The Effect Of Alternative Mathematics Programs On Mathematics Achievement

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The Effect of Alternative Mathematics Programs on Mathematics Achievement

Author : Robert J. Bryson
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 109 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (131 download)

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Book Synopsis The Effect of Alternative Mathematics Programs on Mathematics Achievement by : Robert J. Bryson

Download or read book The Effect of Alternative Mathematics Programs on Mathematics Achievement written by Robert J. Bryson and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 109 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over the past several decades, the reformation of mathematics curriculum and instruction has been a topic of debate. The No Child Left Behind Act has created a new level of accountability for school districts to increase the mathematics achievement levels of all students. In order to address the need to increase the mathematics achievement levels, some schools have implemented alternative mathematics programs. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects that one alternative mathematics program had on a group of secondary students. This longitudinal quantitative study examined two graduating classes from one high school located in south central Pennsylvania. One hundred ninety-six students in the class of 2006 participated in a traditional mathematics program and two hundred thirty students in the class of 2007 participated in an alternative mathematics program. Eighth-grade and eleventh-grade Pennsylvania System of School Assessment (PSSA) data was collected on each of the graduating classes to determine whether the alternative mathematics program had a positive effect on student achievement. High school mathematics course enrollment data was also collected on each of the graduating classes to determine if students in the alternative program complete higher level mathematics courses in comparison to the students participating in the traditional program. Results from the study indicated greater achievement growth in the group of students that participated in the alternative mathematics program. Students participating in the alternative mathematics program showed greater increase in both their scaled scores as well as their PSSA performance levels in comparison to students that participated in the traditional mathematics program. There was not a significant difference in course enrollment between the two groups of students.

The Effect of Computer-assisted Intervention Programs on Mathematics Achievement of High School Students in a Virtual School

Author : Brandi Rachelle Robinson
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 93 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (116 download)

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Book Synopsis The Effect of Computer-assisted Intervention Programs on Mathematics Achievement of High School Students in a Virtual School by : Brandi Rachelle Robinson

Download or read book The Effect of Computer-assisted Intervention Programs on Mathematics Achievement of High School Students in a Virtual School written by Brandi Rachelle Robinson and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 93 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The United States ranks in the middle of the nations participating in the Programme for International Student Assessment, and secondary education has not seen growth in mathematics achievement since the 1970s. Computer-assisted math education offers a new opportunity to increase mathematical achievement with students. Pearson Education’s MyMathLab has shown promise at the higher education level with enhancing student proficiency in concepts. The purpose of this study was to determine if the use of Math XL, the secondary counterpart to MyMathLab, could increase mathematics achievement, measured by the performance on the end-of-course test for Algebra I and Geometry for high school students in a computer-assisted math intervention program. The quasi-experimental posttest-only study enhanced the current knowledge of MyMathLab/Math XL as a tool for higher education and demonstrated the effects of using it at the secondary level. The sample was taken from high school Algebra I and Geometry students at an online high school in a southern state. A comparison group was created from students meeting the same criteria for the computer-assisted math intervention program who chose not to participate. An analysis of variance was used to test for statistically significant differences in the end-of-course test scores in those students enrolled in a computer-assisted math intervention program and those students not enrolled in a computer-assisted math intervention program. The analysis found no significant difference in the mean between the group enrolled in computer-assisted intervention and those not enrolled.

Mathematics Achievement in an Alternative School Implementing School-wide Positive Behavior Support

Author : Emily A. Ramsey
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781339300719
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (7 download)

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Book Synopsis Mathematics Achievement in an Alternative School Implementing School-wide Positive Behavior Support by : Emily A. Ramsey

Download or read book Mathematics Achievement in an Alternative School Implementing School-wide Positive Behavior Support written by Emily A. Ramsey and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The number of individuals with a mathematics learning disability has greatly increased over the years. Unfortunately, these students not only are behind their peers in their current grade, but continue to perform below their peers in later grades, resulting in an increase in the academic achievement gap. Thus, it is important to find supports to reduce this gap in achievement. School-wide positive behavior support (SWPBS) is an evidence-based program that has been shown to improve student behavior and increase academic achievement. While there is a lot of research supporting the positive effects of SWPBS in a general education setting, there are few studies looking at SWPBS in alternative school settings. The present study examines the relationship between the implementation of SWPBS and mathematics achievement of students in an alternative school. It was hypothesized that over time, a higher percentage of students in this alternative school would be at or above the 25th percentile on mathematics assessments co-occurring with managing behavior through SWPBS. Overall results show that there was not a significant change in school-wide mathematics achievement after the implementation of SWPBS. However, students who were enrolled in the school consistently before and after the implementation of SWPBS showed improvements in their mathematics scores over time.

The Effects of a Career Education Program on the Mathematics Achievement and Attitudes of Fourth Grade Students

Author : Kathleen H. De Marco
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 116 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (789 download)

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Book Synopsis The Effects of a Career Education Program on the Mathematics Achievement and Attitudes of Fourth Grade Students by : Kathleen H. De Marco

Download or read book The Effects of a Career Education Program on the Mathematics Achievement and Attitudes of Fourth Grade Students written by Kathleen H. De Marco and published by . This book was released on 1977 with total page 116 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

The Effects of the Connected Mathematics Project on Middle School Mathematics Achievement

Author : Lesa Maria Covington Clarkson
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 390 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (319 download)

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Book Synopsis The Effects of the Connected Mathematics Project on Middle School Mathematics Achievement by : Lesa Maria Covington Clarkson

Download or read book The Effects of the Connected Mathematics Project on Middle School Mathematics Achievement written by Lesa Maria Covington Clarkson and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 390 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

The Effects of "Math Pathways and Pitfalls" on Students' Mathematics Achievement

Author : Joan I. Heller
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 85 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (16 download)

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Book Synopsis The Effects of "Math Pathways and Pitfalls" on Students' Mathematics Achievement by : Joan I. Heller

Download or read book The Effects of "Math Pathways and Pitfalls" on Students' Mathematics Achievement written by Joan I. Heller and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 85 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study was designed to assess the impact of "Mathematics Pathways and Pitfalls" ("MPP") on the mathematics that second-, fourth-, and sixth-grade students learn. The specific research questions that were addressed are: (a) What is the impact of "MPP" on students' knowledge of the mathematics topics addressed, compared to that of students using the regular math curriculum? and (b) How equitable is the impact of "MPP" on students' mathematics knowledge across levels of English language proficiency and entering mathematics ability? A cluster-randomized experimental design was implemented in five school districts. In the first year of the study, second-, fourth-, and sixth-grade teachers were randomly assigned within their school districts to either an experimental or a control group. The experimental group teachers were taught how to implement "MPP" during a six-hour professional development session. In the first year of the study, experimental group teachers substituted "MPP" for a portion of their regular mathematics curriculum. The control group teachers used their regular mathematics curriculum, and received whatever professional development they normally were provided during that year. A total of 99 teachers and 1,971 students participated in the first year of the study. The "MPP" Pitfalls Quiz was the primary instrument used to measure students' mathematical knowledge. A separate "MPP" Pitfalls Quiz was developed for each grade level. Items on the "MPP" Pitfalls Quizzes assess concepts and procedures that are known to cause difficulty for students. In addition to the "MPP" Pitfalls Quizzes, standardized mathematics achievement test score data were collected. Multilevel statistical models were used to analyze the achievement test data. These analyses showed that student math performance in "MPP" classes was higher than in non-"MPP" classes for all three grade levels. With respect to the impact of "MPP" on students' mathematics knowledge across levels of English language proficiency, we found that for second and fourth grades, "MPP" impacted ELL and non-ELL students equally. The effect size statistics (ESS) for second and fourth grade were 0.43 and 0.66, respectively. For sixth grade, "MPP" had a greater treatment effect for ELL students (ESS = 0.74) than non-ELL students (ESS = 0.28). Teachers expressed strongly positive opinions about the value of the program, including that their students understood the math topics in the lessons better than students in past years, and that "MPP" helped most of their students learn the math concepts and prevent pitfalls. (Contains 29 tables.) ["Mathematics Pathways and Pitfalls" materials presented in this document were developed by the Mathematics Case Methods Project/WestEd.].

An Experimental Study of the Effects on Achievement of the Use of a Culturally Relevant Mathematics Program

Author : Gordon Dan Reimer
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (184 download)

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Book Synopsis An Experimental Study of the Effects on Achievement of the Use of a Culturally Relevant Mathematics Program by : Gordon Dan Reimer

Download or read book An Experimental Study of the Effects on Achievement of the Use of a Culturally Relevant Mathematics Program written by Gordon Dan Reimer and published by . This book was released on 1975 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study was designed (1) to investigate the effects on the achievement of native students, when a culturally relevant mathematics program was used, and (2) to determine if the use of such a program increased the student's level of enjoyment in mathematics, (3) to determine if students studying such a program would recognize greater value in mathematics (4) to determine if teachers believed the use of this program contributed to student enjoyment and to achievement in mathematics. To investigate the effects on achievement, an experimental setting was used to compare the achievement of 175 grade seven students from eleven schools within Frontier School Division. This sample was divided into treatment and control groups. The first group received the culturally relevant curriculum unit, while the second group received a parallel unit based on the present authorized curriculum and texts in the Province of Manitoba. The units dealt with mathematical word problems which were developed by the writer for this study. Using a pretest and posttest, an analysis of covariance was used to test the nu11 hypothesis of no significant difference in achievement between the two groups. To determine the effects of this program on student enjoyment of mathematics and the value students see in mathematies, a student questionnaire was used. This was analysed and the responses reported comparatively between the treatment and the control groups. To determine if teachers considered the use of such a prograrn important in student enjoyment and achievement in mathematics, two teacher questionnaires were utilized. The first was completed by all eleven teaehers upon completion of the experimental study, while the second was completed by the control teachers only upon receipt of a culturally relevant curriculum unit. These were analysed and the responses reported comparatively between the treatment and control groups ...

EBOOK: Raising Achievement in Secondary Mathematics

Author : Anne Watson
Publisher : McGraw-Hill Education (UK)
ISBN 13 : 0335228348
Total Pages : 203 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (352 download)

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Book Synopsis EBOOK: Raising Achievement in Secondary Mathematics by : Anne Watson

Download or read book EBOOK: Raising Achievement in Secondary Mathematics written by Anne Watson and published by McGraw-Hill Education (UK). This book was released on 2006-06-16 with total page 203 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book brings together research and professional knowledge to enhance the teaching of lower attaining students in secondary mathematics. Attainment in mathematics is an important social issue, since underachievement can make a difference to future life choices, particularly amongst certain groups of students. Raising Achievement in Secondary Mathematics shows how well-meant teaching strategies and approaches can in practice exacerbate underachievement in maths by making inappropriate demands on learners. As well as criticizing some of the teaching and grouping practices that are considered normal in many schools, the book also offers an alternative view of attainment and capability, based on real classroom incidents in which ‘low attaining students’ show themselves to be able to think about mathematics in quite sophisticated ways. The author argues that teaching could be based on learners’ proficiency, rather than on correcting deficits in knowledge and behaviour. She describes how a group of teachers who believed that their students could do better with higher expectations developed a range of principles and strategies to support their work – the students showed significant progress and the teachers felt they were doing a better job. With numerous case studies, ideas and teaching strategies, this book is for anyone who is teaching, or learning to teach, mathematics.

The Effects of Alternative Schools on the Attitudes and Achievement of Secondary Students

Author : Sarah Harrison King
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 238 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (41 download)

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Book Synopsis The Effects of Alternative Schools on the Attitudes and Achievement of Secondary Students by : Sarah Harrison King

Download or read book The Effects of Alternative Schools on the Attitudes and Achievement of Secondary Students written by Sarah Harrison King and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 238 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

A Comparative Study Examining the Effects of Alternative Methods of Teaching Mathematics on Mathematics Achievement and Attitudes Towards Mathematics

Download A Comparative Study Examining the Effects of Alternative Methods of Teaching Mathematics on Mathematics Achievement and Attitudes Towards Mathematics PDF Online Free

Author : Deborah Jean Hazelbaker
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 222 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (621 download)

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Book Synopsis A Comparative Study Examining the Effects of Alternative Methods of Teaching Mathematics on Mathematics Achievement and Attitudes Towards Mathematics by : Deborah Jean Hazelbaker

Download or read book A Comparative Study Examining the Effects of Alternative Methods of Teaching Mathematics on Mathematics Achievement and Attitudes Towards Mathematics written by Deborah Jean Hazelbaker and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 222 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

The Effects of Re-teaching Parents the Mathematics Curriculum and the Effects on Mathematics Achievement

Author : Tabitha Bass
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 56 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (245 download)

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Book Synopsis The Effects of Re-teaching Parents the Mathematics Curriculum and the Effects on Mathematics Achievement by : Tabitha Bass

Download or read book The Effects of Re-teaching Parents the Mathematics Curriculum and the Effects on Mathematics Achievement written by Tabitha Bass and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 56 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

The Effects of the Elevate Math Summer Program on Math Achievement and Algebra Readiness

Author : Jason Snipes
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 9 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (16 download)

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Book Synopsis The Effects of the Elevate Math Summer Program on Math Achievement and Algebra Readiness by : Jason Snipes

Download or read book The Effects of the Elevate Math Summer Program on Math Achievement and Algebra Readiness written by Jason Snipes and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 9 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: To raise math success rates in middle school, many schools and districts have implemented summer math programs designed to improve student preparation for algebra content in grade 8. However, little is known about the effectiveness of these programs. While students who participate typically experience learning gains, there is little rigorous evidence evaluating the effects of the programs on math achievement or readiness for algebra content. This study fills that void by rigorously examining the effects of one such summer program (the Elevate summer math program) on student achievement. In summer 2014, the Silicon Valley Education Foundation (SVEF), the research team, and several Silicon Valley school districts collaborated on a randomized controlled trial to assess the effects of the Elevate Math summer program on math achievement, algebra readiness, and attitudes toward math. The study focused on three primary questions: (1) What is the impact of the Elevate Math summer program on the math achievement and algebra readiness of rising grade 8 students?; (2) What is the impact of the Elevate Math summer program on math achievement in the math topic areas most closely aligned with the program's curriculum?; and (3) What is the impact of the Elevate Math summer program on the math interest and math self-efficacy of rising grade 8 students? The randomized controlled trial was conducted in summer 2014 at eight schools in six districts in California's Silicon Valley. Participating districts identified eligible students based on existing grade 6 California Standards Test (CST) data. The districts' enrollments range from 2,487 to 13,162, with an average of 9,426. The percentage of English learner students in each district ranges from 19% to 53%, with an average of 38%. Students were randomly assigned to a treatment group that received access to the program at the beginning of the summer or to a control group that received access to the program later in the summer. Math achievement was measured using the Mathematics Diagnostic Testing Project (MDTP) Algebra Readiness test, which was administered to the treatment and control groups on the first and last days of their participation in the summer program. The Elevate Math summer program significantly improved math achievement and algebra readiness among participating grade 7 students. The program improved the math achievement of the treatment group compared with the control group across several metrics. The Elevate Math summer program also had a positive, statistically significant effect on algebra readiness. Despite the Elevate Math summer program's effects, students' math achievement at the end of the program suggested that many students were still not ready for the algebra content in grade 8 math courses. There were no significant impacts on math interest or math self-efficacy. The estimated level of interest in math for the treatment group was higher than that of the control group, but the difference was not statistically significant. [The Silicon Valley Education Foundation and several Silicon Valley school districts collaborated on this study. For the Regional Educational Laboratory West report, "The Effects of the Elevate Math Summer Program on Math Achievement and Algebra Readiness. REL 2015-096" (2015), see ED558157.].

The discrepancies in students' mathematics achievement

Author : Sanchez Obas
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 206 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (59 download)

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Book Synopsis The discrepancies in students' mathematics achievement by : Sanchez Obas

Download or read book The discrepancies in students' mathematics achievement written by Sanchez Obas and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 206 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

A Quest for Increasing Student Math Achievement and Promoting Rigorous Evaluation in Italy

Author : Gianluca Argentin
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 9 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (16 download)

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Book Synopsis A Quest for Increasing Student Math Achievement and Promoting Rigorous Evaluation in Italy by : Gianluca Argentin

Download or read book A Quest for Increasing Student Math Achievement and Promoting Rigorous Evaluation in Italy written by Gianluca Argentin and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 9 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Research has proven that teachers have a fundamental influence on student results. Moreover, effective teacher professional development is one of the key mechanisms for improving student achievement. By the most recent OECD (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development) definition, "Professional development is defined as activities that develop an individual's skills, knowledge, expertise and other characteristics as a teacher." The [email protected] program suits this definition both in terms of increasing teacher subject knowledge and in terms of providing math teachers with alternative solutions and methods for presenting usual contents. Given that the effects of any professional development program on student achievement are mediated by teacher actual practices in the classroom, it is necessary to verify whether teachers enrolled in the [email protected] program do follow the training, whether they apply the acquired knowledge in the classroom, and whether they change their attitudes and teaching methods. The study will address these issues by collecting information through specific questionnaires and the teacher's [email protected] log-book. The difficulty in measuring the effectiveness of teaching is that "teachers have powerful effects on reading and mathematics achievement, though little of the variance in teacher quality is explained by observable variables, such as education or experience". The study rules out issues resulting from hidden heterogeneity by designing ex ante a randomized experiment, which allows the authors to compare the results of two statistically equivalent groups of participants in the most objective way possible. (Contains 2 figures and 2 tables.).

Investing in Successful Summer Programs

Author : Jennifer Sloan McCombs
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781977402592
Total Pages : 162 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (25 download)

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Book Synopsis Investing in Successful Summer Programs by : Jennifer Sloan McCombs

Download or read book Investing in Successful Summer Programs written by Jennifer Sloan McCombs and published by . This book was released on 2021-06-30 with total page 162 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Research evidence suggests that summer breaks contribute to income-based achievement and opportunity gaps for children and youth. However, summertime can also be used to provide programs that support an array of goals for children and youth, including improved academic achievement, physical health, mental health, social and emotional well-being, the acquisition of skills, and the development of interests. This report is intended to provide practitioners, policymakers, and funders current information about the effectiveness of summer programs designed for children and youth entering grades K-12. Policymakers increasingly expect that the creation of and investment in summer programs will be based on research evidence. Notably, the 2015 Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA) directs schools and districts to adopt programs that are supported by research evidence if those programs are funded by specific federal streams. Although summer programs can benefit children and youth who attend, not all programs result in improved outcomes. RAND researchers identified 43 summer programs with positive outcomes that met the top three tiers of ESSA's evidence standards. These programs were identified through an initial literature search of 3,671 citations and a full-text review of 1,360 documents and address academic learning, learning at home, social and emotional well-being, and employment and career outcomes. The authors summarize the evidence and provide detailed information on each of the 43 programs, focusing on the evidence linking summer programs with outcomes and classifying the programs according to the top three evidence tiers (strong, moderate, or promising evidence) consistent with ESSA and subsequent federal regulatory guidance.

Mathematical Proficiency for All Students: Toward a Strategic Research and Development Program in Mathematics Education

Author : Deborah Loewenberg
Publisher : Rand Corporation
ISBN 13 : 0833034111
Total Pages : 123 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (33 download)

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Book Synopsis Mathematical Proficiency for All Students: Toward a Strategic Research and Development Program in Mathematics Education by : Deborah Loewenberg

Download or read book Mathematical Proficiency for All Students: Toward a Strategic Research and Development Program in Mathematics Education written by Deborah Loewenberg and published by Rand Corporation. This book was released on 2003-04-15 with total page 123 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A clear need exists for substantial improvement in mathematics proficiency in U.S. schools. The RAND Mathematics Study Panel was convened to inform the U.S. Department of Education's Office of Educational Research and Improvement on ways to improve the quality and usability of education research and development (R&D). The panel identified three areas for focused R&D: development of teachers' mathematical knowledge used in teaching; teaching and learning of skills needed for mathematical thinking and problem-solving; and teaching and learning of algebra from kindergarten through the 12th grade.

Effects of TRIAD on Mathematics Achievement

Author : Douglas H. Clements
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 18 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (16 download)

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Book Synopsis Effects of TRIAD on Mathematics Achievement by : Douglas H. Clements

Download or read book Effects of TRIAD on Mathematics Achievement written by Douglas H. Clements and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 18 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Although some research-based educational practices have shown promise, many fail to be implemented at a scale that affects more than a small proportion of children. Further, research on interventions for young children includes mixed results, with most documenting "fadeout" of effects after several years, but some showing lasting effects. In this study, the authors evaluated the long-term impacts of a model for scaling up early interventions, in this case a successful early mathematics curriculum, testing to see whether the originally-sustained impacts persisted up to 7 years beyond baseline. The original evaluation of TRIAD (Technology-enhanced, Research-based, Instruction, Assessment, and professional Development) employed a cluster randomized trial (CRT) design to test the effectiveness of the TRIAD scale-up approach, using the Building Blocksʼ early mathematics curriculum (BB) in preschool. In this evaluation, 42 schools were randomly assigned to three groups. One of the groups was a business-as-usual control (CTRL). In preschool, the other two conditions were identical and entailed TRIAD scale-up (intensive training, coaching focused on both BB curriculum and linked assessment and online professional development). After preschool, one of the treatment conditions included follow-through professional development through 1st grade, including knowledge of the intervention and ways to build upon that knowledge using learning trajectories (TRIAD Follow-Through or TRIAD-FT) while the other condition implemented business-as-usual control (TRIAD Non-follow-through or TRIAD-NFT). Students in the two treatment conditions significantly outperformed their peers in the control condition through 1st grade. The primary purpose of the current investigation was to examine the long-term effects of the early mathematics curriculum, but the secondary aim was to explore whether the TRIAD scale-up approach itself, which included aligned professional development for kindergarten and 1st grade teachers, also enhanced the effects of the pre-K curriculum beyond 1st grade. Research questions were as follows: (1) What are the differences in the average math achievement of the three original study groups (TRIAD-NFT, TRIAD-FT, and CTRL) in 3rd, 4th, and 5th grade; (2) Do the differences in the 3rd, 4th, and 5th grade math achievement of the original study groups vary by the socio-economic and racial/ethnic backgrounds of the students in the groups; (3) What are the differences in the 3rd, 4th, and 5th grade math achievement of the subset of children who remained in the group to which their original school was randomly assigned throughout the intervention period (pre-K through 1st grade); and (4) Do the differences in the in the 3rd, 4th, and 5th grade math achievement of the subset of children who remained in the group to which their original school was randomly assigned throughout the intervention period (pre-K through 1st grade) vary by the students' socio-economic status and racial/ethnic backgrounds? Figure 1 presents results addressing the first research question that pertain to the differences between the three groups at the end of pre-K through 5th grade. Figures 2a and 2b inform the second research question and show the effects of the FT and NFT conditions separately for African-American, Hispanic, other minority, and white students. Figures 3a and 3b show the FT and NFT effect estimates separately for the low and high SES subgroups formed based on students' eligibility for FRPL. Figures 4, 5a, 5b, 6a, and 6b inform the 3rd and 4th research questions and show parallel results for the stayers (students who stayed in the original conditions between pre-K and 1st grade). Impacts at the end of 5th grade were statistically significant and considerably larger than impacts in 3rd and 4th grade for both conditions and all subgroups. Tables and figures are appended.