The Great Work of Your Life

Download The Great Work of Your Life PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Bantam
ISBN 13 : 0345535685
Total Pages : 306 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (455 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Great Work of Your Life by : Stephen Cope

Download or read book The Great Work of Your Life written by Stephen Cope and published by Bantam. This book was released on 2012-09-25 with total page 306 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An inspiring guide to finding your life’s purpose—what spiritual teachers call dharma—through mindfulness and self-exploration. Stephen Cope says that in order to have a fulfilling life you must discover the deep purpose hidden at the very core of your self. The secret to unlocking this mystery, he asserts, can be found in the pages of a two-thousand-year-old spiritual classic called the Bhagavad Gita—an ancient allegory about the path to dharma, told through a timeless dialogue between the fabled archer, Arjuna, and his divine mentor, Krishna. Cope takes readers on a step-by-step tour of this revered tale and highlights well-known Western lives that embody its central principles—including such luminaries as Jane Goodall, Walt Whitman, Susan B. Anthony, John Keats, and Harriet Tubman, along with stories of ordinary people as well. If you’re feeling lost in your own life’s journey, The Great Work of Your Life may help you to find and to embrace your true calling. Praise for The Great Work of Your Life “Keep a pen and paper handy as you read this remarkable book: It’s like an owner’s manual for the soul.”—Dani Shapiro, author of Devotion “A masterwork . . . You’ll find inspiration in these pages. You’ll gain a better appreciation of divine guidance and perhaps even understand how you might better hear it in your own life.”—Yoga Journal “I am moved and inspired by this book, the clarity and beauty of the lives lived in it, and the timeless dharma it teaches.”—Jack Kornfield, author of A Path with Heart “A rich source of contemplation and inspiration [that] encourages readers . . . to discover and fully pursue their inner self’s calling.”—Publishers Weekly “Fabulous . . . If you have ever wondered what your purpose is, this book is a great guide to help you on your path.”—YogaHara

The Dharma in Difficult Times

Download The Dharma in Difficult Times PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Hay House, Inc
ISBN 13 : 1401957285
Total Pages : 289 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (19 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Dharma in Difficult Times by : Stephen Cope

Download or read book The Dharma in Difficult Times written by Stephen Cope and published by Hay House, Inc. This book was released on 2023-01-10 with total page 289 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The sequel to the bestseller The Great Work of Your Life shows us the way through our darkest times to our truest calling. How do we make sense of our lives when our world seems to be falling apart? This beautifully written guide from scholar and teacher Stephen Cope shows that crises don’t have to derail us from our purpose—they can actually help us to find our purpose and step forward as our best selves. In this sequel to his best-loved book, The Great Work of Your Life, Cope again takes the ancient yogic text the Bhagavad Gita—the epic narrative of the warrior Arjuna’s odyssey of self-discovery—as a roadmap for our journey to our own true calling. Then he builds on that foundation using the stories and teachings of famous figures, as well as stories of ordinary people and his own rich personal experience. Along the way, we find striking examples for finding meaning and purpose in our lives: Gandhi shows how to tap our spiritual resources and listen for our inner voice Sojourner Truth and Henry David Thoreau inspire us to seek out the unmistakable signs of dharma in the midst of chaos Marian Anderson and Ruby Sales shed light on dharma’s mystic power and how we learn to trust in it And more In the spirit of Pema Chödrön’s When Things Fall Apart, this book is required reading when you find yourself forging a path through crisis—or seeking a way through your darkest times to your truest self.

Bringing Home the Dharma

Download Bringing Home the Dharma PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Shambhala Publications
ISBN 13 : 1611800501
Total Pages : 306 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (118 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Bringing Home the Dharma by : Jack Kornfield

Download or read book Bringing Home the Dharma written by Jack Kornfield and published by Shambhala Publications. This book was released on 2012-08-14 with total page 306 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We don’t have to look to the East for the secrets of awakening—the wisdom and peace we seek is available right here, in our ordinary daily lives If you want to find inner peace and wisdom, you don’t need to move to an ashram or monastery. Your life, just as it is, is the perfect place to be. Here Jack Kornfield, one of America’s most respected Buddhist teachers, shares this and other key lessons gleaned from more than forty years of committed study and practice. Topics include: • How to cultivate loving-kindness, compassion, joy, and equanimity • Conscious parenting • Spirituality and sexuality • The way of forgiveness • Committing ourselves to healing the suffering in the world Bringing Home the Dharma includes simple meditation practices for awakening our buddha nature—our wise and understanding heart—amid the ups and downs of our ordinary daily lives.

Soul Friends

Download Soul Friends PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Hay House, Inc
ISBN 13 : 1401946526
Total Pages : 377 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (19 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Soul Friends by : Stephen Cope

Download or read book Soul Friends written by Stephen Cope and published by Hay House, Inc. This book was released on 2017-04-04 with total page 377 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Most of us will have many friends throughout our lifetimes—friends of all shapes, sizes, and callings. Many of these are wonderful, meaningful friendships. Some are difficult. But some magic few of these are connections that have gone right to our soul. These five or seven or ten friendships have been powerful keys to determining who we have become and who we will become. . . . These are the people I call Soul Friends." As the Senior Scholar-in-Residence for over 25 years at the renowned Kripalu Center, Stephen Cope has spent decades investigating—and writing about—the integration of body, mind, and spirit and the rich complexity of our relationships with others, and with ourselves. Perhaps the central truth that arises from his work is this: human beings are universally wired for one thing—vital connection with one another.Soul Friends invites us on a compelling journey into the connectivity of the human psyche, the study of which has fascinated scholars, philosophers, and thinkers for centuries. Cope seamlessly blends science, scholarship, and storytelling, drawing on his own life as well as the histories of famous figures—from Eleanor Roosevelt to Charles Darwin to Queen Victoria—whose formative relationships shed light on the nature of friendship itself. In his exploration, he distills human connection into six distinct yet interconnected mechanisms: containment, twinship, adversity, mirroring, identification, and conscious partnership. Then he invites us to reflect on how these forms of connection appear in our own lives, helping us work toward a fuller understanding of "who we have become and who we will become."Without a doubt, the journey to our most fulfilled selves requires us to look within. But in order to truly thrive, we must make the most of who we are in relation to one another as well. Unsparingly honest, deeply wise, and irresistibly readable, Soul Friends gives us a map to find our way.

The Difficulty of Being Good

Download The Difficulty of Being Good PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0199779600
Total Pages : 487 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (997 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Difficulty of Being Good by : Gurcharan Das

Download or read book The Difficulty of Being Good written by Gurcharan Das and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2010-10-04 with total page 487 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Why should we be good? How should we be good? And how might we more deeply understand the moral and ethical failings--splashed across today's headlines--that have not only destroyed individual lives but caused widespread calamity as well, bringing communities, nations, and indeed the global economy to the brink of collapse? In The Difficulty of Being Good, Gurcharan Das seeks answers to these questions in an unlikely source: the 2,000 year-old Sanskrit epic, Mahabharata. A sprawling, witty, ironic, and delightful poem, the Mahabharata is obsessed with the elusive notion of dharma--in essence, doing the right thing. When a hero does something wrong in a Greek epic, he wastes little time on self-reflection; when a hero falters in the Mahabharata, the action stops and everyone weighs in with a different and often contradictory take on dharma. Each major character in the epic embodies a significant moral failing or virtue, and their struggles mirror with uncanny precision our own familiar emotions of anxiety, courage, despair, remorse, envy, compassion, vengefulness, and duty. Das explores the Mahabharata from many perspectives and compares the successes and failures of the poem's characters to those of contemporary individuals, many of them highly visible players in the world of economics, business, and politics. In every case, he finds striking parallels that carry lessons for everyone faced with ethical and moral dilemmas in today's complex world. Written with the flair and seemingly effortless erudition that have made Gurcharan Das a bestselling author around the world--and enlivened by Das's forthright discussion of his own personal search for a more meaningful life--The Difficulty of Being Good shines the light of an ancient poem on the most challenging moral ambiguities of modern life.

A Lamp in the Darkness

Download A Lamp in the Darkness PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Sounds True
ISBN 13 : 1622034201
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (22 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis A Lamp in the Darkness by : Jack Kornfield, Ph.D.

Download or read book A Lamp in the Darkness written by Jack Kornfield, Ph.D. and published by Sounds True. This book was released on 2014-03-01 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: When the path ahead is dark, how can we keep from stumbling? How do we make our way with courage and dignity? "Inside each of us is an eternal light that I call 'the One Who Knows,'" writes Jack Kornfield. "Awakening to this wisdom can help us find our way through pain and suffering with grace and tenderness." For anyone seeking answers during a time of trial, he offers A Lamp in the Darkness, a program filled with spiritual and psychological insights, hope-giving stories, and special guided meditations for skillfully navigating life's inevitable storms. The practices in this book are not positive thinking, quick fixes, or simplistic self-help strategies. They are powerful tools for doing "the work of the soul" to access our inner knowing and to embrace the fullness of our life experience. With regular practice, these teachings and meditations enable you to transform your difficulties into a guiding light for the journey ahead. Join Jack Kornfield as your trusted guide and friend as you explore: Shared Compassion—a guided practice for planting the seeds of compassion and opening the heart to all that life bringsThe Earth Is My Witness—a meditation to establish firm footing in the midst of darkness, centered by a steady witnessing presenceThe Practice of Forgiveness—what Kornfield calls "the only medicine that can release us from the past and allow us to truly begin anew"The Temple of Healing—a guided visualization to meet your own inner healerEquanimity and Peace—a meditation for maintaining balance and acceptance regardless of the situation Just as it is certain that each life will include suffering, explains Kornfield, it is also true that in every moment there is the possibility of transcending your difficulties to discover the heart's eternal freedom. With A Lamp in the Darkness, he offers you a beacon for yourself and others until joy returns again. Foreword by Jon Kabat-Zinn. Includes digital access to audio tracks.

Dharma in Hell

Download Dharma in Hell PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Lulu.com
ISBN 13 : 0971814317
Total Pages : 128 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (718 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Dharma in Hell by : Fleet Maull

Download or read book Dharma in Hell written by Fleet Maull and published by Lulu.com. This book was released on 2017-03-10 with total page 128 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Prison activist and meditation teacher Fleet Maull shares his journey of transformation and service amidst the anger, violence, darkness and despair of a maximum security federal prison"--Back cover.

In Love with the World

Download In Love with the World PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Random House Trade Paperbacks
ISBN 13 : 0525512543
Total Pages : 290 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (255 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis In Love with the World by : Yongey Mingyur Rinpoche

Download or read book In Love with the World written by Yongey Mingyur Rinpoche and published by Random House Trade Paperbacks. This book was released on 2021-03-30 with total page 290 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A rare, intimate account of a world-renowned Buddhist monk’s near-death experience and the life-changing wisdom he gained from it “One of the most inspiring books I have ever read.”—Pema Chödrön, author of When Things Fall Apart “This book has the potential to change the reader’s life forever.”—George Saunders, author of Lincoln in the Bardo At thirty-six years old, Yongey Mingyur Rinpoche was a rising star within his generation of Tibetan masters and the respected abbot of three monasteries. Then one night, telling no one, he slipped out of his monastery in India with the intention of spending the next four years on a wandering retreat, following the ancient practice of holy mendicants. His goal was to throw off his titles and roles in order to explore the deepest aspects of his being. He immediately discovered that a lifetime of Buddhist education and practice had not prepared him to deal with dirty fellow travelers or the screeching of a railway car. He found he was too attached to his identity as a monk to remove his robes right away or to sleep on the Varanasi station floor, and instead paid for a bed in a cheap hostel. But when he ran out of money, he began his life as an itinerant beggar in earnest. Soon he became deathly ill from food poisoning—and his journey took a startling turn. His meditation practice had prepared him to face death, and now he had the opportunity to test the strength of his training. In this powerful and unusually candid account of the inner life of a Buddhist master, Yongey Mingyur Rinpoche offers us the invaluable lessons he learned from his near-death experience. By sharing with readers the meditation practices that sustain him, he shows us how we can transform our fear of dying into joyful living. Praise for In Love with the World “Vivid, compelling . . . This book is a rarity in spiritual literature: Reading the intimate story of this wise and devoted Buddhist monk directly infuses our own transformational journey with fresh meaning, luminosity, and life.”—Tara Brach, author of Radical Acceptance and True Refuge “In Love with the World is a magnificent story—moving and inspiring, profound and utterly human. It will certainly be a dharma classic.”—Jack Kornfield, author of A Path with Heart “This book makes me think enlightenment is possible.”—Russell Brand

Yoga and the Quest for the True Self

Download Yoga and the Quest for the True Self PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Bantam
ISBN 13 : 198480006X
Total Pages : 485 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (848 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Yoga and the Quest for the True Self by : Stephen Cope

Download or read book Yoga and the Quest for the True Self written by Stephen Cope and published by Bantam. This book was released on 2018-04-17 with total page 485 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: More than 100,000 copies sold! Millions of Americans know yoga as a superb form of exercise and as a potent source of calm in the midst of our stress-filled lives. Far fewer are aware of the full promise of yoga as "the way of the fully alive human being"--a 4,000-year-old practical path of liberation that fits the needs of modern Western seekers with startling precision. Now one of America's leading scholars of yoga psychology--who is also a Western-trained psychotherapist--offers this marvelously lively and personal account of an ancient tradition that promises "the soul awake in this lifetime." Drawing on the vivid stories of practitioners at the largest yoga center in America, where he has lived and taught for more than ten years, Stephen Cope describes the philosophy, psychology, and practice of yoga--a practical science of development that urges us not to transcend or dissolve the self, but rather to encounter it more deeply. In this irreverent modern-day Pilgrim's Progress, Cope introduces us to an unforgettable cast of contemporary seekers--on the road to enlightenment carrying all the baggage of the human condition: confusion, loss, disappointment, addiction, and the eternal conflicts around sex and relationship. As he describes the subtle shifts of energy and consciousness that happen at each stage of the path, we discover that in yoga, "liberation" does not require us to leave life in the world for some transcendent spiritual plane. Life itself is the path. Above all, Cope shows how yoga can heal the suffering of self-estrangement that pervades our society, leading us to a new sense of purpose and to a deeper, more satisfying life in the world.

When Things Fall Apart

Download When Things Fall Apart PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Shambhala Publications
ISBN 13 : 1590302265
Total Pages : 203 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (93 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis When Things Fall Apart by : Pema Chödrön

Download or read book When Things Fall Apart written by Pema Chödrön and published by Shambhala Publications. This book was released on 2005-01-11 with total page 203 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Describes a traditional Buddhist approach to suffering and how embracing the painful situation and using communication, negative habits, and challenging experiences leads to emotional growth and happiness.

The Book of Dharma

Download The Book of Dharma PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780957518506
Total Pages : 243 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (185 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Book of Dharma by : Simon Haas

Download or read book The Book of Dharma written by Simon Haas and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 243 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Dharma Road

Download Dharma Road PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Hampton Roads Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1612830013
Total Pages : 258 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (128 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Dharma Road by : Brian Haycock

Download or read book Dharma Road written by Brian Haycock and published by Hampton Roads Publishing. This book was released on 2010-11-01 with total page 258 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This memoir and spiritual guide from an Austin, Texas cab driver is “the real deal: good taxi and straight dharma” (Jack Kornfield, bestselling author of The Wise Heart). Brian Haycock was a cabdriver—who happened to be a Buddhist. During the course of his career, he learned that each fare provided an opportunity to learn the life lessons of the Buddha. So, hop in and buckle up; we’re off on our journey to self-discovery, passing through the precepts, the four noble truths, taking a hard left to stop and get coffee—where we’ll learn a few breathing techniques to bolster our patience—all the while watching for ambulances and bikers, focusing our attention and awareness so that we can arrive at our destination in good time and in one piece. Here are stories from everyday life that demonstrate how we can all benefit from a little Buddhist philosophy. With each chapter focusing on a specific topic, readers will learn to coast their way to building a life routine, focusing the mind, calming themselves with breathing exercises, and much more. “Engagingly written.” —Stephen Batchelor, national bestselling author of Confessions of a Buddhist Atheist “Compassionate and entertaining.” —David Brazier (aka Dharmavidya), author of The Feeling Buddha “Amusing and wise.” —Arthur Jeon, author of City Dharma and Sex, Love, and Dharma: Finding Love Without Losing Your Way “Wise and witty and direct: very Zen. Also, fun to read.” —Sylvia Boorstein, national bestselling author of Happiness is an Inside Job and That’s Funny, You Don’t Look Buddhist

Universal Compassion

Download Universal Compassion PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Tharpa Publications US
ISBN 13 : 0948006722
Total Pages : 242 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (48 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Universal Compassion by : Geshe Kelsang Gyatso

Download or read book Universal Compassion written by Geshe Kelsang Gyatso and published by Tharpa Publications US. This book was released on 2002 with total page 242 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In a commentary on the Buddhist poem "Training the mind in seven points," a Tibetan Buddhist teacher presents a series of methods for developing unconditional love and compassion.

The Wisdom of Yoga

Download The Wisdom of Yoga PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Bantam
ISBN 13 : 0553801112
Total Pages : 354 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (538 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Wisdom of Yoga by : Stephen Cope

Download or read book The Wisdom of Yoga written by Stephen Cope and published by Bantam. This book was released on 2006 with total page 354 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For modern spiritual seekers and yoga students alike, here is an irreverent yet profound guide to the most sophisticated teachings of the yoga wisdom tradition–now brought to contemporary life by a celebrated author, psychotherapist, and leading American yoga instructor. While many Westerners still think of yoga as an invigorating series of postures and breathing exercises, these physical practices are only part of a vast and ancient spiritual science. For more than three millennia, yoga sages systematically explored the essential questions of our human existence: What are the root causes of suffering, and how can we achieve freedom and happiness? What would it be like to function at the maximum potential of our minds, bodies, and spirits? What is an optimal human life? Nowhere have their discoveries been more brilliantly distilled than in a short–but famously difficult–treatise called the Yogasutra. This revered text lays out the entire path of inner development in remarkable detail–ranging from practices that build character and mental power to the highest reaches of spiritual realization. Now Stephen Cope unlocks the teachings of the Yogasutra by showing them at work in the lives of a group of friends and fellow yoga students who are confronting the full modern catastrophe of careers, relationships, and dysfunctional family dynamics. Interweaving their daily dilemmas with insights from modern psychology, neuroscience, religion, and philosophy, he shows the astonishing relevance and practicality of this timeless psychology of awakening. Leavened with wit and passion, The Wisdom of Yoga is a superb companion and guide for anyone seeking enhanced creativity, better relationships, and a more ethical and graceful way of living in the world.

The Places that Scare You

Download The Places that Scare You PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Shambhala Publications
ISBN 13 : 1590304497
Total Pages : 172 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (93 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Places that Scare You by : Pema Chödrön

Download or read book The Places that Scare You written by Pema Chödrön and published by Shambhala Publications. This book was released on 2007 with total page 172 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From the bestselling author of "When Things Fall Apart" comes a book that reveals that the secret to cultivating a compassionate heart and an enlightened mind lies in facing what we are most afraid of.

We Were Made for These Times

Download We Were Made for These Times PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Parallax Press
ISBN 13 : 1952692202
Total Pages : 150 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (526 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis We Were Made for These Times by : Kaira Jewel Lingo

Download or read book We Were Made for These Times written by Kaira Jewel Lingo and published by Parallax Press. This book was released on 2021-11-02 with total page 150 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In ten concise chapters, you'll learn powerful ways to meet life's challenges with wisdom, resilience, and ease. We all go through times when it feels like the ground is being pulled out from under us. What we relied on as steady and solid may change or even appear to vanish. In this era of global disruption, threats to our individual, social, and planetary safety abound, and at times life can feel overwhelming. Not only are loss and separation painful, but even positive changes can cause great stress. Yet life is full of change: birth, death, marriage, divorce; a new relationship; losing or starting a job; beginning a new phase in life or ending one. Change is stressful, even when it is much desired or anticipated—the unknown can feel scary and threatening. In We Were Made for These Times, the extraordinary mindfulness teacher Kaira Jewel Lingo imparts accessible advice on navigating difficult times of transition, drawing on Buddhist teachings on impermanence to help you establish equanimity and resilience. Each chapter in We Were Made for These Times holds an essential teaching and meditation, unfolding a step-by-step process to nurture deeper freedom and stability in daily life. Time-honored teachings will help you develop ease, presence, and self-compassion, supporting you to release the fear and doubt that hold you back.

Being Dharma

Download Being Dharma PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Shambhala Publications
ISBN 13 : 0834823381
Total Pages : 258 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (348 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Being Dharma by : Ajahn Chah

Download or read book Being Dharma written by Ajahn Chah and published by Shambhala Publications. This book was released on 2001-10-09 with total page 258 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This collection of ‘dharma talks’ from one of the great Buddhist teachers of the 20th-century is a fun, accessible crash course in Theravadan teachings on meditation, mindfulness, and more Ajahn Chah influenced a generation of Western teachers: Jack Kornfield, Sharon Salzberg, Sylvia Boorstein, Joseph Goldstein, and many other Western Buddhist teachers were at one time his students. Anyone who has attended a retreat led by one of these teachers, or read one of their books, will be familiar with this master's name and reputation as one of the great Buddhist teachers of this century. Here, Chah offers a thorough exploration of Theravada Buddhism in a gentle, sometimes humorous, style that makes the reader feel as though he or she is being entertained by a story. He emphasizes the path to freedom from emotional and psychological suffering and provides insight into the fact that taking ourselves seriously causes unnecessary hardship.