The Carnation Revolution Causes Process And Consequences

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The Carnation Revolution. Causes, Process and Consequences

Author :
Publisher : GRIN Verlag
ISBN 13 : 3956876520
Total Pages : 17 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (568 download)

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Book Synopsis The Carnation Revolution. Causes, Process and Consequences by :

Download or read book The Carnation Revolution. Causes, Process and Consequences written by and published by GRIN Verlag. This book was released on 2015-06-19 with total page 17 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Seminar paper from the year 2013 in the subject Politics - Region: Western Europe, grade: 1,3, , language: English, abstract: Nobody could have thought when on Thursday, April 25, 1974 in Lisbon, shortly after midnight the catholic Rádio Renascença played the song Grandola Vila Morena, it would lead to such consequences. The song was the signal for the young military officers of the Movimento das Forcas Armadas (MFA) to carry out the plans for a coup d’état. Only minor resistance from the security police occurred, so that by late morning the crowds were flooding the streets, cheering the soldiers, and putting carnations in the barrels of the rifles. The coup was efficiently and successfully and still on the same day, the deposed dictator Marcello Caetano surrendered to the new military leaders and already the next day flew into exile. This coup d’état marked the death of the oldest, over 40 years old dictatorship in Europe, lead by António de Oliveira Salazar (Ferreira, 1986). On the one hand marked April 25 the beginning of transition to democracy in Portugal and later even lead to a consolidated democracy. On the other hand this day marked the beginning of the third wave of democratization. The fall of communist regimes in Eastern Europe, the breakdown of the Latin American authoritarian regimes followed after Portugal brought the ball rolling. And the snowball effect influenced many other authoritarian regimes in the world to democratize as well. States like Spain, Brazil and Hungary were to follow the example of Portugal. It is the aim of this paper to analyze what the causes were, that lead to the revolution, how the process of the transition occurred and what the consequences of April 25 were.

A People's History of the Portuguese Revolution

Author : Raquel Varela
Publisher : People's History
ISBN 13 : 9780745338576
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (385 download)

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Book Synopsis A People's History of the Portuguese Revolution by : Raquel Varela

Download or read book A People's History of the Portuguese Revolution written by Raquel Varela and published by People's History. This book was released on 2019 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: On April 25, 1974, a coup destroyed the ranks of Estado Novo's fascist government in Portugal. Ordinary people flooded the streets of Lisbon, placing red carnations in the barrels of guns and demanding a land for those who work in it. This spontaneous revolt placed power in the hands of the working classes, trade unions, and women. In order to understand the Carnation Revolution, we must recognize it as an international coalition of social movements, comprised of struggles for independence in Portugal's African colonies, the rebellion of the young military captains of the Armed Forces Movement, and the uprising of Portugal's long-oppressed working classes. Cutting against the grain of mainstream accounts, Raquel Cardeira Varela shows how it was through the organizing power of these diverse movements that a popular-front government was instituted along with the nation's withdrawal from its overseas colonies. Offering a rich account of the challenges these coalitions faced and the victories they won through revolutionary means, this book tells the tumultuous history behind the Carnation Revolution.

Where Did the Revolution Go?

Author : Donatella della Porta
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1316802582
Total Pages : 417 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (168 download)

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Book Synopsis Where Did the Revolution Go? by : Donatella della Porta

Download or read book Where Did the Revolution Go? written by Donatella della Porta and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2016-11-28 with total page 417 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Where Did the Revolution Go? considers the apparent disappearance of the large social movements that have contributed to democratization. Revived by recent events of the Arab Spring, this question is once again paramount. Is the disappearance real, given the focus of mass media and scholarship on electoral processes and 'normal politics'? Does it always happen, or only under certain circumstances? Are those who struggled for change destined to be disappointed by the slow pace of transformation? Which mechanisms are activated and deactivated during the rise and fall of democratization? This volume addresses these questions through empirical analysis based on quantitative and qualitative methods (including oral history) of cases in two waves of democratization: Central Eastern European cases in 1989 as well as cases in the Middle East and Mediterranean region in 2011.

The Third Wave

Author : Samuel P. Huntington
Publisher : University of Oklahoma Press
ISBN 13 : 0806186046
Total Pages : 388 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (61 download)

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Book Synopsis The Third Wave by : Samuel P. Huntington

Download or read book The Third Wave written by Samuel P. Huntington and published by University of Oklahoma Press. This book was released on 2012-09-06 with total page 388 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Between 1974 and 1990 more than thirty countries in southern Europe, Latin America, East Asia, and Eastern Europe shifted from authoritarian to democratic systems of government. This global democratic revolution is probably the most important political trend in the late twentieth century. In The Third Wave, Samuel P. Huntington analyzes the causes and nature of these democratic transitions, evaluates the prospects for stability of the new democracies, and explores the possibility of more countries becoming democratic. The recent transitions, he argues, are the third major wave of democratization in the modem world. Each of the two previous waves was followed by a reverse wave in which some countries shifted back to authoritarian government. Using concrete examples, empirical evidence, and insightful analysis, Huntington provides neither a theory nor a history of the third wave, but an explanation of why and how it occurred. Factors responsible for the democratic trend include the legitimacy dilemmas of authoritarian regimes; economic and social development; the changed role of the Catholic Church; the impact of the United States, the European Community, and the Soviet Union; and the "snowballing" phenomenon: change in one country stimulating change in others. Five key elite groups within and outside the nondemocratic regime played roles in shaping the various ways democratization occurred. Compromise was key to all democratizations, and elections and nonviolent tactics also were central. New democracies must deal with the "torturer problem" and the "praetorian problem" and attempt to develop democratic values and processes. Disillusionment with democracy, Huntington argues, is necessary to consolidating democracy. He concludes the book with an analysis of the political, economic, and cultural factors that will decide whether or not the third wave continues. Several "Guidelines for Democratizers" offer specific, practical suggestions for initiating and carrying out reform. Huntington's emphasis on practical application makes this book a valuable tool for anyone engaged in the democratization process. At this volatile time in history, Huntington's assessment of the processes of democratization is indispensable to understanding the future of democracy in the world.

The Democratic Coup D'état

Author : Ozan O. Varol
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 019062602X
Total Pages : 249 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (96 download)

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Book Synopsis The Democratic Coup D'état by : Ozan O. Varol

Download or read book The Democratic Coup D'état written by Ozan O. Varol and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2017 with total page 249 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The term coup d'état--French for stroke of the state--brings to mind coups staged by power-hungry generals who overthrow the existing regime, not to democratize, but to concentrate power in their own hands as dictators. We assume all coups look the same, smell the same, and present the same threats to democracy. It's a powerful, concise, and self-reinforcing idea. It's also wrong. In The Democratic Coup d'État, Ozan Varol advances a simple, yet controversial, argument: Sometimes, a democracy is established through a military coup. Covering events from the Athenian Navy's stance in 411 B.C. against a tyrannical home government, to coups in the American colonies that ousted corrupt British governors, to twentieth-century coups that toppled dictators and established democracy in countries as diverse as Guinea-Bissau, Portugal, and Colombia, the book takes the reader on a gripping journey. Connecting the dots between these neglected events, Varol weaves a balanced narrative that challenges everything we thought we knew about military coups. In so doing, he tackles several baffling questions: How can an event as undemocratic as a military coup lead to democracy? Why would imposing generals-armed with tanks and guns and all-voluntarily surrender power to civilian politicians? What distinguishes militaries that help build democracies from those that destroy them? Varol's arguments made headlines across the globe in major media outlets and were cited critically in a public speech by Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan. Written for a general audience, this book will entertain, challenge, and provoke, but more importantly, serve as a reminder of the imperative to question the standard narratives about our world and engage with all ideas, no matter how controversial.

Worlds of Labour Turned Upside Down

Author :
Publisher : BRILL
ISBN 13 : 9004440399
Total Pages : 348 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (44 download)

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Book Synopsis Worlds of Labour Turned Upside Down by :

Download or read book Worlds of Labour Turned Upside Down written by and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2020-09-29 with total page 348 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume offers a bold restatement of the importance of social history for understanding modern revolutions. The essays collected in Worlds of Labour Turned Upside Down provide global case studies examining: - changes in labour relations as a causal factor in revolutions; - challenges to existing labour relations as a motivating factor during revolutions; - the long-term impact of revolutions on the evolution of labour relations. The volume examines a wide range of revolutions in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, covering examples from South-America, Africa, Asia, and Western and Eastern Europe. The volume goes beyond merely examining the place of industrial workers, paying attention to the position of slaves, women working on the front line of civil war, colonial forced labourers, and white collar workers. Contributors are: Knud Andresen, Zsombor Bódy, Pepijn Brandon, Dimitrii Churakov, Gabriel Di Meglio, Kimmo Elo, Adrian Grama, Renate Hürtgen, Peyman Jafari, Marcel van der Linden, Tiina Lintunen, João Carlos Louçã, Stefan Müller, Raquel Varela, and Felix Wemheuer.

Democracy in Decline?

Author : Larry Diamond
Publisher : JHU Press
ISBN 13 : 1421418185
Total Pages : 140 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (214 download)

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Book Synopsis Democracy in Decline? by : Larry Diamond

Download or read book Democracy in Decline? written by Larry Diamond and published by JHU Press. This book was released on 2015-10 with total page 140 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Is Democracy in Decline? is a short book that takes up the fascinating question on whether this once-revolutionary form of government--the bedrock of Western liberalism--is fast disappearing. Has the growth of corporate capitalism, mass economic inequality, and endemic corruption reversed the spread of democracy worldwide? In this incisive collection, leading thinkers address this disturbing and critically important issue. Published as part of the National Endowment for Democracy's 25th anniversary--and drawn from articles forthcoming in the Journal of Democracy--this collection includes seven essays from a stellar group of democracy scholars: Francis Fukuyama, Robert Kagan, Thomas Carothers, Marc Plattner, Larry Diamond, Philippe Schmitter, Steven Levitsky, Ivan Krastev, and Lucan Way. Written in a thought-provoking style from seven different perspectives, this book provides an eye-opening look at how the very foundation of Western political culture may be imperiled"--

Understanding Revolution

Author : Patrick Van Inwegen
Publisher : Lynne Rienner Publishers
ISBN 13 : 9781588267757
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (677 download)

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Book Synopsis Understanding Revolution by : Patrick Van Inwegen

Download or read book Understanding Revolution written by Patrick Van Inwegen and published by Lynne Rienner Publishers. This book was released on 2011 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Understanding Revolution concisely, but thoroughly, explains one of the most fundamental sources of political change in the modern world. Designed to be accessible to undergraduate students, the book systematically explores such questions as: ¿ What should be defined as a revolution? ¿ Is there a ¿typical¿ pattern to the course of a revolution? ¿ What are the roles of ideologies, structures (e.g., the state, class structures, the international system), and individuals in shaping revolutions? ¿ What causes groups to mobilize behind revolutionary leaders? ¿ What happens after a revolutionary group assumes power, or fails? The discussion highlights points of agreement and debate within the social science literature, and brief case studies of revolutions and revolutionary movements bring concepts to life.

Democratic Practice

Author : Robert M. Fishman
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0190912898
Total Pages : 320 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (99 download)

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Book Synopsis Democratic Practice by : Robert M. Fishman

Download or read book Democratic Practice written by Robert M. Fishman and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2019-03-04 with total page 320 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: At a time of growing concern over the fate of contemporary democracy this book shows how vast differences between countries in forms of political conduct, and taken for granted assumptions, determine what democracies actually accomplish. In Democratic Practice, Robert M. Fishman elucidates why some democracies include the economically underprivileged, and cultural others within the circles of political relevance that set policies and the political agenda, whereas others exclude them. On the basis of in-depth research on Portugal and Spain, Fishman develops a theoretically innovative explanation for the breadth of democratic inclusion and draws out large implications for democracies everywhere. Democratic Practice examines the record of two countries that began the worldwide turn to democracy in the 1970s, showing how and why basic assumptions about what democracy is, and how political actors should treat one another, diverged. The book offers detailed empirical evidence on how an inclusive approach to democratic politics provides major benefits not only for the poor and excluded but also for others, drawing large lessons for contemporary democracies.

The Three Marias

Author : Maria Isabel Barreno
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 440 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis The Three Marias by : Maria Isabel Barreno

Download or read book The Three Marias written by Maria Isabel Barreno and published by . This book was released on 1975 with total page 440 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Censorship, Indirect Translations and Non-translation

Author : Jaroslav Spirk
Publisher : Cambridge Scholars Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1443867055
Total Pages : 205 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (438 download)

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Book Synopsis Censorship, Indirect Translations and Non-translation by : Jaroslav Spirk

Download or read book Censorship, Indirect Translations and Non-translation written by Jaroslav Spirk and published by Cambridge Scholars Publishing. This book was released on 2014-09-18 with total page 205 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Indirect Translations and Non-Translation: The (Fateful) Adventures of Czech Literature in 20th-century Portugal, a pioneering study of the destiny of Czech and Slovak literature in 20th-century Portugal, is a gripping read for anyone seeking to look into intercultural exchanges in Europe beyond the so-called dominant or central cultures. Concentrating on relations between two medium-sized lingua- and socio-cultures via translation, this book discusses and thoroughly investigates indirect translations and the resulting phenomenon of indirect reception, the role of paratexts in evading censorship, surprising non-translation, and by extension, the impact of political ideology on the translation of literature. In drawing on the work of Jiří Levý and Anton Popovič, two outstanding Czechoslovak translation theorists, this book opens up new avenues of research, both theoretically and methodologically. As a whole, the author paints a much broader picture than might be expected. Scholars in areas as diverse as translation studies, comparative literature, reception studies, Czech literature and Portuguese culture will find inspiration in this book. By researching translation in two would-be totalitarian regimes, this monograph ultimately contributes to a better understanding of the international book exchanges in the 20th century between two non-dominant, or semi-peripheral, European cultures.

Modes of Criticism 5

Author : Francisco Laranjo
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9789493148215
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (482 download)

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Book Synopsis Modes of Criticism 5 by : Francisco Laranjo

Download or read book Modes of Criticism 5 written by Francisco Laranjo and published by . This book was released on 2020-09 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Within graphic design, the concept of systems is profoundly rooted in form. Starting from a series of design research residencies in the context of the Porto Design Biennale, this volume proposes a variety of perspectives--social, cultural, political--to challenge this deeply engrained tradition."--Publisher's description.

Historical Companion to Postcolonial Literatures - Continental Europe and its Empires

Author : Prem Poddar
Publisher : Edinburgh University Press
ISBN 13 : 0748650970
Total Pages : 688 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (486 download)

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Book Synopsis Historical Companion to Postcolonial Literatures - Continental Europe and its Empires by : Prem Poddar

Download or read book Historical Companion to Postcolonial Literatures - Continental Europe and its Empires written by Prem Poddar and published by Edinburgh University Press. This book was released on 2011-09-21 with total page 688 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The first reference work to provide an integrated and authoritative body of information about the political, cultural and economic contexts of postcolonial literatures that have their provenance in the major European Empires of Belgium, Denmark, France, G

Towards a more accountable United Nations Security Council

Author : Carolyn M Evans
Publisher : BRILL
ISBN 13 : 9004444300
Total Pages : 270 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (44 download)

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Book Synopsis Towards a more accountable United Nations Security Council by : Carolyn M Evans

Download or read book Towards a more accountable United Nations Security Council written by Carolyn M Evans and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2021-02-08 with total page 270 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In Towards a more accountable United Nations Security Council, Carolyn Evans argues that enhanced accountability of the Council, and corresponding evolution of practice, are salutary changes which are feasible to achieve towards the Council better answering its raison d'être.

Reset

Author : Stephen Kinzer
Publisher : Macmillan
ISBN 13 : 9781429948289
Total Pages : 288 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (482 download)

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Book Synopsis Reset by : Stephen Kinzer

Download or read book Reset written by Stephen Kinzer and published by Macmillan. This book was released on 2010-06-08 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The bestselling author of Overthrow offers a new and surprising vision for rebuilding America's strategic partnerships in the Middle East What can the United States do to help realize its dream of a peaceful, democratic Middle East? Stephen Kinzer offers a surprising answer in this paradigm-shifting book. Two countries in the region, he argues, are America's logical partners in the twenty-first century: Turkey and Iran. Besides proposing this new "power triangle," Kinzer also recommends that the United States reshape relations with its two traditional Middle East allies, Israel and Saudi Arabia. This book provides a penetrating, timely critique of America's approach to the world's most volatile region, and offers a startling alternative. Kinzer is a master storyteller with an eye for grand characters and illuminating historical detail. In this book he introduces us to larger-than-life figures, like a Nebraska schoolteacher who became a martyr to democracy in Iran, a Turkish radical who transformed his country and Islam forever, and a colorful parade of princes, politicians, women of the world, spies, oppressors, liberators, and dreamers. Kinzer's provocative new view of the Middle East is the rare book that will richly entertain while moving a vital policy debate beyond the stale alternatives of the last fifty years.

Anatomies of Revolution

Author : George Lawson
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1108482686
Total Pages : 301 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (84 download)

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Book Synopsis Anatomies of Revolution by : George Lawson

Download or read book Anatomies of Revolution written by George Lawson and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2019-07-25 with total page 301 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A comprehensive account of how revolutions begin, unfold and end, featuring a wide range of cases from across modern world history. Drawing on international relations, sociology, and global history, Lawson outlines the benefits of a 'global historical sociology' of revolutionary change, in which international processes take centre stage.

Authoritarianism and the Elite Origins of Democracy

Author : Michael Albertus
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 110819642X
Total Pages : 326 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (81 download)

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Book Synopsis Authoritarianism and the Elite Origins of Democracy by : Michael Albertus

Download or read book Authoritarianism and the Elite Origins of Democracy written by Michael Albertus and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2018-01-25 with total page 326 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book argues that - in terms of institutional design, the allocation of power and privilege, and the lived experiences of citizens - democracy often does not restart the political game after displacing authoritarianism. Democratic institutions are frequently designed by the outgoing authoritarian regime to shield incumbent elites from the rule of law and give them an unfair advantage over politics and the economy after democratization. Authoritarianism and the Elite Origins of Democracy systematically documents and analyzes the constitutional tools that outgoing authoritarian elites use to accomplish these ends, such as electoral system design, legislative appointments, federalism, legal immunities, constitutional tribunal design, and supermajority thresholds for change. The study provides wide-ranging evidence for these claims using data that spans the globe and dates from 1800 to the present. Albertus and Menaldo also conduct detailed case studies of Chile and Sweden. In doing so, they explain why some democracies successfully overhaul their elite-biased constitutions for more egalitarian social contracts.