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The Draft 1940 1973
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Book Synopsis The Draft, 1940-1973 by : George Q. Flynn
Download or read book The Draft, 1940-1973 written by George Q. Flynn and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 400 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Individual liberty is ingrained in American culture. Yet, in contrast to this cherished ideal, American men were inducted into military service under a system that flourished for more than twenty years before its rationalization was seriously questioned by more than a small minority of citizens." "Analyzing this paradox, George Flynn provides the first comprehensive look at an institution that managed to sustain political and public favor through two wars before dying out under a barrage of protests during a third. Placing the American draft within a historical context, he shows how social and political considerations determined the character of conscription in the United States." "The draft developed as it did, he argues, not mainly because of military needs or strategy, but because of political decisions initiated by civilians with nonmilitary agendas. Explaining why the draft remained relatively immune to political criticism prior to the Vietnam conflict, Flynn chronicles the draft's military and strategic successes and failures in America's mid-century wars. He shows how major institutions and lobbies representing science, education, and various professions and religions influenced it and how, ultimately and ironically, the selective character of the draft eventually made the system inequitable and helped cause its downfall."--BOOK JACKET.Title Summary field provided by Blackwell North America, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Book Synopsis Conscription and Democracy by : George Q. Flynn
Download or read book Conscription and Democracy written by George Q. Flynn and published by Bloomsbury Publishing USA. This book was released on 2001-12-30 with total page 318 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Finding the manpower to defend democracy has been a recurring problem. Russell Weigley writes: The historic preoccupation of the Army's thought in peacetime has been the manpower question: how, in an unmilitary nation, to muster adequate numbers of capable soldiers quickly should war occur. When the nature of modern warfare made an all-volunteer army inadequate, the major Western democracies confronted the dilemma of involuntary military service in a free society. The core of this manuscript concerns methods by which France, Great Britain, and the United States solved the problem and why some solutions were more lasting and effective than others. Flynn challenges conventional wisdom that suggests that conscription was inefficient and that it promoted inequality of sacrifice. Sharing similar but not identical diplomatic outlooks, the three countries discussed here were allies in world wars and in the Cold War, and they also confronted the problem of using conscripts to defend colonial interests in an age of decolonization. These societies rest upon democratic principles, and operating a draft in a democracy raises several unique problems. A particular tension develops as a result of adopting forced military service in a polity based on concepts of individual rights and freedoms. Despite the protest and inconsistencies, the criticism and waste, Flynn reveals that conscription served the three Western democracies well in an historical context, proving effective in gathering fighting men and allowing a flexibility to cope and change as problems arose.
Download or read book Rough Draft written by Amy J. Rutenberg and published by Cornell University Press. This book was released on 2019-09-15 with total page 276 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Rough Draft draws the curtain on the race and class inequities of the Selective Service during the Vietnam War. Amy J. Rutenberg argues that policy makers' idealized conceptions of Cold War middle-class masculinity directly affected whom they targeted for conscription and also for deferment. Federal officials believed that college educated men could protect the nation from the threat of communism more effectively as civilians than as soldiers. The availability of deferments for this group mushroomed between 1945 and 1965, making it less and less likely that middle-class white men would serve in the Cold War army. Meanwhile, officials used the War on Poverty to target poorer and racialized men for conscription in the hopes that military service would offer them skills they could use in civilian life. As Rutenberg shows, manpower policies between World War II and the Vietnam War had unintended consequences. While some men resisted military service in Vietnam for reasons of political conscience, most did so because manpower polices made it possible. By shielding middle-class breadwinners in the name of national security, policymakers militarized certain civilian roles—a move that, ironically, separated military service from the obligations of masculine citizenship and, ultimately, helped kill the draft in the United States.
Book Synopsis The First Peacetime Draft by : John Garry Clifford
Download or read book The First Peacetime Draft written by John Garry Clifford and published by . This book was released on 1986 with total page 344 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Using the Selective Service Act of 1940 as a focus to illuminate the evolution of American policy and attitudes toward the Second World War, The First Peacetime Draft unites exhaustive research with crisp narrative and trenchant analysis. It is a first-rate work - Arthur Schlesinger, Jr., author of The Age of Roosevelt and The Imperial Presidency.
Book Synopsis Military Service and American Democracy by : William A. Taylor
Download or read book Military Service and American Democracy written by William A. Taylor and published by Modern War Studies (Hardcover). This book was released on 2016 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Chronicles the changing nature of American military service from World War II to the Iraq and Afghanistan Wars, including who serves and how. It argues that military service plays a vital role in American democracy, both abroad and at home.
Book Synopsis Random Destiny: How the Vietnam War Draft Lottery Shaped a Generation by : Wesley Abney
Download or read book Random Destiny: How the Vietnam War Draft Lottery Shaped a Generation written by Wesley Abney and published by Vernon Press. This book was released on 2019-03-30 with total page 262 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a concise but thorough summary of how the selective service system worked from 1965 through 1973, and also demonstrates how this selective process, during a highly unpopular war, steered major life choices of millions of young men seeking deferrals based on education, occupation, marital and family status, sexual orientation, and more. This book explains each category of deferral and its resulting “ripple effect” across society. Putting a human face on these sociological trends, the book also includes a number of brief personal anecdotes from men in each category, told from a remove of 40 years or more, when the lifelong effects of youthful decisions prompted by the draft have become evident. There are few books which address the military draft of the Vietnam years, most notably CHANCE AND CIRCUMSTANCE: The Draft, the War and the Vietnam Generation, by Baskir and Strauss (1978). This early study of draft-age men discusses how they were socially channeled by the selective service system. RANDOM DESTINY follows up on this premise and draws from numerous later studies of men in the lottery pool, to create the definitive portrait of the draft and its long-term personal and social effects. RANDOM DESTINY presents an in-depth explanation of the selective service system in its final years. It also provides a comprehensive yet personal portrait of how the draft and the lottery steered a generation of young lives into many different paths, from combat to conscientious objection, from teaching to prison, from the pulpit to the Canadian border, from public health to gay liberation. It is the only recent book which demonstrates how American military conscription, in the time of an unpopular war, profoundly influenced a generation and a society over the decades that followed.
Book Synopsis The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Political and Legal History by : Donald T. Critchlow
Download or read book The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Political and Legal History written by Donald T. Critchlow and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2012-06-07 with total page 1208 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Political and Legal History brings together an unparalleled wealth of information about the laws, institutions, and actors that have governed America throughout its history. Entries key political figures, important legislation and governmental institutions, broad political trends relating to elections, voting behavior, and party development, as well as key court cases, legal theories, constitutional interpretations, Supreme Court justices, and other major legal figures. Emphasizing the interconnectedness of politics and law, the more than 430 expertly written entries in the Encyclopedia provide an invaluable and in-depth overview of the development of America's political and legal frameworks.
Book Synopsis Conscription, Conscientious Objection, and Draft Resistance in American History by : Jerry Elmer
Download or read book Conscription, Conscientious Objection, and Draft Resistance in American History written by Jerry Elmer and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2023-09-25 with total page 403 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Conscription, Conscientious Objection, and Draft Resistance in American History is the definitive history of conscription in America. It is the first book ever to consider the entire temporal sweep of conscription from pre-Revolutionary War colonial militia drafts through the end of the Vietnam era. Each chapter contains an examination of that era’s draft law, the actual workings of the conscription machinery, and relevant court decisions that shaped the draft in practice. In addition, the book describes the popular opposition to conscription: organized and unorganized, violent and nonviolent, public and clandestine, legal and illegal. Using sources never before utilized by historians, including government documents obtained in Freedom of Information Act requests, the book demonstrates how anti-conscription sentiment has been far deeper than is popularly appreciated.
Book Synopsis Hell in Hürtgen Forest by : Robert Sterling Rush
Download or read book Hell in Hürtgen Forest written by Robert Sterling Rush and published by University Press of Kansas. This book was released on 2001-11-27 with total page 423 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Some of the most brutally intense infantry combat in World War II occurred within Germany's Hrtgen Forest. Focusing on the bitterly fought battle between the American 22d Infantry Regiment and elements of the German LXXIV Korps around Grosshau, Rush chronicles small-unit combat at its most extreme and shows why, despite enormous losses, the Americans persevered in the Hrtgenwald "meat grinder," a battle similar to two punch-drunk fighters staggering to survive the round. On 16 November 1944, the 22d Infantry entered the Hürtgen Forest as part of the U.S. Army's drive to cross the Roer River. During the next eighteen days, the 22d suffered more than 2,800 casualties-or about 86 percent of its normal strength of about 3,250 officers and men. After three days of fighting, the regiment had lost all three battalion commanders. After seven days, rifle company strengths stood at 50 percent and by battle's end each had suffered nearly 140 percent casualties. Despite these horrendous losses, the 22d Regiment survived and fought on, due in part to army personnel policies that ensured that unit strengths remained high even during extreme combat. Previously wounded soldiers returned to their units and new replacements, "green" to battle, arrived to follow the remaining battle-hardened cadre. The attack halted only when no veterans remained to follow. The German units in the Hrtgenwald suffered the same horrendous attrition, with one telling difference. German replacement policy detracted from rather than enhanced German combat effectiveness. Organizations had high paper strength but low manpower, and commanders consolidated decimated units time after time until these ever-dwindling bands of soldiers disappeared forever: killed, wounded, captured, or surrendered. The performance of American and German forces during this harrowing eighteen days of combat was largely a product of their respective backgrounds, training, and organization. This pre-battle aspect, not normally seen in combat history, helps explain why the Americans were successful and the Germans were not. Rush's work underscores both the horrors of combat and the resiliency of American organizations. While honoring the sacrifice and triumph of the common soldier, it also compels us to reexamine our views on the requisites for victory on the battlefield.
Book Synopsis Arsenal of Democracy by : Julian E. Zelizer
Download or read book Arsenal of Democracy written by Julian E. Zelizer and published by Basic Books. This book was released on 2009-12-29 with total page 594 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It has long been a truism that prior to George W. Bush, politics stopped at the water's edge -- that is, that partisanship had no place in national security. In Arsenal of Democracy, historian Julian E. Zelizer shows this to be demonstrably false: partisan fighting has always shaped American foreign policy and the issue of national security has always been part of our domestic conflicts. Based on original archival findings, Arsenal of Democracy offers new insights into nearly every major national security issue since the beginning of the cold war: from FDR's masterful management of World War II to the partisanship that scarred John F. Kennedy during the Cuban Missile Crisis, from Ronald Reagan’s fight against Communism to George W. Bushrues controversial War on Terror. A definitive account of the complex interaction between domestic politics and foreign affairs over the last six decades, Arsenal of Democracy is essential reading for anyone interested in the politics of national security.
Book Synopsis General Lewis B. Hershey and Conscientious Objection during World War II by : Nicholas A. Krehbiel
Download or read book General Lewis B. Hershey and Conscientious Objection during World War II written by Nicholas A. Krehbiel and published by University of Missouri Press. This book was released on 2012-11-01 with total page 216 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: During World War II, the United States drafted 10.1 million men to serve in the military. Of that number, 52,000 were conscientious objectors, and 12,000 objected to noncombatant military service. Those 12,000 men served the country in Civilian Public Service, the program initiated by General Lewis Blaine Hershey, the director of Selective Service from 1941 to1970. Despite his success with this program, much of Hershey’s work on behalf of conscientious objectors has been overlooked due to his later role in the draft during the Vietnam War. Seeking to correct these omissions in history, Nicholas A. Krehbiel provides the most comprehensive and well-rounded examination to date of General Hershey’s work as the developer and protector of alternative service programs for conscientious objectors. Hershey, whose Selective Service career spanned three major wars and six presidential administrations, came from a background with a tolerance for pacifism. He served in the National Guard and later served in both World War I and the interwar army. A lifelong military professional, he believed in the concept of the citizen soldier—the civilian who responded to the duty of service when called upon. Yet embedded in that idea was his intrinsic belief in the American right to religious freedom and his notion that religious minorities must be protected. What to do with conscientious objectors has puzzled the United States throughout its history, and prior to World War II, there was no unified system for conscientious objectors. The Selective Service Act of 1917 only allowed conscientious objection from specific peace sects, and it had no provisions for public service. In action, this translated to poor treatment of conscientious objectors in military prisons and camps during World War I. In response to demands by the Historic Peace Churches (the Brethren, Mennonites, and the Society of Friends) and other pacifist groups, the government altered language in the Selective Service Act of 1940, stating that conscientious objectors should be assigned to noncombatant service in the military but, if opposed to that, would be assigned to “work of national importance under civilian direction.” Under the direction of President Franklin D. Roosevelt and with the cooperation of the Historic Peace Churches, Hershey helped to develop Civilian Public Service in 1941, a program that placed conscientious objectors in soil conservation and forestry work camps, with the option of moving into detached services as farm laborers, scientific test subjects, and caregivers, janitors, and cooks at mental hospitals. Although the Civilian Public Service program only lasted until 1947, alternative service was required for all conscientious objectors until the end of the draft in 1973. Krehbiel delves into the issues of minority rights versus mandatory military service and presents General Hershey’s pivotal role in the history of conscientious objection and conscription in American history. Archival research from both Historic Peace Churches and the Selective Service makes General Lewis B. Hershey and Conscientious Objection during World War II the definitive book on this subject.
Book Synopsis In the Shadow of the Garrison State by : Aaron L. Friedberg
Download or read book In the Shadow of the Garrison State written by Aaron L. Friedberg and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2012-01-06 with total page 416 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: War--or the threat of war--usually strengthens states as governments tax, draft soldiers, exert control over industrial production, and dampen internal dissent in order to build military might. The United States, however, was founded on the suspicion of state power, a suspicion that continued to gird its institutional architecture and inform the sentiments of many of its politicians and citizens through the twentieth century. In this comprehensive rethinking of postwar political history, Aaron Friedberg convincingly argues that such anti-statist inclinations prevented Cold War anxieties from transforming the United States into the garrison state it might have become in their absence. Drawing on an array of primary and secondary sources, including newly available archival materials, Friedberg concludes that the "weakness" of the American state served as a profound source of national strength that allowed the United States to outperform and outlast its supremely centralized and statist rival: the Soviet Union. Friedberg's analysis of the U. S. government's approach to taxation, conscription, industrial planning, scientific research and development, and armaments manufacturing reveals that the American state did expand during the early Cold War period. But domestic constraints on its expansion--including those stemming from mean self-interest as well as those guided by a principled belief in the virtues of limiting federal power--protected economic vitality, technological superiority, and public support for Cold War activities. The strategic synthesis that emerged by the early 1960s was functional as well as stable, enabling the United States to deter, contain, and ultimately outlive the Soviet Union precisely because the American state did not limit unduly the political, personal, and economic freedom of its citizens. Political scientists, historians, and general readers interested in Cold War history will value this thoroughly researched volume. Friedberg's insightful scholarship will also inspire future policy by contributing to our understanding of how liberal democracy's inherent qualities nurture its survival and spread.
Book Synopsis Breach of Trust by : Andrew J. Bacevich
Download or read book Breach of Trust written by Andrew J. Bacevich and published by Macmillan. This book was released on 2013-09-10 with total page 257 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A blistering critique of the gulf between America's soldiers and the society that sends them off to war. As war has become normalized, armed conflict has become an "abstraction" and military service "something for other people to do." Bacevich takes stock of a nation with an abiding appetite for war waged at enormous expense by a standing army demonstrably unable to achieve victory.
Book Synopsis The Evolution of U.S. Military Policy from the Constitution to the Present, Volume IV by : M Wade Markel
Download or read book The Evolution of U.S. Military Policy from the Constitution to the Present, Volume IV written by M Wade Markel and published by Rand Corporation. This book was released on 2020-06-23 with total page 252 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Tracing the evolution of the U.S. Army throughout American history, the authors of this four-volume series show that there is no such thing as a “traditional” U.S. military policy. Rather, the laws that authorize, empower, and govern the U.S. armed forces emerged from long-standing debates and a series of legislative compromises between 1903 and 1940. Volume IV traces how Total Force Policy has been implemented since 1970.
Book Synopsis Character Makes the Man by : Tommy R. Young II
Download or read book Character Makes the Man written by Tommy R. Young II and published by Trafford Publishing. This book was released on 2013-09-12 with total page 221 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Throughout its 126-year history, Kentucky Military Institute educated more than eleven thousand young men and boys. It was never the intention of the founder of the school, Colonel Robert P. T. Allen, or his successors to train soldiers. Although the daily life was patterned after the life of West Point cadets, the military discipline was intended to teach the young men the value of order and discipline in the conduct of their lives. The goal of educating young men to live useful and productive lives would remain the primary goal of the school, even when it ceased to be a college and became a preparatory school in the twentieth century. Although Character Makes the Man did not become the school motto until the early twentieth century, it would have been applicable throughout the schools history.
Book Synopsis Landmark Debates in Congress by : Stephen W. Stathis
Download or read book Landmark Debates in Congress written by Stephen W. Stathis and published by SAGE. This book was released on 2009 with total page 529 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Presents and analyzes numerous pivotal historical debates, from the Declaration of Independence to authorizing war with Iraq.
Book Synopsis The Modern American Military by : David Kennedy
Download or read book The Modern American Military written by David Kennedy and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2013-06-27 with total page 353 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Modern American Military is composed of essays surveying the mission and character of the United States armed forces in the twenty-first century.
