Contemporary Literature analyzes contemporary narrative texts in English in the light of trauma theory, including essays by scholars of different countries who approach trauma from a variety of perspectives. The book analyzes and applies the most relevant concepts and themes discussed in trauma theory, such as the relationship between individual and collective trauma, historical trauma, absence vs. loss, the roles of perpetrator and victim, dissociation, nachträglichkeit, transgenerational trauma, the process of acting out and working through, introjection and incorporation, mourning and melancholia, the phantom and the crypt, postmemory and multidirectional memory, shame and the affects, and the power of resilience to overcome trauma. Significantly, the essays not only focus on the phenomenon of trauma and its diverse manifestations but, above all, consider the elements that challenge the aporias of trauma, the traps of stasis and repetition, in order to reach beyond the confines of the traumatic condition and explore the possibilities of survival, healing and recovery.

Narrating Trauma

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780814258323
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (583 download)

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Book Synopsis Narrating Trauma by : Gretchen Braun

Download or read book Narrating Trauma written by Gretchen Braun and published by . This book was released on 2024-01-08 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Draws on current theories of trauma to examine the prehistory of those psychic and somatic responses to trauma now known as PTSD and their influence on Victorian fiction.

Trauma Fiction

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Publisher : Edinburgh University Press
ISBN 13 : 074866601X
Total Pages : 192 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (486 download)

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Book Synopsis Trauma Fiction by : Anne Whitehead

Download or read book Trauma Fiction written by Anne Whitehead and published by Edinburgh University Press. This book was released on 2004-05-27 with total page 192 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The literary potential of trauma is examined in this book, bringing trauma theory and literary texts together for the first time. Trauma Fiction focuses on the ways in which contemporary novelists explore the theme of trauma and incorporate its structures into their writing. It provides innovative readings of texts by Pat Barker, Jackie Kay, Anne Michaels, Toni Morrison, Caryl Phillips, W. G. Sebald and Binjamin Wilkomirski. It also considers the ways in which trauma has affected fictional form, exploring how novelists have responded to the challenge of writing traumatic narratives, and identifying the key stylistic features associated with the genre. In addition, the book introduces the reader to key critics in the field of trauma theory such as Cathy Caruth, Shoshana Felman and Geoffrey Hartman. The linking of trauma theory and literary texts not only sheds light on works of contemporary fiction, it also points to the inherent connections between trauma theory and the literary which have often been overlooked. The distinction between literary theme and style in the book opens up major questions regarding the nature of trauma itself. Trauma, like the novels discussed, is shown to take an uncertain but productive place between content and form.Key Features*Idenitifes and explores a new and evolving genre in contemporary fiction*Thinks through the relation between trauma and literature*Produces innovative readings of key works of contemporary fiction *Provides an introduction to key ideas in trauma theory

Spiritual Wounds

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Publisher : Merrion Press
ISBN 13 : 1788551672
Total Pages : 381 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (885 download)

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Book Synopsis Spiritual Wounds by : Síobhra Aiken

Download or read book Spiritual Wounds written by Síobhra Aiken and published by Merrion Press. This book was released on 2022-03-01 with total page 381 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book challenges the widespread scholarly and popular belief that the Irish Civil War (1922–1923) was followed by a ‘traumatic silence’. It achieves this by opening an alternative archive of published testimonies which were largely produced in the 1920s and 1930s; testimonies were written by pro- and anti-treaty men and women, in both English and Irish. Nearly all have eluded sustained scholarly attention to date. However, the act of smuggling private, painful experience into the public realm, especially when it challenged official memory making (or even forgetting), demanded the cautious deployment of self-protective narrative strategies. As a result, many testimonies from the Irish Civil War emerge in non-conventional, hybridised and fictionalised forms of life writing. This book re-introduces a number of these testimonies into public debate. It considers contemporary understandings of mental illness and how a number of veterans – both men and women – self-consciously engaged in projects of therapeutic writing as a means to ‘heal’ the ‘spiritual wounds’ of civil war. It also outlines the prevalence of literary representations of revolutionary sexual violence, challenging the assumptions that sexual violence during the Irish revolution was either ‘rare’ or ‘hidden’.

Ethics and Trauma in Contemporary British Fiction

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Publisher : Rodopi
ISBN 13 : 9401200084
Total Pages : 324 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (12 download)

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Book Synopsis Ethics and Trauma in Contemporary British Fiction by : Susana Onega

Download or read book Ethics and Trauma in Contemporary British Fiction written by Susana Onega and published by Rodopi. This book was released on 2011 with total page 324 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Preliminary material /Editors Ethics and Trauma in Contemporary British Fiction -- INTRODUCTION /JEAN-MICHEL GANTEAU and SUSANA ONEGA -- READING TRAUMA IN PAT BARKER'S REGENERATION TRILOGY /LENA STEVEKER -- THE ETHICAL CLOCK OF TRAUMA IN EVA FIGES' WINTER JOURNEY /SILVIA PELLICER-ORTÍN -- “NOBODY'SMEAT”: REVISITING RAPE AND SEXUAL TRAUMA THROUGH ANGELA CARTER /CHARLEY BAKER -- “A NEW ALGEBRA”: THE POETICS AND ETHICS OF TRAUMA IN J.G. BALLARD'S THE ATROCITY EXHIBITION /JAKOB WINNBERG -- TRAUMA AS THE NEGATION OF AUTONOMY: MICHAEL MOORCOCK'S MOTHER LONDON /JEAN-MICHEL GANTEAU -- WHERE MADNESS LIES: HOLOCAUST REPRESENTATION AND THE ETHICS OF FORM IN MARTIN AMIS' TIME'S ARROW /MARÍA JESÚS MARTÍNEZ-ALFARO -- WORLDWAR II FICTION AND THE ETHICS OF TRAUMA /GERD BAYER -- A TERRIBLE BEAUTY: ETHICS, AESTHETICS AND THE TRAUMA OF GAYNESS IN ALAN HOLLINGHURST'S THE LINE OF BEAUTY /JOSÉ M. YEBRA -- “THE ETERNAL LOOP OF SELF-TORTURE”: ETHICS AND TRAUMA IN IANMCEWAN'S ATONEMENT /GEORGES LETISSIER -- CONJUNCTURES OF UNEASINESS: TRAUMA IN FAY WELDON'S THE HEART OF THE COUNTRY AND IN IAN MCEWAN'S ON CHESIL BEACH /ANGELA LOCATELLI -- REPRESENTING THE CHILD SOLDIER: TRAUMA, POSTCOLONIALISM AND ETHICS IN DELIA JARRETTMACAULEY'SMOSES, CITIZEN AND ME /ANNE WHITEHEAD -- THE TRAUMA PARADIGM AND THE ETHICS OF AFFECT IN JEANETTE WINTERSON'S THE STONE GODS /SUSANA ONEGA -- NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS /Editors Ethics and Trauma in Contemporary British Fiction -- INDEX /Editors Ethics and Trauma in Contemporary British Fiction.

The Palgrave Handbook of Contemporary Gothic

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Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030331369
Total Pages : 1216 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (33 download)

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Book Synopsis The Palgrave Handbook of Contemporary Gothic by : Clive Bloom

Download or read book The Palgrave Handbook of Contemporary Gothic written by Clive Bloom and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-07-10 with total page 1216 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: “Simply put, there is absolutely nothing on the market with the range of ambition of this strikingly eclectic collection of essays. Not only is it impossible to imagine a more comprehensive view of the subject, most readers – even specialists in the subject – will find that there are elements of the Gothic genre here of which they were previously unaware.” - Barry Forshaw, Author of British Gothic Cinema and Sex and Film The Palgrave Handbook of Contemporary Gothic is the most comprehensive compendium of analytic essays on the modern Gothic now available, covering the vast and highly significant period from 1918 to 2019. The Gothic sensibility, over 200 years old, embraces its dark past whilst anticipating the future. From demons and monsters to post- apocalyptic fears and ecological fantasies, Gothic is thriving as never before in the arts and in popular culture. This volume is made up of 62 comprehensive chapters with notes and extended bibliographies contributed by scholars from around the world. The chapters are written not only for those engaged in academic research but also to be accessible to students and dedicated followers of the genre. Each chapter is packed with analysis of the Gothic in both theory and practice, as the genre has mutated and spread over the last hundred years. Starting in 1918 with the impact of film on the genre's development, and moving through its many and varied international incarnations, each chapter chronicles the history of the gothic milieu from the movies to gaming platforms and internet memes, television and theatre. The volume also looks at how Gothic intersects with fashion, music and popular culture: a multi-layered, multi-ethnic, even a trans-gendered experience as we move into the twenty first century.

Victimhood and Vulnerability in 21st Century Fiction

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Author :
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1351801155
Total Pages : 256 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (518 download)

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Book Synopsis Victimhood and Vulnerability in 21st Century Fiction by : Jean-Michel Ganteau

Download or read book Victimhood and Vulnerability in 21st Century Fiction written by Jean-Michel Ganteau and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2017-04-21 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Editors Jean-Michel Ganteau and Susana Onega) have assembled a volume which addresses the relationship between trauma and ethics, and moves one step further to engage with vulnerability studies in their relation to literature and literary form. It consists of an introduction and of twelve articles written by specialists from various European countries and includes an interview with US novelist Jayne Anne Philips, conducted by her translator into French, Marc Amfreville, addressing her latest novel, Quiet Dell, through the victimhood-vulnerability prism. The corpus of primary sources on which the volume is based draws on various literary backgrounds in English, from Britain to India, through the USA. The editors draw on material from the ethics of alterity, trauma studies and the ethics of vulnerability in line with the work of moral philosophers like Emmanuel Levinas, as well as with a more recent and challenging tradition of continental thinkers, virtually unknown so far in the English-speaking world, represented by Guillaume Le Blanc, Nathalie Maillard, and Corinne Pelluchon, among others. Yet another related line of thought followed in the volume is that represented by feminist critics like Catriona McKenzie, Wendy Rogers and Susan Dodds.

The Ethics and Aesthetics of Vulnerability in Contemporary British Fiction

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Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317447573
Total Pages : 179 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (174 download)

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Book Synopsis The Ethics and Aesthetics of Vulnerability in Contemporary British Fiction by : Jean-Michel Ganteau

Download or read book The Ethics and Aesthetics of Vulnerability in Contemporary British Fiction written by Jean-Michel Ganteau and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2015-05-08 with total page 179 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book visits vulnerability in contemporary British fiction, considering vulnerability in its relation to poetics, politics, ethics, and trauma. Vulnerability and risk have become central issues in contemporary culture, and artistic productions have increasingly made it their responsibility to evoke various types of vulnerabilities, from individual fragilities to economic and political forms of precariousness and dispossession. Informed by trauma studies and the ethics of literature, this book addresses such issues by focusing on the literary evocations of vulnerability and analyzing various aspects of vulnerable form as represented and performed in British narratives, from contemporary classics by Peter Ackroyd, Pat Barker, Anne Enright, Ian McEwan, and Jeanette Winterson, to less canonical texts by Nina Allan, Jon McGregor, and N. Royle. Chapters on romance, elegy, the ghost story, and the state-of-the-nation novel draw on a variety of theoretical approaches from the fields of trauma studies, affect theory, the ethics of alterity, the ethics of care, and the ethics of vulnerability, among others. Showcasing how the contemporary novel is the privileged site of the expression and performance of vulnerability and vulnerable form, the volume broaches a poetics of vulnerability based on categories such as testimony, loss, unknowing, temporal disarray, and performance. On top of providing a book-length evocation of contemporary fictions of vulnerability and vulnerable form, this volume contributes significantly to considerations of the importance of Trauma Studies to Contemporary Literature.

Gothic Fiction and the Writing of Trauma, 1914 -1934

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Publisher : EUP
ISBN 13 : 9781474443432
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (434 download)

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Book Synopsis Gothic Fiction and the Writing of Trauma, 1914 -1934 by : Andrew Smith

Download or read book Gothic Fiction and the Writing of Trauma, 1914 -1934 written by Andrew Smith and published by EUP. This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The first detailed analysis of Gothic literature and trauma in World War One This book examines the representation of the ghost-soldier in literature published from 1914-1934 both marking the presence of trauma and attempting to make sense of trauma. Andrew Smith examines short stories, novels, poems and memoirs that employ ghosts to reflect upon feelings of loss, paralleling the literary context with accounts of shell-shock which construe the damaged soldier as psychologically missing and therefore spectre-like. The author argues that literary and non-literary texts repeatedly deploy a form of the uncanny, familiar from a Gothic tradition, as way of reflecting upon grief. In support of this claim, he draws on fiction by well-known authors such as M. R. James, E. F. Benson, Dorothy L. Sayers and Dennis Wheatley, alongside largely forgotten contributions to The Strand and other periodical publications such as The Occult Review. Andrew Smith is Professor of Nineteenth-Century English Literature at the University of Sheffield where he co-directs the Centre for the History of the Gothic. He is the author or editor of over twenty published books including Gothic Death 1740-1914: A Literary History (2016) and The Ghost Story 1840-1920: A Cultural History (2010).

Apocalyptic Discourse in Contemporary Culture

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Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1134667477
Total Pages : 244 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (346 download)

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Book Synopsis Apocalyptic Discourse in Contemporary Culture by : Monica Germana

Download or read book Apocalyptic Discourse in Contemporary Culture written by Monica Germana and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2014-09-15 with total page 244 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This interdisciplinary collection of essays focuses on critical and theoretical responses to the apocalypse of the late twentieth- and early twenty-first-century cultural production. Examining the ways in which apocalyptic discourses have had an impact on how we read the world’s globalised space, the traumatic burden of history, and the mutual relationship between language and eschatological belief, fifteen original essays by a group of internationally established and emerging critics reflect on the apocalypse, its past tradition, pervasive present and future legacy. The collection seeks to offer a new reading of the apocalypse, understood as a complex – and, frequently, paradoxical – paradigm of (contemporary) Western culture. The majority of published collections on the subject have been published prior to the year 2000 and, in their majority of cases, locate the apocalypse in the future and envision it as something imminent. This collection offers a post-millennial perspective that perceives "the end" as immanent and, simultaneously, rooted in the past tradition.

21st-Century British Gothic

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Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1350286575
Total Pages : 273 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (52 download)

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Book Synopsis 21st-Century British Gothic by : Emily Horton

Download or read book 21st-Century British Gothic written by Emily Horton and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2024-01-25 with total page 273 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this innovative re-casting of the genre and its received canon, Emily Horton explores fictional investments in the Gothic within contemporary British literature, revealing how such concepts as the monstrous, spectral and uncanny work to illuminate the insecure, uneven and precarious experience of 21st-century life. Reading contemporary works of Gothic fiction by Helen Oyeyemi, Kazuo Ishiguro, Sarah Moss, Patrick McGrath and M.R. Carey alongside writers not previously grouped under this umbrella, including Brian Chikwava, Chloe Aridjis and Mohsin Hamid, Horton illuminates the way the Gothic has been engaged and reread by contemporary writers to address the cultural anxieties invoked living under neocolonial and neoliberal governance, including terrorism, migration, homelessness, racism, and climate change. Marshalling new modes of diasporic and cross-disciplinary critical theory concerned with the violent dimensions of contemporary life, this book sets the Gothic aesthetics in such works as White is for Witching, Double Vision, Never Let Me Go, The Wasted Vigil and Ghost Wall against a backdrop of key events in the 21st-century. Drawing connections between moments of anxiety, such as 9/11, the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq, ecological disaster, the refugee crisis, Brexit, the pandemic, and the Gothic, Horton demonstrates how British literature mediates transnational experiences of trauma and horror, while also addressing local and national insecurities and preoccupations. As a result, 21st-Century British Gothic can tests geographical, psychological, cultural, and aesthetic borders to expose an often spectralised experience of human and planetary vulnerability and speaks back against the brutality of global capitalism.

Contemporary British Fiction

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Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1137009659
Total Pages : 201 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (37 download)

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Book Synopsis Contemporary British Fiction by : Nick Bentley

Download or read book Contemporary British Fiction written by Nick Bentley and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2017-11-15 with total page 201 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This essential guide provides a comprehensive survey of the most important debates in the criticism and research of contemporary British fiction. Nick Bentley analyses the criticism surrounding a range of British novelists including Monica Ali, Martin Amis, Pat Barker, Alan Hollinghurst, Kazuo Ishiguro, Ian McEwan, David Mitchell, Ali Smith, Zadie Smith, Sarah Waters and Jeanette Winterson. Exploring experiments with literary form, this authoritative book considers cutting-edge concerns relating to the neo-historical novel, the relationship between literature and science, literary geographies, and trauma narratives. Engaging with key literary theories, and identifying present trends and future directions in the literary criticism of contemporary British fiction, this is an invaluable resource for undergraduate and postgraduate students of English literature, teachers, researchers and scholars.

The Cambridge Companion to British Fiction, 1945-2010

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Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 110704023X
Total Pages : 281 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (7 download)

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Book Synopsis The Cambridge Companion to British Fiction, 1945-2010 by : David James

Download or read book The Cambridge Companion to British Fiction, 1945-2010 written by David James and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2015-10-06 with total page 281 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Cambridge Companion to British Fiction since 1945 provides insight into the critical traditions shaping the literary landscape of modern Britain.

Monsters and Monstrosity

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Publisher : Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG
ISBN 13 : 311065461X
Total Pages : 307 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (16 download)

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Book Synopsis Monsters and Monstrosity by : Daniela Carpi

Download or read book Monsters and Monstrosity written by Daniela Carpi and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2019-06-17 with total page 307 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Every culture knows the phenomenon of monsters, terrifying creatures that represent complete alterity and challenge every basic notion of self and identity within a cultural paradigm. In Latin and Greek culture, the monster was created as a marvel, appearing as something which, like transgression itself, did not belong to the assumed natural order of things. Therefore, it could only be created by a divinity responsible for its creation, composition, goals and stability, but it was triggered by some in- or non-human action performed by humans. The identification of something as monstrous denotes its place outside and beyond social norms and values. The monster-evoking transgression is most often indistinguishable from reactions to the experience of otherness, merging the limits of humanity with the limits of a given culture. The topic entails a large intersection among the cultural domains of law, literature, philosophy, anthropology, and technology. Monstrosity has indeed become a necessary condition of our existence in the 21st century: it serves as a representation of change itself. In the process of analysis there are three theoretical approaches: psychoanalytical, representational, ontological. The volume therefore aims at examining the concept of monstrosity from three main perspectives: technophobic, xenophobic, superdiversity. Today’s globalized world is shaped in the unprecedented phenomenon of international migration. The resistance to this phenomenon causes the demonization of the Other, seen as the antagonist and the monster. The monster becomes therefore the ethnic Other, the alien. To reach this new perspective on monstrosity we must start by examining the many facets of monstrosity, also diachronically: from the philological origin of the term to the Roman and classical viewpoint, from the Renaissance medical perspective to the religious background, from the new filmic exploitations in the 20th and 21st centuries to the very recent ethnological and anthropological points of view, to the latest technological perspective , dealing with artificial intelligence.