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The Effect Of Shareholder Level Dividend Taxes On Stock Prices
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Book Synopsis The Effect of Shareholder-Level Dividend Taxes on Stock Prices by : Benjamin C. Ayers
Download or read book The Effect of Shareholder-Level Dividend Taxes on Stock Prices written by Benjamin C. Ayers and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We investigate the effect of an increase in the individual (shareholder-level) income tax rate on share values. We regress cumulative daily abnormal stock returns surrounding the passage of the Revenue Reconciliation Act of 1993 on firm dividend yield, tax status of the investor as represented by level of institutional ownership, the interaction of these two variables, and control variables. Consistent with our expectations, we find (1) that the higher the firm's dividend yield, the more negative the firm's stock price reaction to the increase in the individual income tax rate (i.e., the dividend tax rate) enacted in the Revenue Reconciliation Act of 1993, and (2) institutional holdings mitigate this negative reaction. Our results suggest that both the dividend policy of the firm and the tax status of the marginal investor influence the extent to which dividend taxes are reflected in share values. Our evidence is consistent with the traditional view that firm dividend policy influences the extent to which tax rate changes affect share values.
Book Synopsis The Effect of Shareholder Taxation on Corporate Ownership Structures by : Silke Rünger
Download or read book The Effect of Shareholder Taxation on Corporate Ownership Structures written by Silke Rünger and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-10-31 with total page 134 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Silke Rünger aims at investigating the influence of shareholder taxation on corporate ownership with respect to the level of ownership concentration as well as changes in corporate ownership. The empirical investigations show that shareholder taxes are found to influence both, the level of ownership concentration as well as the divestiture choice of single owners and a change in corporate ownership.
Book Synopsis The Share Price Effects of Dividend Taxes and Tax Imputation Credits by : Trevor S. Harris
Download or read book The Share Price Effects of Dividend Taxes and Tax Imputation Credits written by Trevor S. Harris and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 49 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The relation between shareholder-level taxes and firm value has fundamental implications for understanding why firms pay dividends and how taxes influence capital structure choices. Despite its importance, however, several underlying problems have hampered existing research on the specific question of dividend tax capitalization. We take a new approach, directly testing the relationship between dividend taxes and the valuation of common equity and earnings. Retained earnings are subject to dividend taxes upon distribution, but paid-in equity can be returned to shareholders as a tax-free return of capital. Therefore we test the prediction that dividend taxes result in a lower value for retained earnings than for paid-in equity, after controlling for the predictable influence of dividend taxes on the valuation of earnings. We strengthen this research design by repeating the basic test in several different tax regimes. In the United States, we perform tests for five tax regimes in the 1975-1994 period corresponding to five different levels of dividend taxation. We also conduct tests for the 1984 1994 period for Australia, France, Germany, Japan, and the United Kingdom. The non-U.S. settings allow for comparisons of empirical results across different levels of dividend tax relief provided by tax imputation credits.Our investigation results in three principal findings. First, firm-level results for the United States indicate that accumulated retained earnings are valued less per unit than contributed capital. This finding is consistent with the capitalization of future dividend taxes in retained earnings, and it is robust to inclusion of a variety of control variables and tests for possible alternative explanations. Second, we find that differences in dividend tax rates across U.S. tax regimes are associated with predictable differences in the implied tax discount for retained earnings. Third, cross-country variation in dividend tax rates is associated with predictable variation in the implied tax discount. Furthermore, the difference in dividend tax rates across two different tax regimes in the United Kingdom is associated with predictable differences in the value discount.
Book Synopsis Are Shareholder Dividend Taxes on Corporate Retained Earnings Impounded in Equity Prices? by : Dan S. Dhaliwal
Download or read book Are Shareholder Dividend Taxes on Corporate Retained Earnings Impounded in Equity Prices? written by Dan S. Dhaliwal and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 63 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recently, several studies have concluded that individual investor level dividend taxes on corporate retained earnings are impounded in common stock prices, independent of the timing of dividend payments. We show that the model underlying these studies is internally inconsistent. We also discuss why the model of dividend tax capitalization described in these recent studies is not likely to be descriptive of the taxation of corporate distributions, and we present several reasons, with corroborating data, to believe that common stock prices are not affected by dividend taxes in the manner articulated in these studies. Our empirical results can be summarized as follows. We replicate some of the basic results of prior dividend capitalization studies. We test for evidence of dividend tax capitalization around tax rate changes resulting from the ERTA81, the TRA86 and the OBRA93. Using the same methodology employed in recent research, the evidence does not support dividend tax capitalization across the three tax regimes. We also perform numerous additional data analyses that in general produce results that do not support the conclusions of recent dividend tax capitalization studies. Finally, we find that after controlling for market to book ratios, the main results in prior studies vanish. Overall, the analyses and evidence in this study indicate that shareholder dividend taxes on corporate retained earnings are not impounded in stock prices.
Book Synopsis The Effect of a Dividend Payment on the Stock Price by : Thomas Herdieckerhoff
Download or read book The Effect of a Dividend Payment on the Stock Price written by Thomas Herdieckerhoff and published by GRIN Verlag. This book was released on 2015-03-25 with total page 18 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Essay from the year 2013 in the subject Business economics - Investment and Finance, grade: 100%, , language: English, abstract: This paper is an introduction to the effects that dividend payments have on the stock price and a discussion of various opinions about payment effects. One fundamental framework in this field of study has been the “dividend irrelevance theorem” by Modigliani and Miller (1961) that was published in the journal of business as a part of their analysis of “Dividend Policy, Growth, and the Valuation of Shares”. With a set of given assumptions they arrive at the conclusion that the dividend policy is irrelevant. As the second source I consult an article by the American stock exchange NASDAQ (2012) about the so-called “dividend capture strategy”, which I discuss skeptically. The third article I refer to interestingly holds the opposite of the NASDAQ article.
Book Synopsis The Economic Effects of Dividend Taxation by : Kenneth James McKenzie
Download or read book The Economic Effects of Dividend Taxation written by Kenneth James McKenzie and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 40 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis The Effects of Dividend Taxes on Equity Prices by : Stephen Bond
Download or read book The Effects of Dividend Taxes on Equity Prices written by Stephen Bond and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2007-08-01 with total page 32 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We re-examine the extent to which personal taxes on dividends are capitalized into the equity prices of domestic firms, using data from around the time of the 1997 U.K. dividend tax reform, which removed a significant tax credit for an important group of investors: U.K. pension funds. The tax-adjusted CAPM suggests that the impact should depend on an average of dividend tax rates across all investors, and that U.K. pension funds should reduce their holdings of the previously tax-favored asset: U.K. equities. Given that U.K. pension funds are small relative to the total size of the world capital market, a small open economy-type argument implies that the main effect of the reform would be to reduce U.K. pension funds' ownership of U.K. equities, with little impact on their price. We present evidence which is consistent with these hypotheses. We discuss why previous research (Bell and Jenkinson, 2002) reached a different conclusion.
Book Synopsis The Effect of Shareholder Taxes on Corporate Payout Choice by : William Joseph Moser
Download or read book The Effect of Shareholder Taxes on Corporate Payout Choice written by William Joseph Moser and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 57 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Capitalization of Shareholder Taxes in Stock Prices by : Benjamin C. Ayers
Download or read book Capitalization of Shareholder Taxes in Stock Prices written by Benjamin C. Ayers and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 26 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We investigate the capitalization of shareholder-level taxes into stock values and provide evidence that capitalization of dividend taxes is influenced both by dividend policy and institutional ownership. We regress weekly abnormal stock returns surrounding the passage of the Revenue Reconciliation Act of 1993 on firm dividend yield, institutional ownership, and control variables. We document a negative stock price reaction conditioned on dividend yield during the two weeks in August, 1993, that Congress passed and President Clinton signed legislation that increased individual income tax rates. In addition, we find that the level of institutional holdings, which proxies for whether the marginal investor in a particular stock is an individual taxpayer, moderates this negative stock price reaction. These findings demonstrate that dividend tax capitalization depends upon both the expected dividend policy of the firm and the tax status of the marginal investor.
Book Synopsis The Share Price Effects of Dividend Taxes and Tax Imputation Credits by : Trevor S. Harris
Download or read book The Share Price Effects of Dividend Taxes and Tax Imputation Credits written by Trevor S. Harris and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 44 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We examine the hypothesis that dividend taxes are capitalized into share prices by focusing on investors' implicit valuations of retained earnings versus paid-in equity. Retained earnings are distributable as taxable dividends, whereas paid-in equity is distributable as a tax-free return of capital. Consistent with dividend tax capitalization, firm-level results for the United States indicate that accumulated retained earnings are valued less per unit than contributed capital. In addition, differences in dividend tax rates across U.S. tax regimes are associated with predictable differences in the magnitude of the implied tax discount for retained earnings, as are differences in dividend tax rates across Australia, Japan, France, Germany, and the United Kingdom
Book Synopsis The Effect of Capital Gains Taxation on the Stock Market by : Edward A. Dyl
Download or read book The Effect of Capital Gains Taxation on the Stock Market written by Edward A. Dyl and published by . This book was released on 1973 with total page 330 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author :Board of Governors of the Federal Reserv Publisher :Createspace Independent Publishing Platform ISBN 13 :9781523423903 Total Pages :38 pages Book Rating :4.4/5 (239 download)
Book Synopsis Dividend Taxes and Stock Volatility by : Board of Governors of the Federal Reserv
Download or read book Dividend Taxes and Stock Volatility written by Board of Governors of the Federal Reserv and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2016-01-16 with total page 38 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Often when we discuss the effects of taxes, we focus on the effects on the mean of firm value and de-emphasize the effects on the variance of the distribution. The existing literature on dividend taxation has analyzed the effect on firm stock price (Auerbach and Hassett (2005) and Amromin, Harrison and Sharpe (2008)). However, there are two important moments for the stock: the level of the stock price and the volatility of the stock. In a world where executives are more risk averse than most shareholders (since they are unable to diversify away firm-speciffc risk), we want to focus on both the mean and the variance effects due to agency costs. If a dividend tax change suffciently increases volatility, the executive may take actions to decrease the volatility of the stock at the expense of the share price. Therefore, the stock price might not increase as much as it would have in a world with risk-neutral executives (or equally risk averse executives and shareholders). It is therefore important to consider the effects on the volatility of the stock.
Book Synopsis Corporate Payout Policy by : Harry DeAngelo
Download or read book Corporate Payout Policy written by Harry DeAngelo and published by Now Publishers Inc. This book was released on 2009 with total page 215 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Corporate Payout Policy synthesizes the academic research on payout policy and explains "how much, when, and how". That is (i) the overall value of payouts over the life of the enterprise, (ii) the time profile of a firm's payouts across periods, and (iii) the form of those payouts. The authors conclude that today's theory does a good job of explaining the general features of corporate payout policies, but some important gaps remain. So while our emphasis is to clarify "what we know" about payout policy, the authors also identify a number of interesting unresolved questions for future research. Corporate Payout Policy discusses potential influences on corporate payout policy including managerial use of payouts to signal future earnings to outside investors, individuals' behavioral biases that lead to sentiment-based demands for distributions, the desire of large block stockholders to maintain corporate control, and personal tax incentives to defer payouts. The authors highlight four important "carry-away" points: the literature's focus on whether repurchases will (or should) drive out dividends is misplaced because it implicitly assumes that a single payout vehicle is optimal; extant empirical evidence is strongly incompatible with the notion that the primary purpose of dividends is to signal managers' views of future earnings to outside investors; over-confidence on the part of managers is potentially a first-order determinant of payout policy because it induces them to over-retain resources to invest in dubious projects and so behavioral biases may, in fact, turn out to be more important than agency costs in explaining why investors pressure firms to accelerate payouts; the influence of controlling stockholders on payout policy --- particularly in non-U.S. firms, where controlling stockholders are common --- is a promising area for future research. Corporate Payout Policy is required reading for both researchers and practitioners interested in understanding this central topic in corporate finance and governance.
Book Synopsis Taxation of Capital Gains and the Behavior of Stock Prices Over the Dividend Cycle by : Dan Palmon
Download or read book Taxation of Capital Gains and the Behavior of Stock Prices Over the Dividend Cycle written by Dan Palmon and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 10 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: By limiting their attention to the effect of capital gains tax on the price asked by mid-cycle sellers, Elton and Gruber (Review of Economics and Statistics v.52, 1970) overlook a parallel effect of capital loss credit on the bid price offered by mid-cycle buyers. We show that unequal marginal tax rates on capital gains and losses create two distinct price paths with a growing bid-ask spread between them. The dividend cycle ends with a corresponding drop of the dual price to a temporary common ex-dividend price. As perceived by shareholders, the mid-cycle bid-ask spread created in this fashion may add a significant trading cost beyond the observed market-price spread. Our analysis has important implications for shareholders' optimal timing of trade, the firm's optimal frequency and timing of dividends within the year, and government tax policy. A government seeking to tax capital gains should maintain parity between the tax rates of gains and losses to avoid the introduction of tax-induced trading costs. Absent rate parity, the firm should accommodate shareholders by following a predictable dividend schedule and avoiding extended intervals between dividends. Under this scenario, shareholders can avoid tax-induce trading costs by limiting their transactions to ex-dividend days.
Book Synopsis Shareholder Income Taxes and the Relation between Earnings and Returns by : Dan S. Dhaliwal
Download or read book Shareholder Income Taxes and the Relation between Earnings and Returns written by Dan S. Dhaliwal and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The purpose of this study is to investigate if and how shareholder level taxes affect earnings response coefficients (ERCs). Our tests indicate that when the tax rate on dividends increases, ERCs decrease for firms with high dividend yield and whose marginal investor is likely to be an individual. For firms with high share repurchase yield and whose marginal investor is likely to be an individual, an increase in dividend tax rate has no discernable effect on ERCs. These results are consistent with the notion that the tax penalty on dividends, relative to capital gains, reduces the earnings-return relation.
Book Synopsis Dividend Taxes, Corporate Investment, and "Q" by : James M. Poterba
Download or read book Dividend Taxes, Corporate Investment, and "Q" written by James M. Poterba and published by . This book was released on 1981 with total page 66 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Taxes on corporate distributions have traditionally been regarded as a "double tax" on corporate income. This view implies that while the total effective tax rate on corporate source income affects real economic decisions, the distribution of this tax burden between the shareholders and the corporation is irrelevant. Recent research has suggested an alter- native to this traditional view. One explanation of why firms in the U.S. pay dividends in spite of the heavy tax liabilities associated with this form of distribution is that the stock market capitalizes the tax payments associated with corporate distributions. This capitalization leaves investors indifferent at the margin between corporations paying our dividends and retaining earnings. This alternative view holds that while changes in the dividend tax rate will affect shareholder wealth, they will have no impact on corporate investment decisions. This paper develops econometric tests which distinguish between these two views of dividend taxation. By extending Tobin's "q" theory of investment to incorporate taxes at both the corporate and personal levels, the implications of each view for corporate investment decisions can be derived. The competing views may be tested by comparing the performance of investment equations estimates under each theory's predict ions. British time series data are particularly appropriate for testing hypotheses about dividend taxes because of the substantial postwar variation in effective tax rates on corporate distributions. The econometric results suggest that dividend taxes have important effects on investment decisions
Book Synopsis Dividend Taxes and Share Prices by : William M. Gentry
Download or read book Dividend Taxes and Share Prices written by William M. Gentry and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 37 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Financial economists have debated the impact of dividend taxes on firm valuation for decades, but existing empirical evidence is mixed. In this study, we avoid certain complications inherent in previous empirical work by exploiting institutional characteristics of Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs). For REITs, dividend policy is largely non-discretionary, share repurchases are not tax advantaged relative to dividends, and the market value of a firm's assets is relatively transparent to investors. In addition, REITs are exempt from corporate taxes, so their tax deductions flow directly to shareholders as reductions in dividend taxes. Within this environment, we regress the market value of a REIT's equity on the market value of its assets and its tax basis in assets, which creates tax deductions that lower future dividend taxes. We find that tax basis has a positive effect on firm value, which suggests that investors capitalize future dividend taxes into share prices
